一:前言
I2c是philips提出的外設總線.I2C隻有兩條線,一條串行資料線:SDA,一條是時鐘線SCL.正因為這樣,它友善了工程人員 的布線.另外,I2C是一種多主機控制總線.它和USB總線不同,USB是基于master-slave機制,任何裝置的通信必須由主機發起才可以.而 I2C 是基于multi master機制.一同總線上可允許多個master.關于I2C協定的知識,這裡不再贅述.可自行下載下傳spec閱讀即可.
二:I2C架構概述
在linux中,I2C驅動架構如下所示:
如 上圖所示,每一條I2C對應一個adapter.在kernel中,每一個adapter提供了一個描述的結構(struct i2c_adapter),也定義了adapter支援的操作(struct i2c_adapter).再通過i2c core層将i2c裝置與i2c adapter關聯起來.
這個圖隻是提供了一個大概的架構.在下面的代碼分析中,從下至上的來分析這個架構圖.以下的代碼分析是基于linux 2.6.26.分析的代碼基本位于: linux-2.6.26.3/drivers/i2c/位置.
三:adapter注冊
在 kernel中提供了兩個adapter注冊接口,分别為i2c_add_adapter()和 i2c_add_numbered_adapter().由于在系統中可能存在多個adapter,因為将每一條I2C總線對應一個編号,下文中稱為 I2C總線号.這個總線号的PCI中的總線号不同.它和硬體無關,隻是軟體上便于區分而已.
對于i2c_add_adapter()而言,它使用的是動态總線号,即由系統給其分析一個總線号,而i2c_add_numbered_adapter()則是自己指定總線号,如果這個總線号非法或者是被占用,就會注冊失敗.
分别來看一下這兩個函數的代碼:
int i2c_add_adapter(struct i2c_adapter *adapter)
{
int id, res = 0;
retry:
if (idr_pre_get(&i2c_adapter_idr, GFP_KERNEL) == 0)
return -ENOMEM;
mutex_lock(&core_lock);
res = idr_get_new_above(&i2c_adapter_idr, adapter,
__i2c_first_dynamic_bus_num, &id);
mutex_unlock(&core_lock);
if (res < 0) {
if (res == -EAGAIN)
goto retry;
return res;
}
adapter->nr = id;
return i2c_register_adapter(adapter);
}
在 這裡涉及到一個idr結構.idr結構本來是為了配合page cache中的radix tree而設計的.在這裡我們隻需要知道,它是一種高效的搜尋樹,且這個樹預先存放了一些記憶體.避免在記憶體不夠的時候出現問題.所在,在往idr中插入結 構的時候,首先要調用idr_pre_get()為它預留足夠的空閑記憶體,然後再調用idr_get_new_above()将結構插入idr中,該函數 以參數的形式傳回一個id.以後憑這個id就可以在idr中找到相對應的結構了.對這個資料結構操作不太了解的可以查閱本站<< linux檔案系統之檔案的讀寫>>中有關radix tree的分析.
注意一下 idr_get_new_above(&i2c_adapter_idr, adapter,__i2c_first_dynamic_bus_num, &id)的參數的含義,它是将adapter結構插入到i2c_adapter_idr中,存放位置的id必須要大于或者等于 __i2c_first_dynamic_bus_num,
然後将對應的id号存放在adapter->nr中.調用i2c_register_adapter(adapter)對這個adapter進行進一步注冊.
看一下另外一人注冊函數: i2c_add_numbered_adapter( ),如下所示:
int i2c_add_numbered_adapter(struct i2c_adapter *adap)
{
int id;
int status;
if (adap->nr & ~MAX_ID_MASK)
return -EINVAL;
retry:
if (idr_pre_get(&i2c_adapter_idr, GFP_KERNEL) == 0)
return -ENOMEM;
mutex_lock(&core_lock);
status = idr_get_new_above(&i2c_adapter_idr, adap, adap->nr, &id);
if (status == 0 && id != adap->nr) {
status = -EBUSY;
idr_remove(&i2c_adapter_idr, id);
}
mutex_unlock(&core_lock);
if (status == -EAGAIN)
goto retry;
if (status == 0)
status = i2c_register_adapter(adap);
return status;
}
對比一下就知道差别了,在這裡它已經指定好了adapter->nr了.如果配置設定的id不和指定的相等,便傳回錯誤.
過一步跟蹤i2c_register_adapter().代碼如下:
static int i2c_register_adapter(struct i2c_adapter *adap)
{
int res = 0, dummy;
mutex_init(&adap->bus_lock);
mutex_init(&adap->clist_lock);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&adap->clients);
mutex_lock(&core_lock);
if (adap->dev.parent == NULL) {
adap->dev.parent = &platform_bus;
pr_debug("I2C adapter driver [%s] forgot to specify "
"physical device/n", adap->name);
}
sprintf(adap->dev.bus_id, "i2c-%d", adap->nr);
adap->dev.release = &i2c_adapter_dev_release;
adap->dev.class = &i2c_adapter_class;
res = device_register(&adap->dev);
if (res)
goto out_list;
dev_dbg(&adap->dev, "adapter [%s] registered/n", adap->name);
if (adap->nr < __i2c_first_dynamic_bus_num)
i2c_scan_static_board_info(adap);
dummy = bus_for_each_drv(&i2c_bus_type, NULL, adap,
i2c_do_add_adapter);
out_unlock:
mutex_unlock(&core_lock);
return res;
out_list:
idr_remove(&i2c_adapter_idr, adap->nr);
goto out_unlock;
}
首先對adapter和adapter中内嵌的struct device結構進行必須的初始化.之後将adapter内嵌的struct device注冊.
在這裡注意一下adapter->dev的初始化.它的類别為i2c_adapter_class,如果沒有父結點,則将其父結點設為platform_bus.adapter->dev的名字為i2c + 總線号.
測試一下:
[[email protected] i2c]$ cd /sys/class/i2c-adapter/
[[email protected] i2c-adapter]$ ls
i2c-0
可以看到,在我的PC上,有一個I2C adapter,看下詳細資訊:
[[email protected] i2c-adapter]$ tree
.
