In the fifth year of the Han Dynasty, that is, in 202 BC, Xiang Yu's soldiers were defeated, and Liu Bangdingtao became the emperor. Liu Bang not only did not exterminate the Xiang clan, but instead gave the surname of Marquis, "Marquis Tao, Marquis of Pinggao, and Marquis of Xuanwu are all Xiang clans, and the surnames of Liu Are given." Among them, the most eye-catching is "Naifeng Xiangbo as the Marquis of Sheyang".
Who is Xiang Bo? He was the one who leaked Xiang Yu's information to Zhang Liang, the one who protected Liu Bang with his body at the Hongmen Banquet... If it weren't for the surname Xiang, he might just be a small person. Although he held a high position in Chu, he did not have any political achievements, except for betraying Xiang Yu many times.
"Chu Zuo Yin Xiang Bo, Xiang Yu Ji Father also."
Sima Qian is introduced in this way, "Zuo Yin" is Ling Yin Zhizuo, and Chu Ling Yin is equivalent to Xiang Xiang. Xiang Bo (相伯), courtesy name Tang Zi Bo, was Xiang Yu's uncle.
As Xiang Yu's uncle, Xiang Bo was not only not killed, but was honored as a high ancestral meritorious servant. In the "Chronicle of history and chronology of the sixth Gaozu Meritorious Marquis", he praised his role in Liu Bang, "At the beginning of the army, he fought with the princes against Qin, for Chu Zuo Lingyin, the King of Han and Xiang Yu Youyi (suspect gap) at the Hongmen Banquet, Xiang Bo tangled to solve difficulties (to defuse dangers), to break the feathers, to taste meritorious deeds, and to seal the Marquis of Yang." ”
When he first rebelled against Qin, he joined forces with various rebels to fight against the Qin Dynasty, and was appointed as the Left Minister of the Chu State; he resolved the feud between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu at Hongmen, thus freeing Liu Bang; after defeating Xiang Yu, Xiang Bo was given the title of Marquis of Sheyang because he had once contributed to Liu Bang.
Xiang Bo actually had merit against Liu Bang, doesn't this mean that he betrayed Xiang Yu?
Why did Xiang Bo "betray" or "betray" his nephew Xiang Yu? Let's take a look at Sima Qian's scattered information in the Records of History.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > leaked intelligence to save Zhang Liang</h1>
This began with Liu Bang leading the army to take the lead in attacking Xianyang, and then Liu Bang sent troops to garrison Hangu Pass. Xiang Yu marched to capture Qin, but was blocked out.
Liu Bang had an "internal traitor"—Sima Cao of Zuo informed Xiang Yu without injury: "Liu Bang wants to claim the title of king in Guanzhong. When the general Xiang Yu heard this, he was greatly enraged, "Dan Ri Fei Shi Shi, in order to break the Pei Gong army." "Prepare to have breakfast the next day with Liu Bang." The year should have been 206 BC.
Xiang Bo learned the news, "It was the Pei Gong Army of the Night Race", and rode a fast horse to Liu Bang's military camp overnight. The Chu army and the Han army should not be far apart, Liu Bang was stationed at Bashang (present-day Xi'anDong, Shaanxi), and Xiang Yu was stationed at Hongmen in Xinfeng (present-day Lintongdong, Shaanxi).
"Privately seeing Zhang Liang, telling zhang Liang about things, and wanting to call Zhang Liang to go with him", Sima Qian judged that at first Xiang Bo's purpose was not to inform, let alone to betray Xiang Yu to Liu Bang. Xiang Bo saw Zhang Liang privately, told him in detail the truth of the matter, and wanted to drag him away from danger.
Sima Qian also explained the relationship between Xiang Bo and Zhang Liang, "Su Shan stayed with Hou Zhang Liang", and the two usually had a good friendship. This is based on the fact that Zhang Liang once had a life-saving grace for Xiang Bo, "Xiang Bo often kills people and hides from Liang", Xiang Bo once avoided being hunted for killing people, and Zhang Liang sheltered him.
Xiang Yu was such an important military operation, and Xiang Bo actually leaked information to Zhang Liang. Zhang Liang knew that it meant that Liu Bang also knew. Admittedly, the leak of information shows that Xiang Bo is emotionally righteous, but it exposes Xiang Bo's military weakness and political short-sightedness. Laid the groundwork for the subsequent betrayal of Xiang Yu many times.
When Liu Bang knew the military intelligence, he was fully prepared to avoid danger, either fleeing and surrendering, or planning countermeasures, in short, he could not sit still. Of course, in the end, Liu Bang chose "Dou Zhi" and let Zhang Liang give an idea.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Liu Bang discuss countermeasures</h1>
Out of righteousness, Xiang Bo's grace of dripping water is still gushing with retribution, let alone the grace of saving lives. Xiang Bo hastily informed Zhang Liang purely out of gratitude, and after that, he was drawn over by Zhang Liang and Liu Bang step by step.
