文章目錄
- Keras Adam
- 初始化
- 更新函數
- 帶EMA的Adam
Adam理論可以參考下這裡
優化算法的選擇
Keras Adam
class Adam(Optimizer):
"""Adam optimizer.
Default parameters follow those provided in the original paper.
# Arguments
learning_rate: float >= 0. Learning rate.
beta_1: float, 0 < beta < 1. Generally close to 1.
beta_2: float, 0 < beta < 1. Generally close to 1.
amsgrad: boolean. Whether to apply the AMSGrad variant of this
algorithm from the paper "On the Convergence of Adam and
Beyond".
# References
- [Adam - A Method for Stochastic Optimization](
https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6980v8)
- [On the Convergence of Adam and Beyond](
https://openreview.net/forum?id=ryQu7f-RZ)
"""
def __init__(self, learning_rate=0.001, beta_1=0.9, beta_2=0.999,
amsgrad=False, **kwargs):
self.initial_decay = kwargs.pop('decay', 0.0)
self.epsilon = kwargs.pop('epsilon', K.epsilon())
learning_rate = kwargs.pop('lr', learning_rate)
super(Adam, self).__init__(**kwargs)
with K.name_scope(self.__class__.__name__):
self.iterations = K.variable(0, dtype='int64', name='iterations')
self.learning_rate = K.variable(learning_rate, name='learning_rate')
self.beta_1 = K.variable(beta_1, name='beta_1')
self.beta_2 = K.variable(beta_2, name='beta_2')
self.decay = K.variable(self.initial_decay, name='decay')
self.amsgrad = amsgrad
@interfaces.legacy_get_updates_support
@K.symbolic
def get_updates(self, loss, params):
grads = self.get_gradients(loss, params) # 擷取梯度
self.updates = [K.update_add(self.iterations, 1)]
lr = self.learning_rate
# 如果初始學習速率衰減因子不為0,則随着疊代次數增加,學習速率将不斷減小
if self.initial_decay > 0:
lr = lr * (1. / (1. + self.decay * K.cast(self.iterations,
K.dtype(self.decay))))
t = K.cast(self.iterations, K.floatx()) + 1
# 有偏估計到無偏估計的校正值
# 這裡将循環内的公共計算提到循環外面,提高速度
lr_t = lr * (K.sqrt(1. - K.pow(self.beta_2, t)) /
(1. - K.pow(self.beta_1, t)))
# 一階矩估計初始值
ms = [K.zeros(K.int_shape(p),
dtype=K.dtype(p),
name='m_' + str(i))
for (i, p) in enumerate(params)]
# 二階矩估計初始值
vs = [K.zeros(K.int_shape(p),
dtype=K.dtype(p),
name='v_' + str(i))
for (i, p) in enumerate(params)]
if self.amsgrad:
vhats = [K.zeros(K.int_shape(p),
dtype=K.dtype(p),
name='vhat_' + str(i))
for (i, p) in enumerate(params)]
else:
vhats = [K.zeros(1, name='vhat_' + str(i))
for i in range(len(params))]
self.weights = [self.iterations] + ms + vs + vhats
for p, g, m, v, vhat in zip(params, grads, ms, vs, vhats):
m_t = (self.beta_1 * m) + (1. - self.beta_1) * g # 一階矩估計
v_t = (self.beta_2 * v) + (1. - self.beta_2) * K.square(g) # 二階矩估計
if self.amsgrad:
vhat_t = K.maximum(vhat, v_t)
p_t = p - lr_t * m_t / (K.sqrt(vhat_t) + self.epsilon)
self.updates.append(K.update(vhat, vhat_t))
else:
p_t = p - lr_t * m_t / (K.sqrt(v_t) + self.epsilon) # 權值更新
self.updates.append(K.update(m, m_t))
self.updates.append(K.update(v, v_t))
new_p = p_t
# 如果參數有限制,對權值添加限制
if getattr(p, 'constraint', None) is not None:
new_p = p.constraint(new_p)
self.updates.append(K.update(p, new_p))
return self.updates
# 擷取目前超參數
def get_config(self):
config = {'learning_rate': float(K.get_value(self.learning_rate)),
'beta_1': float(K.get_value(self.beta_1)),
'beta_2': float(K.get_value(self.beta_2)),
'decay': float(K.get_value(self.decay)),
'epsilon': self.epsilon,
'amsgrad': self.amsgrad}
base_config = super(Adam, self).get_config()
return dict(list(base_config.items()) + list(config.items()))
初始化
繼承父類
optimizer
初始化了
self.updates = []
和
self.weights = []
,
allowed_kwargs
用于初始化裁剪梯度的函數l1或者l2,這個參數貌似很少輸入
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
allowed_kwargs = {'clipnorm', 'clipvalue'}
for k in kwargs:
if k not in allowed_kwargs:
raise TypeError('Unexpected keyword argument '
'passed to optimizer: ' + str(k))
self.__dict__.update(kwargs)
self.updates = []
self.weights = []
Adam初始化了
initial_decay
epsilon
接近0的數,避免除0
learning_rate
生成變量空間存放了以下常量
iterations
疊代次數
learning_rate
學習率
beta_1
一階矩估計的指數衰減因子
beta_2
二階矩估計的指數衰減因子
decay
學習速率衰減因子
amsgrad
adam的一種優化方式
更新函數
見注釋
帶EMA的Adam
@export_to_custom_objects
裝飾器主要是對建立的優化器類命名并添加到keras的custom_object中
keras.utils.get_custom_objects()[name] = NewOptimizer
其他的請看注釋,執行流程有個問題就是keras訓練過程中如何控制ema權重的初始化代碼不再執行的,也就是下面的代碼:
K.batch_set_value(zip(self.ema_weights, self.old_weights))
@export_to_custom_objects
def extend_with_exponential_moving_average(BaseOptimizer):
"""傳回新的優化器類,加入EMA(權重滑動平均)
"""
class NewOptimizer(BaseOptimizer):
"""帶EMA(權重滑動平均)的優化器,EMA實際上就是權重,隻不過我們最後用
"""
@insert_arguments(ema_momentum=0.999)
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(NewOptimizer, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def get_updates(self, loss, params):
# 調用父類 get_updates 就更新了權重 m v
updates = super(NewOptimizer, self).get_updates(loss, params)
self.model_weights = params # 用于更新和reset
self.ema_weights = [K.zeros(K.shape(w)) for w in params] # ema 初始化
self.old_weights = K.batch_get_value(params)
# 滑動平均不是這樣的,是否權重初始化後後續隻能K.update
K.batch_set_value(zip(self.ema_weights, self.old_weights))
ema_updates, ema_momentum = [], self.ema_momentum
# 控制依賴,後續執行需要在updates執行後,執行後params就做了更新
with tf.control_dependencies(updates):
for w1, w2 in zip(self.ema_weights, params):
new_w = ema_momentum * w1 + (1 - ema_momentum) * w2
ema_updates.append(K.update(w1, new_w))
return ema_updates
def get_config(self):
config = {'ema_momentum': self.ema_momentum,
}
base_config = super(NewOptimizer, self).get_config()
return dict(list(base_config.items()) + list(config.items()))
def apply_ema_weights(self):
"""備份原模型權重,然後将平均權重應用到模型上去。
"""
self.old_weights = K.batch_get_value(self.model_weights)
ema_weights = K.batch_get_value(self.ema_weights)
K.batch_set_value(zip(self.model_weights, ema_weights))
def reset_old_weights(self):
"""恢複模型到舊權重。
"""
K.batch_set_value(zip(self.model_weights, self.old_weights))
return NewOptimizer