`-- i2c-0
|-- device -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.3/i2c-0
|-- name
|-- subsystem -> ../../../class/i2c-adapter
`-- uevent
3 directories, 2 files
可以看到,該adapter是一個PCI裝置.
繼續往下看:
之後,在注釋中看到,有兩種類型的driver,一種是new-style drivers,另外一種是legacy drivers
New-style drivers是在2.6近版的kernel加入的.它們最主要的差別是在adapter和i2c driver的比對上.
3.1: new-style 形式的adapter注冊
對于第一種,也就是new-style drivers,将相關代碼再次列出如下:
if (adap->nr < __i2c_first_dynamic_bus_num)
i2c_scan_static_board_info(adap);
如果adap->nr 小于__i2c_first_dynamic_bus_num的話,就會進入到i2c_scan_static_board_info().
結合我們之前分析的adapter的兩種注冊分式: i2c_add_adapter()所分得的總線号肯會不會小于__i2c_first_dynamic_bus_num.隻有i2c_add_numbered_adapter()才有可能滿足:
(adap->nr < __i2c_first_dynamic_bus_num)
而 且必須要調用i2c_register_board_info()将闆子上的I2C裝置資訊預先注冊時才會更改 __i2c_first_dynamic_bus_num的值.在x86上隻沒有使用i2c_register_board_info()的.因 此,x86平台上的分析可以忽略掉new-style driver的方式.不過,還是詳細分析這種情況下.
首先看一下i2c_register_board_info(),如下:
int __init
i2c_register_board_info(int busnum,
struct i2c_board_info const *info, unsigned len)
{
int status;
mutex_lock(&__i2c_board_lock);
if (busnum >= __i2c_first_dynamic_bus_num)
__i2c_first_dynamic_bus_num = busnum + 1;
for (status = 0; len; len--, info++) {
struct i2c_devinfo *devinfo;
devinfo = kzalloc(sizeof(*devinfo), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!devinfo) {
pr_debug("i2c-core: can't register boardinfo!/n");
status = -ENOMEM;
break;
}
devinfo->busnum = busnum;
devinfo->board_info = *info;
list_add_tail(&devinfo->list, &__i2c_board_list);
}
mutex_unlock(&__i2c_board_lock);
return status;
}
這個函數比較簡單, struct i2c_board_info用來表示I2C裝置的一些情況,比如所在的總線.名稱,位址,中斷号等.最後,這些資訊會被存放到__i2c_board_list連結清單.
跟蹤i2c_scan_static_board_info():代碼如下:
static void i2c_scan_static_board_info(struct i2c_adapter *adapter)
{
struct i2c_devinfo *devinfo;
mutex_lock(&__i2c_board_lock);
list_for_each_entry(devinfo, &__i2c_board_list, list) {
if (devinfo->busnum == adapter->nr
&& !i2c_new_device(adapter,
&devinfo->board_info))
printk(KERN_ERR "i2c-core: can't create i2c%d-%04x/n",
i2c_adapter_id(adapter),
devinfo->board_info.addr);
}
mutex_unlock(&__i2c_board_lock);
}
該函數周遊挂在__i2c_board_list連結清單上面的i2c裝置的資訊,也就是我們在啟動的時候指出的i2c裝置的資訊.
如果指定裝置是位于adapter所在的I2C總線上,那麼,就調用i2c_new_device().代碼如下:
struct i2c_client *
i2c_new_device(struct i2c_adapter *adap, struct i2c_board_info const *info)
{
struct i2c_client *client;
int status;
client = kzalloc(sizeof *client, GFP_KERNEL);
if (!client)
return NULL;
client->adapter = adap;
client->dev.platform_data = info->platform_data;
device_init_wakeup(&client->dev, info->flags & I2C_CLIENT_WAKE);
client->flags = info->flags & ~I2C_CLIENT_WAKE;
client->addr = info->addr;
client->irq = info->irq;
strlcpy(client->name, info->type, sizeof(client->name));
status = i2c_attach_client(client);
if (status < 0) {
kfree(client);
client = NULL;
}
return client;
}
我們又遇到了一個新的結構:struct i2c_client,不要被這個結構吓倒了,其實它就是一個嵌入struct device的I2C裝置的封裝.它和我們之前遇到的struct usb_device結構的作用是一樣的.
首先,在clinet裡儲存該裝置的相關消息.特别的, client->adapter指向了它所在的adapter.
特别的,clinet->name為info->name.也是指定好了的.
一切初始化完成之後,便會調用i2c_attach_client( ).看這個函數的字面意思,是将clinet關聯起來.到底怎麼樣關聯呢?繼續往下看:
int i2c_attach_client(struct i2c_client *client)
{
struct i2c_adapter *adapter = client->adapter;
int res = 0;
//初始化client内嵌的dev結構
//父結點為所在的adapter,所在bus為i2c_bus_type
client->dev.parent = &client->adapter->dev;
client->dev.bus = &i2c_bus_type;
//如果client已經指定了driver,将driver和内嵌的dev關聯起來
if (client->driver)
client->dev.driver = &client->driver->driver;
//指定了driver, 但不是newstyle的
if (client->driver && !is_newstyle_driver(client->driver)) {
client->dev.release = i2c_client_release;
client->dev.uevent_suppress = 1;
} else
client->dev.release = i2c_client_dev_release;
//clinet->dev的名稱
snprintf(&client->dev.bus_id[0], sizeof(client->dev.bus_id),
"%d-%04x", i2c_adapter_id(adapter), client->addr);
//将内嵌的dev注冊
res = device_register(&client->dev);
if (res)
goto out_err;
//将clinet鍊到adapter->clients中
mutex_lock(&adapter->clist_lock);
list_add_tail(&client->list, &adapter->clients);
mutex_unlock(&adapter->clist_lock);
dev_dbg(&adapter->dev, "client [%s] registered with bus id %s/n",
client->name, client->dev.bus_id);
//如果adapter->cleinet_reqister存在,就調用它
if (adapter->client_register) {
if (adapter->client_register(client)) {
dev_dbg(&adapter->dev, "client_register "
"failed for client [%s] at 0x%02x/n",
client->name, client->addr);
}
}
return 0;
out_err:
dev_err(&adapter->dev, "Failed to attach i2c client %s at 0x%02x "
"(%d)/n", client->name, client->addr, res);
return res;
}
參考上面添加的注釋,應該很容易了解這段代碼了,就不加詳細分析了.這個函數的名字不是i2c_attach_client()麼?怎麼沒看到它的關系過程呢?