"The subject sent Pei Gong to the King of Han, and Pei Gong was in a hurry to die unrighteously, and he must not be silent." Zhang Liang still used "righteousness" to impress Xiang Bo, I was escorting Liu Bang for the King of Han, and now Liu Bang is in a critical situation, and if I escape, it will be too untrustworthy. Can't help but tell him.
Xiang Bo was not worried about leaking Xiang Yu's military secrets, nor did he stop Zhang Liang, after all, at that time, "Xiang Yu had 400,000 soldiers, in the new Fenghong Gate, Pei Gong soldiers 100,000, in the hegemony", the disparity in strength between Chu and Han was not a threat to Xiang Yu.
Liu Bang was greatly surprised after listening to Zhang Liang's report, and asked Zhang Liang to quickly consider countermeasures. Zhang Liang originally asked Xiang Bo to give Xiang Yu a message, "Please go to Xiang Bo, Pei Gong does not dare to betray Xiang Wangye." ”
Liu Bang inquired about the relationship between Zhang Liang and Xiang Bo, the age of the two, and after determining the information, "Jun called in for me, and I got brotherhood." Liu Bang was so cunning that Zhang Liang quickly invited Xiang Bo to come in and treat him like a brother.
Xiang Bo was invited into Liu Bang's tent, "Pei Gong enshrined wine for life, about marriage", Liu Bang personally held a wine cup to bless Xiang Bo, and also set up a children's family. The atmosphere was harmonious, the friendship was closer, and Liu Bang continued, "When I entered the pass, Qiu did not dare to come closer, and ji guanmin, Fengku Mansion, and waited for the general; therefore, the general who guarded the pass was sent to prepare him for stealing and entering and leaving with the very same." ”
Liu Bang's words meant, "When I entered Guanzhong, I did not take any small treasures, and the registered officials and people closed the treasury where the property was stored, waiting for the arrival of General Xiang." The reason why officers and soldiers were sent to guard Hangu Pass was to guard against the entry and exit of other thieves and unexpected changes. ”
In fact, this is Liu Bang's blind talk with his eyes open. After entering Xianyang, the palatial qin palace was confused, "The palace tent dog ma zhongbao women are thousands of people, intending to stay in it", if it were not for Zhang Liang and Fan Duo's strong advice, Liu San would have stayed inside. Moreover, "all the generals will take away the house of gold and treasure", and the gold and silver treasures will be robbed and taken away by the generals.
"Looking at the general day and night, how dare you do the opposite?" May the bo have the words of the courtiers not dare to betray the virtue also. This sentence was zhang liang let Liu Bang say! Liu Bang claimed that he was looking forward to Xiang Yu entering Xianyang every day, and he did not dare to rebel. I hope that Xiang Bo can say more good things in front of Xiang Yu, Liu Bang is not an ungrateful person.
Liu Bangduo is a smart person, through the conversation with Zhang Liang, he knows that Xiang Bo is a person of great affection and righteousness, so he is moved by affection, Xiao Zhi is profitable, and a reception banquet plus the children's family touched Xiang Bo.
"Xiang Bo promised", Xiang Bo not only agreed with his mouth, but also said, "Dan Ri must not fail to come to thank (apologize) to King Xiang (for his sins)." Xiang Bo gave Liu Bang an idea, and before Xiang Yu sent troops, he apologized and could turn Gange into a jade warrior.
From the moment he stepped into Liu Bang's big tent, Xiang Bo had already betrayed Xiang Yu. If it is said that leaking secrets to Zhang Liang is out of gratitude and affection, then consulting with Liu Bang to deal with the situation is a complete betrayal. Admittedly, Xiang Bo judged that Liu Bang was not enough to shake Xiang Yu's position at this time. Other than that? Does Xiang Bo have selfish intentions, and is the marriage of children and daughters the bait of desire?
Sima Qian's inaccurate grasp of the characters has always been to the point, and the remaining space is too large, let us speculate for ourselves. Continuing to look again, I found that the speculation was quite reasonable.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Hongmen Feast to protect himself</h1>
Xiang Bo rushed back to the Chu army camp on horseback all night with wine. In a hurry, the "drunk driver" returned to the camp, on the one hand, you can find out the news and don't let others arch Xiang Yu; on the other hand, it is more important to "report" the work, and convey Liu Bang's words to Xiang Yu in detail.
Adding oil and vinegar to the "report" is indispensable, after all, it is the children's family. "If Pei Gong doesn't break through the barrier first, how dare Gong enter?" This is a spoonful of "vinegar" that degrades Xiang Yu's anger. If it were not for Liu Bang's wisdom in taking Xianyang and relying on the brute force of our Chu army to do a hard job, it is estimated that it will take some time to enter Xianyang.