這是因為:在代碼中設定了client->dev所在的bus為i2c_bus_type .以為隻需要有bus為i2c_bus_type的driver注冊,就會産生probe了.這個過程呆後面分析i2c driver的時候再來詳細分析.
3.2: legacy形式的adapter注冊
Legacy形式的adapter注冊代碼片段如下:
dummy = bus_for_each_drv(&i2c_bus_type, NULL, adap,
i2c_do_add_adapter);
這段代碼周遊挂在i2c_bus_type上的驅動,然後對每一個驅動和adapter調用i2c_do_add_adapter().
代碼如下:
static int i2c_do_add_adapter(struct device_driver *d, void *data)
{
struct i2c_driver *driver = to_i2c_driver(d);
struct i2c_adapter *adap = data;
if (driver->attach_adapter) {
driver->attach_adapter(adap);
}
return 0;
}
該函數很簡單,就是調用driver的attach_adapter()接口.
到此為止,adapter的注冊已經分析完了.
四:i2c driver注冊
在分析i2c driver的時候,有必要先分析一下i2c架構的初始化
代碼如下:
static int __init i2c_init(void)
{
int retval;
retval = bus_register(&i2c_bus_type);
if (retval)
return retval;
retval = class_register(&i2c_adapter_class);
if (retval)
goto bus_err;
retval = i2c_add_driver(&dummy_driver);
if (retval)
goto class_err;
return 0;
class_err:
class_unregister(&i2c_adapter_class);
bus_err:
bus_unregister(&i2c_bus_type);
return retval;
}
subsys_initcall(i2c_init);
很明顯,i2c_init()會在系統初始化的時候被調用.
在i2c_init中,先注冊了i2c_bus_type的bus,i2c_adapter_class的class.然後再調用i2c_add_driver()注冊了一個i2c driver.
I2c_bus_type結構如下:
static struct bus_type i2c_bus_type = {
.name = "i2c",
.dev_attrs = i2c_dev_attrs,
.match = i2c_device_match,
.uevent = i2c_device_uevent,
.probe = i2c_device_probe,
.remove = i2c_device_remove,
.shutdown = i2c_device_shutdown,
.suspend = i2c_device_suspend,
.resume = i2c_device_resume,
};
這個結構先放在這裡吧,以後還會用到裡面的資訊的.
從上面的初始化函數裡也看到了,注冊i2c driver的接口為i2c_add_driver().代碼如下:
static inline int i2c_add_driver(struct i2c_driver *driver)
{
return i2c_register_driver(THIS_MODULE, driver);
}
繼續跟蹤:
int i2c_register_driver(struct module *owner, struct i2c_driver *driver)
{
int res;
//如果是一個newstyle的driver.但又定義了attach_adapter/detach_adapter.非法
if (is_newstyle_driver(driver)) {
if (driver->attach_adapter || driver->detach_adapter
|| driver->detach_client) {
printk(KERN_WARNING
"i2c-core: driver [%s] is confused/n",
driver->driver.name);
return -EINVAL;
}
}
//關聯到i2c_bus_types
driver->driver.owner = owner;
driver->driver.bus = &i2c_bus_type;
//注冊内嵌的driver
res = driver_register(&driver->driver);
if (res)
return res;
mutex_lock(&core_lock);
pr_debug("i2c-core: driver [%s] registered/n", driver->driver.name);
//周遊所有的adapter,對其都調用driver->attach_adapter
if (driver->attach_adapter) {
struct i2c_adapter *adapter;
down(&i2c_adapter_class.sem);
list_for_each_entry(adapter, &i2c_adapter_class.devices,
dev.node) {
driver->attach_adapter(adapter);
}
up(&i2c_adapter_class.sem);
}
mutex_unlock(&core_lock);
return 0;
}
這裡也有兩種形式的區分,對于第一種,隻需要将内嵌的driver注冊就可以了,對于legacy的情況,對每一個adapter都調用driver->attach_adapter().
現在,我們可以将adapter和i2c driver關聯起來考慮一下了:
1:如果是news style形式的,在注冊adapter的時候,将它上面的i2c 裝置轉換成了struct client.struct client->dev->bus又指定了和i2c driver同一個bus.因為,它們可以發生probe.
2:如果是legacy形式,就直接找到對應的對象,調用driver->attach_adapter().
五: i2c_bus_type的相關操作
I2c_bus_type的操作主要存在于new-style形式的驅動中.接下來分析一下對應的probe過程:
5.1:match過程分析
Match對應的操作函數為i2c_device_match().代碼如下
static int i2c_device_match(struct device *dev, struct device_driver *drv)
{
struct i2c_client *client = to_i2c_client(dev);
struct i2c_driver *driver = to_i2c_driver(drv);
if (!is_newstyle_driver(driver))
return 0;
if (driver->id_table)
return i2c_match_id(driver->id_table, client) != NULL;
return 0;
}
如果該驅動不是一個new-style形式的.或者driver沒有定義比對的id_table.都會比對失敗.
繼續跟蹤進i2c_match_id():
static const struct i2c_device_id *i2c_match_id(const struct i2c_device_id *id,
const struct i2c_client *client)
{
while (id->name[0]) {
if (strcmp(client->name, id->name) == 0)
return id;
id++;
}
return NULL;
}
由此可見.如果client的名字和driver->id_table[]中的名稱比對即為成功.
5.2:probe過程分析
Probe對應的函數為: i2c_device_probe()
static int i2c_device_probe(struct device *dev)
{
struct i2c_client *client = to_i2c_client(dev);
struct i2c_driver *driver = to_i2c_driver(dev->driver);
const struct i2c_device_id *id;
int status;
if (!driver->probe)
return -ENODEV;
client->driver = driver;
dev_dbg(dev, "probe/n");
if (driver->id_table)
id = i2c_match_id(driver->id_table, client);
else
id = NULL;
status = driver->probe(client, id);
if (status)
client->driver = NULL;
return status;
}
這個函數也很簡單,就是将probe流程回溯到i2c driver的probe()
六:其它的擴充
分析完adapter和i2c driver的注冊之後,好像整個架構也差不多了,其它,擴充的東西還有很多.
我們舉一個legacy形式的例子,這個例子是在kernel中随便搜尋出來的:
在linux-2.6.26.3/drivers/hwmon/ad7418.c中,初始化函數為:
static int __init ad7418_init(void)
{
return i2c_add_driver(&ad7418_driver);
}
i2c_driver ad7418_driver結構如下:
static struct i2c_driver ad7418_driver = {
.driver = {
.name = "ad7418",
},
.attach_adapter = ad7418_attach_adapter,
.detach_client = ad7418_detach_client,
};
該結構中沒有probe()函數,可以斷定是一個legacy形式的驅動.這類驅動注冊的時候,會調用driver的attach_adapter函數.在這裡也就是ad7418_attach_adapter.
這個函數代碼如下:
static int ad7418_attach_adapter(struct i2c_adapter *adapter)
{
if (!(adapter->class & I2C_CLASS_HWMON))
return 0;
return i2c_probe(adapter, &addr_data, ad7418_detect);
}
在這裡我們又遇到了一個i2c-core中的函數,i2c_probe().在分析這個函數之前,先來看下addr_data是什麼?
#define I2C_CLIENT_MODULE_PARM(var,desc) /
static unsigned short var[I2C_CLIENT_MAX_OPTS] = I2C_CLIENT_DEFAULTS; /
static unsigned int var##_num; /
module_param_array(var, short, &var##_num, 0); /
MODULE_PARM_DESC(var,desc)
#define I2C_CLIENT_MODULE_PARM_FORCE(name) /
I2C_CLIENT_MODULE_PARM(force_##name, /
"List of adapter,address pairs which are " /
"unquestionably assumed to contain a `" /
# name "' chip")
#define I2C_CLIENT_INSMOD_COMMON /
I2C_CLIENT_MODULE_PARM(probe, "List of adapter,address pairs to scan " /
"additionally"); /
I2C_CLIENT_MODULE_PARM(ignore, "List of adapter,address pairs not to " /
"scan"); /
static const struct i2c_client_address_data addr_data = { /
.normal_i2c = normal_i2c, /
.probe = probe, /
.ignore = ignore, /
.forces = forces, /
}
#define I2C_CLIENT_FORCE_TEXT /
"List of adapter,address pairs to boldly assume to be present"
由此可知道,addr_data中的三個成員都是子產品參數.在加載子產品的時候可以用參數的方式對其指派.三個子產品參數為别為probe,ignore,force.另外需要指出的是normal_i2c不能以子產品參數的方式對其指派,隻能在驅動内部靜态指定.
從子產品參數的模述看來, probe是指"List of adapter,address pairs to scan additionally"
Ignore是指"List of adapter,address pairs not to scan "
Force是指"List of adapter,address pairs to boldly assume to be present"
事實上,它們裡面的資料都是成對出現的.前面一部份表示所在的總線号,ANY_I2C_BUS表示任一總線.後一部份表示裝置的位址.
現在可以來跟蹤i2c_probe()的代碼了.如下:
int i2c_probe(struct i2c_adapter *adapter,
const struct i2c_client_address_data *address_data,
int (*found_proc) (struct i2c_adapter *, int, int))
{
int i, err;
int adap_id = i2c_adapter_id(adapter);
//先掃描force裡面的資訊,注意它是一個二級指針.ignore裡的資訊對它是無效的
if (address_data->forces) {
const unsigned short * const *forces = address_data->forces;
int kind;
for (kind = 0; forces[kind]; kind++) {
for (i = 0; forces[kind] != I2C_CLIENT_END;
i += 2) {
if (forces[kind] == adap_id
|| forces[kind] == ANY_I2C_BUS) {
dev_dbg(&adapter->dev, "found force "
"parameter for adapter %d, "
"addr 0x%02x, kind %d/n",
adap_id, forces[kind][i + 1],
kind);
err = i2c_probe_address(adapter,
forces[kind][i + 1],
kind, found_proc);
if (err)
return err;
}
}
}
}
//如果adapter不支援quick.不能夠周遊這個adapter上面的裝置
if (!i2c_check_functionality(adapter, I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_QUICK)) {
if (address_data->probe[0] == I2C_CLIENT_END
&& address_data->normal_i2c[0] == I2C_CLIENT_END)
return 0;
dev_warn(&adapter->dev, "SMBus Quick command not supported, "
"can't probe for chips/n");
return -1;
}
//周遊probe上面的資訊.ignore上的資訊也對它是沒有影響的
for (i = 0; address_data->probe != I2C_CLIENT_END; i += 2) {
if (address_data->probe == adap_id
|| address_data->probe == ANY_I2C_BUS) {
dev_dbg(&adapter->dev, "found probe parameter for "
"adapter %d, addr 0x%02x/n", adap_id,
address_data->probe[i + 1]);
err = i2c_probe_address(adapter,
address_data->probe[i + 1],
-1, found_proc);
if (err)
return err;
}
}
//最後周遊normal_i2c上面的資訊.它上面的資訊不能在ignore中.