"Today's people have great merits and strike at them, and it is better to be unjust than to encounter them because of goodness", which is the "lubricating oil" that plays a key role. Xiang Bo advised Xiang Yu that it was unrighteous to attack him after making a great contribution.
As the saying goes, "It is not a family that does not enter the door", Xiang Bo knows his nephew, so he relies on "righteousness" to put pressure on Xiang Yu. At this time, Xiang Bo was slightly drunk, and moreover, he was obviously speaking for Liu Bang's "platform", Xiang Yu did not even doubt it, and he also agreed with a full mouth.
Sima Qian exposed the fatal shortcomings of the Xiang family: first, the ears were soft and it was easy to accept the soft words of others; second, it was more serious, Xiang Bo leaked intelligence, and Xiang Yu changed his mind; third, there was no long-term vision, and the pattern was small in the current popular terms.
At the Hongmen banquet the next day, Fan Zeng privately gave Xiang Zhuang instructions to dance his sword at the banquet to help him get rid of Liu Bang. This is the world-known "Xiangzhuang Dancing Sword, intended to be Pei Gong". Xiang Bo also raised his sword to help him, "often shielding Pei Gong with his wings" and protecting Liu Bang with his own body like wings. In this way, Xiang Bo helped Liu Bang escape the disaster.
No wonder Xu Jun, a Song dynasty, said, "The hegemonic army is alone, and the Hongmen sword is particularly dangerous." Sheyang is not related to the old Marquis, and the rise and fall of Chu Han is unknown. Sheyang refers to Xiang Bo, and Liu Hou refers to Zhang Liang. This poem is saying that if it were not for Xiang Bo at the Hongmen Banquet to help Liu Bang, the Chu-Han struggle for hegemony would not have been staged at all.
This corresponds to the saying that although history is driven forward by big people, sometimes small people often determine the direction of historical development. Xiang Bo is a key person who influences the direction of historical development.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="87" > for Liu Bang to invite Hanzhongdi</h1>
In the first month of 206 BC (i.e., the first year of the Han Dynasty), Xiang Yu bullied the weak and established himself as the overlord of Western Chu, with the capital at Pengcheng (present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu). At the same time, Xiang Yu divided the princes and princes, which was unfair to Liu Bang's division of the seal, first, "negative covenant", did not follow the oath of the Yi Emperor Chu Huai to "enter Guanzhong as the king first", but neutralized the Qin generals in the three points; second, Liu Bang was divided into remote areas, "for the king of Han, Wang Bashu." ”
Xiang Yu's division of the seal was estimated to be Fan Zeng's plan, which could prevent Liu Bang from competing for the world. Unfortunately, this situation was broken by Xiang Bo again. In the Liuhou Shijia, Sima Qian records that Xiang Boyin accepted a bribe from Zhang Liang and once again destroyed Xiang Yu's sub-seal.
"The King of Han also left Behind Xiang Bo because of Ling Lianghou, so he invited Hanzhongdi. King Xiang was Xu Zhi and was given the land of Hanzhong. Liu Bang, the king of Han, therefore asked Zhang Lianghou to give Xiang Bo a reward for him. King Xiang granted the Han king's request, and the Han king thus obtained the Hanzhong region. In this way, Liu Bang was able to "rule over Ba, Shu, Hanzhong, and All Of Nan Zheng".
When Liu Bang went to the fiefdom, "Liang was sent to Baozhong (present-day Baocheng, Shaanxi) and sent Liang back to Han." At that time, Zhang Liang did not want to continue to mix with Liu Bang, because his ancestors were the old ministers of Korea, and his greatest ideal was to restore his family and the country and assist the King of Han.
Because Zhang Liang had once followed Liu Bang, Xiang Yu did not let King Han return to the fiefdom, but together they brought back Pengcheng, and then killed King Han. Zhang Liang had no choice but to completely submit to Liu Bang, "Liang died, and the intervening line returned to the King of Han." Xiang Yu's defense against Zhang Liang was actually wary of Liu Bang.
Hanzhong's significance to Liu Bang is unknown, or it can cut off Xiang Yu's suspicions, or recuperate and recuperate, or have an advantage over the Three Qins. In short, this time Liu Bang requested to increase Hanzhong as a fiefdom and benefited from Xiang Bo. And Xiang Bo's help to Liu Bang was only to obtain gold and silver bribes.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > behead the wife and children of Tuobu to surrender</h1>
In 204 BC, Liu Bang fought with Xiang Yu in a great war, and the situation was unfavorable. Sui He was ordered to go to Huainan to persuade Tuobu to surrender, "Yin Promised to rebel against Chu and Han, did not dare to leak it", although Tuobu had agreed, but everything proceeded quietly, and did not dare to make a big noise. This shows that Tuobu is still hesitant.