for (i = 0; address_data->normal_i2c != I2C_CLIENT_END; i += 1) {
int j, ignore;
ignore = 0;
for (j = 0; address_data->ignore[j] != I2C_CLIENT_END;
j += 2) {
if ((address_data->ignore[j] == adap_id ||
address_data->ignore[j] == ANY_I2C_BUS)
&& address_data->ignore[j + 1]
== address_data->normal_i2c) {
dev_dbg(&adapter->dev, "found ignore "
"parameter for adapter %d, "
"addr 0x%02x/n", adap_id,
address_data->ignore[j + 1]);
ignore = 1;
break;
}
}
if (ignore)
continue;
dev_dbg(&adapter->dev, "found normal entry for adapter %d, "
"addr 0x%02x/n", adap_id,
address_data->normal_i2c);
err = i2c_probe_address(adapter, address_data->normal_i2c,
-1, found_proc);
if (err)
return err;
}
return 0;
}
這段代碼很簡單,結合代碼上面添加的注釋應該很好了解.如果比對成功,則會調用i2c_probe_address ().這個函數代碼如下:
static int i2c_probe_address(struct i2c_adapter *adapter, int addr, int kind,
int (*found_proc) (struct i2c_adapter *, int, int))
{
int err;
//位址小于0x03或者大于0x77都是不合法的
if (addr < 0x03 || addr > 0x77) {
dev_warn(&adapter->dev, "Invalid probe address 0x%02x/n",
addr);
return -EINVAL;
}
//adapter上已經有這個裝置了
if (i2c_check_addr(adapter, addr))
return 0;
//如果kind小于0.檢查adapter上是否有這個裝置
if (kind < 0) {
if (i2c_smbus_xfer(adapter, addr, 0, 0, 0,
I2C_SMBUS_QUICK, NULL) < 0)
return 0;
if ((addr & ~0x0f) == 0x50)
i2c_smbus_xfer(adapter, addr, 0, 0, 0,
I2C_SMBUS_QUICK, NULL);
}
//調用回調函數
err = found_proc(adapter, addr, kind);
if (err == -ENODEV)
err = 0;
if (err)
dev_warn(&adapter->dev, "Client creation failed at 0x%x (%d)/n",
addr, err);
return err;
}
首 先,對傳入的參數進行一系列的合法性檢查.另外,如果該adapter上已經有了這個位址的裝置了.也會傳回失敗.所有adapter下面的裝置都是以 adapter->dev為父結點的.是以隻需要周遊adapter->dev下面的子裝置就可以得到目前位址是不是被占用了.
如果kind < 0.還得要adapter檢查該總線是否有這個位址的裝置.方法是向這個位址發送一個Read的Quick請求.如果該位址有應答,則說明這個位址上有這個裝置.另外還有一種情況是在24RF08裝置的特例.
如果adapter上确實有這個裝置,就會調用驅動調用時的回調函數.
在上面涉及到了IIC的傳輸方式,有疑問的可以參考intel ICH5手冊的有關smbus部份.
跟蹤i2c_smbus_xfer().代碼如下:
s32 i2c_smbus_xfer(struct i2c_adapter * adapter, u16 addr, unsigned short flags,
char read_write, u8 command, int size,
union i2c_smbus_data * data)
{
s32 res;
flags &= I2C_M_TEN | I2C_CLIENT_PEC;
if (adapter->algo->smbus_xfer) {
mutex_lock(&adapter->bus_lock);
res = adapter->algo->smbus_xfer(adapter,addr,flags,read_write,
command,size,data);
mutex_unlock(&adapter->bus_lock);
} else
res = i2c_smbus_xfer_emulated(adapter,addr,flags,read_write,
command,size,data);
return res;
}
如果adapter有smbus_xfer()函數,則直接調用它發送,否則,也就是在adapter不支援smbus協定的情況下,調用i2c_smbus_xfer_emulated()繼續處理.
跟進i2c_smbus_xfer_emulated().代碼如下:
static s32 i2c_smbus_xfer_emulated(struct i2c_adapter * adapter, u16 addr,
unsigned short flags,
char read_write, u8 command, int size,
union i2c_smbus_data * data)
{
//寫操作隻會進行一次互動,而讀操作,有時會有兩次操作.
//因為有時候讀操作要先寫command,再從總線上讀資料
//在這裡為了代碼的簡潔.使用了兩個緩存區,将兩種情況統一起來.
unsigned char msgbuf0[I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_MAX+3];
unsigned char msgbuf1[I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_MAX+2];
//一般來說,讀操作要互動兩次.例外的情況我們在下面會接着分析
int num = read_write == I2C_SMBUS_READ?2:1;
//與裝置互動的資料,一般在msg[0]存放寫入裝置的資訊,在msb[1]裡存放接收到的
//資訊.不過也有例外的
//msg[2]的初始化,預設發送緩存區占一個位元組,無接收緩存
struct i2c_msg msg[2] = { { addr, flags, 1, msgbuf0 },
{ addr, flags | I2C_M_RD, 0, msgbuf1 }
};
int i;
u8 partial_pec = 0;
//将要發送的資訊copy到發送緩存區的第一位元組
msgbuf0[0] = command;
switch(size) {
//quick類型的,其它并不傳輸有效資料,隻是将位址寫到總線上,等待應答即可
//是以将發送緩存區長度置為0 .再根據讀/寫操作,調整msg[0]的标志位
//這類傳輸隻需要一次總線互動
case I2C_SMBUS_QUICK:
msg[0].len = 0;
msg[0].flags = flags | (read_write==I2C_SMBUS_READ)?I2C_M_RD:0;
num = 1;
break;
case I2C_SMBUS_BYTE:
//BYTE類型指一次寫和讀隻有一個位元組.這種情況下,讀和寫都隻會互動一次
//這種類型的讀有例外,它讀取出來的資料不是放在msg[1]中的,而是存放在msg[0]
if (read_write == I2C_SMBUS_READ) {
msg[0].flags = I2C_M_RD | flags;
num = 1;
}
break;
case I2C_SMBUS_BYTE_DATA:
//Byte_Data是指指令+資料的傳輸形式.在這種情況下,寫隻需要一次互動,讀卻要兩次
//第一次将command寫到總線上,第二次要轉換方向.要将裝置位址和read标志寫入總線.
//應回答之後再進行read操作
//寫操作占兩位元組,分别是command+data.讀操作的有效資料隻有一個位元組
//互動次數用初始化值就可以了
if (read_write == I2C_SMBUS_READ)
msg[1].len = 1;
else {
msg[0].len = 2;
msgbuf0[1] = data->byte;
}
break;
case I2C_SMBUS_WORD_DATA:
//Word_Data是指指令+雙位元組的形式.這種情況跟Byte_Data的情況類似
//兩者相比隻是互動的資料大小不同
if (read_write == I2C_SMBUS_READ)
msg[1].len = 2;
else {
msg[0].len=3;
msgbuf0[1] = data->word & 0xff;
msgbuf0[2] = data->word >> 8;
}
break;
case I2C_SMBUS_PROC_CALL:
//Proc_Call的方式與write 的Word_Data相似,隻不過寫完Word_Data之後,要等待它的應答
//應該它需要互動兩次,一次寫一次讀
num = 2;
read_write = I2C_SMBUS_READ;
msg[0].len = 3;
msg[1].len = 2;
msgbuf0[1] = data->word & 0xff;
msgbuf0[2] = data->word >> 8;
break;
case I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA:
//Block_Data:指command+N段資料的情況.
//如果是讀操作,它首先要寫command到總線,然後再讀N段資料.要寫的command已經
//放在msg[0]了.現在隻需要将msg[1]的标志置I2C_M_RECV_LEN位,msg[1]有效長度為1位元組.因為
//adapter驅動會處理好的.現在現在還不知道要傳多少段資料.
//對于寫的情況:msg[1]照例不需要.将要寫的資料全部都放到msb[0]中.相應的也要更新
//msg[0]中的緩存區長度
if (read_write == I2C_SMBUS_READ) {
msg[1].flags |= I2C_M_RECV_LEN;
msg[1].len = 1;
} else {
//data->block[0]表示後面有多少段資料.總長度要加2是因為command+count+N段資料
msg[0].len = data->block[0] + 2;
if (msg[0].len > I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_MAX + 2) {
dev_err(&adapter->dev, "smbus_access called with "
"invalid block write size (%d)/n",
data->block[0]);
return -1;
}
for (i = 1; i < msg[0].len; i++)
msgbuf0 = data->block[i-1];
}
break;
case I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_PROC_CALL:
//Proc_Call:表示寫完Block_Data之後,要等它的應答消息它和Block_Data相比,隻是多了一部份應答而已
num = 2;
read_write = I2C_SMBUS_READ;
if (data->block[0] > I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_MAX) {
dev_err(&adapter->dev, "%s called with invalid "
"block proc call size (%d)/n", __func__,
data->block[0]);
return -1;
}
msg[0].len = data->block[0] + 2;
for (i = 1; i < msg[0].len; i++)
msgbuf0 = data->block[i-1];
msg[1].flags |= I2C_M_RECV_LEN;
msg[1].len = 1;
break;
case I2C_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK_DATA:
//I2c Block_Data與Block_Data相似,隻不過read的時候,資料長度是預先定義好了的.另外
//與Block_Data相比,中間不需要傳輸Count字段.(Count表示資料段數目)
if (read_write == I2C_SMBUS_READ) {
msg[1].len = data->block[0];
} else {
msg[0].len = data->block[0] + 1;
if (msg[0].len > I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_MAX + 1) {
dev_err(&adapter->dev, "i2c_smbus_xfer_emulated called with "
"invalid block write size (%d)/n",
data->block[0]);
return -1;
}
for (i = 1; i <= data->block[0]; i++)
msgbuf0 = data->block;
}
break;
default:
dev_err(&adapter->dev, "smbus_access called with invalid size (%d)/n",
size);
return -1;
}
//如果啟用了PEC.Quick和I2c Block_Data是不支援PEC的
i = ((flags & I2C_CLIENT_PEC) && size != I2C_SMBUS_QUICK
&& size != I2C_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK_DATA);
if (i) {
//如果第一個操作是寫操作
if (!(msg[0].flags & I2C_M_RD)) {
//如果隻是寫操作
if (num == 1)
//如果隻有寫操作,寫緩存區要擴充一個位元組,用來存放計算出來的PEC
i2c_smbus_add_pec(&msg[0]);
else
//如果後面還有讀操作,先計算前面寫部份的PEC(注意這種情況下不需要
//擴充寫緩存區,因為不需要發送PEC.隻會接收到PEC)
partial_pec = i2c_smbus_msg_pec(0, &msg[0]);
}
//如果最後一次是讀消息.還要接收到來自slave的PEC.是以接收緩存區要擴充一個位元組
if (msg[num-1].flags & I2C_M_RD)
msg[num-1].len++;
}
if (i2c_transfer(adapter, msg, num) < 0)
return -1;
//操作完了之後,如果最後一個操作是PEC的讀操作.檢驗後面的PEC是否正确
if (i && (msg[num-1].flags & I2C_M_RD)) {
if (i2c_smbus_check_pec(partial_pec, &msg[num-1]) < 0)
return -1;
}
//操作完了,現在可以将資料放到data部份傳回了.
if (read_write == I2C_SMBUS_READ)
switch(size) {
case I2C_SMBUS_BYTE:
data->byte = msgbuf0[0];
break;
case I2C_SMBUS_BYTE_DATA:
data->byte = msgbuf1[0];
break;
case I2C_SMBUS_WORD_DATA:
case I2C_SMBUS_PROC_CALL:
data->word = msgbuf1[0] | (msgbuf1[1] << 8);
break;
case I2C_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK_DATA:
for (i = 0; i < data->block[0]; i++)
data->block[i+1] = msgbuf1;
break;
case I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA:
case I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_PROC_CALL:
for (i = 0; i < msgbuf1[0] + 1; i++)
data->block = msgbuf1;
break;
}
return 0;
}
在這個函數添上了很詳細的注釋,配和intel的datasheet,應該很容易看懂.在上面的互動過程中,調用了子函數i2c_transfer().它的代碼如下所示:
int i2c_transfer(struct i2c_adapter * adap, struct i2c_msg *msgs, int num)
{
int ret;
if (adap->algo->master_xfer) {
#ifdef DEBUG
for (ret = 0; ret < num; ret++) {
dev_dbg(&adap->dev, "master_xfer[%d] %c, addr=0x%02x, "
"len=%d%s/n", ret, (msgs[ret].flags & I2C_M_RD)
? 'R' : 'W', msgs[ret].addr, msgs[ret].len,
(msgs[ret].flags & I2C_M_RECV_LEN) ? "+" : "");
}
#endif
if (in_atomic() || irqs_disabled()) {
ret = mutex_trylock(&adap->bus_lock);
if (!ret)
return -EAGAIN;
} else {
mutex_lock_nested(&adap->bus_lock, adap->level);
}
ret = adap->algo->master_xfer(adap,msgs,num);
mutex_unlock(&adap->bus_lock);
return ret;
} else {
dev_dbg(&adap->dev, "I2C level transfers not supported/n");
return -ENOSYS;
}
}
因為在這裡的同步用的是mutex.首先判斷判斷是否充許睡眠,如果不允許,嘗試獲鎖.如果獲鎖失敗,則傳回,這樣的操作是避免進入睡眠,我們在後面也可以看到,實際的傳輸工作交給了adap->algo->master_xfer()完成.