In fact, as early as 205 BC, when Xiang Yu attacked Tian Rong, the king of Qi, he sent troops to Tuobu, and Tuobu perfunctorily followed him; when Liu Bang attacked Pengcheng, Tuobu did not send troops to assist in the battle. Xiang Yu resented Tuobu and was forced by the situation not to tear his face with Tuobu, at that time Xiang Yu was facing Liu Bang to the west, and to the north was the State of Qi and the State of Zhao, which had been taken by Han Xin and Zhang Er.
When he beheaded the emissaries sent by Xiang Yu, he forced Tuobu to rebel. Xiang Yu sent Xiang Sheng, Long, and quelled the rebellion, defeating Tuobu. Tuobu originally wanted to lead his troops to surrender to Liu Bang, but he was worried about being intercepted and killed by Xiang Yu, so he secretly fled to the Han army with He Secret.
"Chu has made Xiang Bo collect Jiujiang soldiers", and Xiang Bo was sent by Xiang Yu to receive Jiujiang soldiers.
Judging from before and after, Xiang Yu's main purpose in arranging Xiang Bo to come to Jiujiang should not be limited to this. After all, Xiang Bo came after Xiang Sheng, Long and counter-rebellion, and the two generals could do the receiving work completely. Xiang Bo's trip should be to persuade Tuobu to change his mind, as long as he knows the reason and moves with affection, it is not impossible for Tuobu to "change the dock again".
However, Xiang Bo "killed All of Cloth's wife" and killed all of Tuobu's wife and children. This was to completely cut off Tuobu's way back and let him follow Liu Bang with a dead heart. It can be said that Xiang Bo once again helped Liu Bang.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Bao Taigong advised Xiang Yu not to kill</h1>
Of course, some people said that Xiang Bo's killing of Tuobu's wife and children was a stupid move, which was analyzed from Xiang Yu's standpoint. What if you stand in Liu Bang's position?
Let's continue to see how Xiang Bo protected Liu Bang's father, Liu Taigong.
In 203 BC, the two armies of chu and Han confronted each other. Xiang Yu was eager to make a quick decision, so he set up a pot to boil water and put Liu Taigong on the board to cook Liu Taigong to blackmail Liu Bang into surrendering.
Liu Bang had no choice but to play a rogue, "Wu Weng is Ruo Weng, and if you want to cook and Weng, you will be lucky to share a piece of my pie." Xiang Yu was so angry that he blew his beard and stared at his eyes, and he had a seizure on the spot, wanting to cut off Liu Taigong's head.
"The affairs of the world are unknown, and those who are under the world do not care about their families, although it is useless to kill, it is only beneficial to the ears." At this critical moment, it was Xiang Bo who stood up and persuaded Xiang Yu that things in the world were still unpredictable, and that the people who were fighting for the world were disregarding their families. Even killing Liu Taigong would not help anything, it would only increase the scourge!
What evil can be added? Xiang Bo did not say. However, Xiang Yu was once again persuaded, "King Xiang followed", and Liu Taigong was rescued by Xiang Bo.
Could it be that Xiang Bo was politically sober for a while, and finally saw that Xiang Yu's general trend had gone, leaving Liu Taigong to increase the weight of turning to Liu Bang? However, this move played a crucial role in Xiang Yu's death, liu Bang did not exterminate the Xiang clan.
Judging from the above, Xiang Bo's credit to Liu Bang is not ordinary. At the critical time, he always betrayed Xiang Yu and helped Liu Bang, as if liu Bang had installed a "trump spy" around Xiang Yu.
If Xiang Bo had not been Xiang Yu's uncle, he might not have been able to achieve Zuo Lingyin at all, and even in history, he might not have left a name. After all, xiang Yu had not done any meritorious service from beginning to end, and it was reasonable to say that he should stabilize the rear like Xiao He, provide grain and grass, and supply the source of troops.
Although I do not advocate theory of heroes based on success or failure, the reasons for Xiang Yu's failure cannot but be analyzed one by one. Xiang Bo spoke for Liu Bang over and over again, and Xiang Yu didn't even suspect anything, and he did it all. Therefore, Xiang Yu was still confused in the end, until he died without realizing, "Heaven forbid me, not the crime of using soldiers." "I don't blame myself for being too confused, nor do I blame Xiang Bo for taking sides, but I blame the injustice of the heavens." Rare, too confused.
Of course, it is also necessary to remind that although Xiang Bo was made the Marquis of Sheyang by Liu Bang, Liu Bang's promise of sons and daughters was not fulfilled, and Princess Lu Yuan eventually married Zhang Ao, Zhang Er's son.
I am @ Seven Pin Grass Folk Welcome to read "History", #Insight # Little Secrets of History.