在 這裡,我們終于把i2c_probe_address()的執行分析完了,經過這個分析,我們也知道了資料是怎麼樣傳輸的.我們接着 i2c_probe()往下看.如果i2c_probe_address()成功.說明總線上确實有這樣的裝置.那麼就會調用驅動中的回調函數.在 ad7148的驅動中,如下所示:
return i2c_probe(adapter, &addr_data, ad7418_detect);
也就是說,要調用的回調函數是ad7418_detect().這個函數中我們隻分析和i2c架構相關的部份.代碼片段如下所示:
static int ad7418_detect(struct i2c_adapter *adapter, int address, int kind)
{
struct i2c_client *client;
……
……
client->addr = address;
client->adapter = adapter;
client->driver = &ad7418_driver;
i2c_set_clientdata(client, data);
……
……
if ((err = i2c_attach_client(client)))
goto exit_free;
……
……
}
結 合上面關于new-style形式的驅動分析.發現這裡走的是同一個套路,即初始化了client.然後調用 i2c_attach_client().後面的流程就跟上面分析的一樣了.隻不過,不相同的是,這裡clinet已經指定了驅動為 ad7418_driver.應該在注冊clinet->dev之後,就不會走bus->match和bus->probe的流程了.
七:i2c dev節點操作
現在來分析上面架構圖中的i2c-dev.c中的部份.這個部份為使用者空間提供了操作adapter的接口.這部份代碼其實對應就晃一個子產品.它的初始化函數為:
module_init(i2c_dev_init);
i2c_dev_init()代碼如下:
static int __init i2c_dev_init(void)
{
int res;
printk(KERN_INFO "i2c /dev entries driver/n");
res = register_chrdev(I2C_MAJOR, "i2c", &i2cdev_fops);
if (res)
goto out;
i2c_dev_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "i2c-dev");
if (IS_ERR(i2c_dev_class))
goto out_unreg_chrdev;
res = i2c_add_driver(&i2cdev_driver);
if (res)
goto out_unreg_class;
return 0;
out_unreg_class:
class_destroy(i2c_dev_class);
out_unreg_chrdev:
unregister_chrdev(I2C_MAJOR, "i2c");
out:
printk(KERN_ERR "%s: Driver Initialisation failed/n", __FILE__);
return res;
}
首先為主冊了一個主裝置号為I2C_MAJOR(89),操作集為i2cdev_fops的字元裝置.然後注冊了一個名為”i2c-dev”的class.之後再注冊了一個i2c的driver.如下所示:[font=Times New Roman]
res = i2c_add_driver(&i2cdev_driver);
if (res)
goto out_unreg_class;
i2cdev_driver定義如下:
static struct i2c_driver i2cdev_driver = {
.driver = {
.name = "dev_driver",
},
.id = I2C_DRIVERID_I2CDEV,
.attach_adapter = i2cdev_attach_adapter,
.detach_adapter = i2cdev_detach_adapter,
.detach_client = i2cdev_detach_client,
};
也就是說,當它注冊或者有新的adapter注冊後,就會它的attach_adapter()函數.該函數代碼如下:
static int i2cdev_attach_adapter(struct i2c_adapter *adap)
{
struct i2c_dev *i2c_dev;
int res;
i2c_dev = get_free_i2c_dev(adap);
if (IS_ERR(i2c_dev))
return PTR_ERR(i2c_dev);
i2c_dev->dev = device_create(i2c_dev_class, &adap->dev,
MKDEV(I2C_MAJOR, adap->nr),
"i2c-%d", adap->nr);
if (IS_ERR(i2c_dev->dev)) {
res = PTR_ERR(i2c_dev->dev);
goto error;
}
res = device_create_file(i2c_dev->dev, &dev_attr_name);
if (res)
goto error_destroy;
pr_debug("i2c-dev: adapter [%s] registered as minor %d/n",
adap->name, adap->nr);
return 0;
error_destroy:
device_destroy(i2c_dev_class, MKDEV(I2C_MAJOR, adap->nr));
error:
return_i2c_dev(i2c_dev);
return res;
}
這 個函數也很簡單,首先調用get_free_i2c_dev()配置設定并初始化了一個struct i2c_dev結構,使i2c_dev->adap指向操作的adapter.之後,該i2c_dev會被鍊傳入連結表i2c_dev_list中.再 分别以I2C_MAJOR, adap->nr為主次裝置号建立了一個device.如果此時系統配置了udev或者是hotplug,那麼就麼在/dev下自動建立相關的裝置 節點了.
剛才我們說過,所有主裝置号為I2C_MAJOR的裝置節點的操作函數是i2cdev_fops.它的定義如下所示:
static const struct file_operations i2cdev_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.llseek = no_llseek,
.read = i2cdev_read,
.write = i2cdev_write,
.ioctl = i2cdev_ioctl,
.open = i2cdev_open,
.release = i2cdev_release,
};
7.1:i2c dev的open操作
Open操作對應的函數為i2cdev_open().代碼如下:
static int i2cdev_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
unsigned int minor = iminor(inode);
struct i2c_client *client;
struct i2c_adapter *adap;
struct i2c_dev *i2c_dev;
//以次裝置号從i2c_dev_list連結清單中取得i2c_dev
i2c_dev = i2c_dev_get_by_minor(minor);
if (!i2c_dev)
return -ENODEV;
//以apapter的總線号從i2c_adapter_idr中找到adapter
adap = i2c_get_adapter(i2c_dev->adap->nr);
if (!adap)
return -ENODEV;
//配置設定并初始化一個i2c_client結構
client = kzalloc(sizeof(*client), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!client) {
i2c_put_adapter(adap);
return -ENOMEM;
}
snprintf(client->name, I2C_NAME_SIZE, "i2c-dev %d", adap->nr);
client->driver = &i2cdev_driver;
//clinet->adapter指向操作的adapter
client->adapter = adap;
//關聯到file
file->private_data = client;
return 0;
}
注 意這裡配置設定并初始化了一個struct i2c_client結構.但是沒有注冊這個clinet.此外,這個函數中還有一個比較奇怪的操作.不是在前面已經将i2c_dev->adap 指向要操作的adapter麼?為什麼還要以adapter->nr為關鍵字從i2c_adapter_idr去找這個操作的adapter呢?注 意了,調用i2c_get_adapter()從總線号nr找到操作的adapter的時候,還會增加module的引用計數.這樣可以防止子產品意外被釋 放掉.也許有人會有這樣的疑問,那 i2c_dev->adap->nr操作,如果i2c_dev->adap被釋放掉的話,不是一樣會引起系統崩潰麼?這裡因為,在 i2cdev_attach_adapter()間接的增加了一次adapter的一次引用計數.如下:
tatic int i2cdev_attach_adapter(struct i2c_adapter *adap)
{
．．．．．．
i2c_dev->dev = device_create(i2c_dev_class, &adap->dev,
MKDEV(I2C_MAJOR, adap->nr),
"i2c-%d", adap->nr);
．．．．．．
}
看到了麼，i2c_dev内嵌的device是以adap->dev為父結點,在device_create()中會增次adap->dev的一次引用計數.
好了,open()操作到此就完成了.
7.2:read操作
Read操作對應的操作函數如下示:
static ssize_t i2cdev_read (struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count,
loff_t *offset)
{
char *tmp;
int ret;
struct i2c_client *client = (struct i2c_client *)file->private_data;
if (count > 8192)
count = 8192;
tmp = kmalloc(count,GFP_KERNEL);
if (tmp==NULL)
return -ENOMEM;
pr_debug("i2c-dev: i2c-%d reading %zd bytes./n",
iminor(file->f_path.dentry->d_inode), count);
ret = i2c_master_recv(client,tmp,count);
if (ret >= 0)
ret = copy_to_user(buf,tmp,count)?-EFAULT:ret;
kfree(tmp);
return ret;
}
首先從file結構中取得struct i2c_clinet.然後在kernel同配置設定相同長度的緩存區,随之調用i2c_master_recv()從裝置中讀取資料.再将讀取出來的資料copy到使用者空間中.
I2c_master_recv()代碼如下:
int i2c_master_recv(struct i2c_client *client, char *buf ,int count)
{
struct i2c_adapter *adap=client->adapter;
struct i2c_msg msg;
int ret;
msg.addr = client->addr;
msg.flags = client->flags & I2C_M_TEN;
msg.flags |= I2C_M_RD;
msg.len = count;
msg.buf = buf;
ret = i2c_transfer(adap, &msg, 1);
return (ret == 1) ? count : ret;
}
看 完前面的代碼之後,這個函數應該很簡單了,就是為讀操作初始化了一個i2c_msg.然後調用i2c_tanster().代碼中的 client->flags & I2C_M_TEN表示adapter是否采用10位尋址的方式.在這裡就不再詳細分析了.
另 外,有人可能看出了一個問題.這裡clinet->addr是從哪來的呢?對,在read之前應該還要有一步操作來設定 clinet->addr的值.這個過程是ioctl的操作.ioctl可以設定PEC标志,重試次數,逾時時間,和發送接收資料等,我們在這裡隻 看一下clinet->addr的設定.代碼片段如下示:
static int i2cdev_ioctl(struct inode *inode, struct file *file,
unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
．．．．．．
．．．．．．
switch ( cmd ) {
case I2C_SLAVE:
case I2C_SLAVE_FORCE:
if ((arg > 0x3ff) ||
(((client->flags & I2C_M_TEN) == 0) && arg > 0x7f))
return -EINVAL;
if (cmd == I2C_SLAVE && i2cdev_check_addr(client->adapter, arg))
return -EBUSY;
client->addr = arg;
return 0;
．．．．．．
．．．．．．
}
由 此可見,調用I2C_SLAVE或者I2C_SLAVE_FORCE的Ioctl就會設定clinet->addr.另外,注釋中也說得很清楚了. 如果是I2C_SLAVE的話,還會調用其所長i2cdev_check_addr().進行位址檢查,如果adapter已經關聯到這個位址的裝置,就 會檢查失敗.
7.2:write操作
Write操作如下所示:
static ssize_t i2cdev_write (struct file *file, const char __user *buf, size_t count,
loff_t *offset)
{
int ret;
char *tmp;
struct i2c_client *client = (struct i2c_client *)file->private_data;
if (count > 8192)
count = 8192;
tmp = kmalloc(count,GFP_KERNEL);
if (tmp==NULL)
return -ENOMEM;
if (copy_from_user(tmp,buf,count)) {
kfree(tmp);
return -EFAULT;
}
pr_debug("i2c-dev: i2c-%d writing %zd bytes./n",
iminor(file->f_path.dentry->d_inode), count);
ret = i2c_master_send(client,tmp,count);
kfree(tmp);
return ret;
}
該操作比較簡單,就是将使用者空間的資料發送到i2c 裝置.
八:小結
在本節中,分析了i2c的架構設計.這個架構大體上沿用了Linux的裝置驅動架構,不過之中又做了很多變通.在之後的分析中,會分别舉一個adapter和i2c device的例子來較長的描述一下有關i2c driver的設計.
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