"Mao Shi Justice"
Peony medicine in the Illustrated Verses of Famous Objects
The Book of Verses
Students often ask: Why did Confucianism flourish? I replied, "The existence of scriptural teaching materials is an important factor in the development of Confucianism. "The so-called classics, that is, the Confucian school infused its own doctrines and ideas into the interpretation of the classics, for its own use.
I take the "Zheng Feng Feng Feng And Rain" in the "Mao Shi Chuan Notes" as an example to illustrate it: "The wind and rain are miserable, the chickens are chirping, and if you see a gentleman, yunhu is not yi? Wind and rain, chicken singing glue. See the gentleman, the cloud is not stupid? The wind and rain are obscure, and the chickens are chirping. Seeing a gentleman, Yun Hu does not like it? Nowadays, people often regard this poem as a poem where lovers meet, and the "Little Preface" cloud: ""Wind and Rain", think of the gentleman also." In a chaotic world, the gentleman does not change his temperament. "Zheng Zhi": "Although Yu Junzi lives in a chaotic world, he does not change his moderation... Chickens don't stop chirping for 'obscure'. Here, using the common method of comparison and attachment in the study of the Book of Poetry, it is said that this poem has a special emotional effect on people, and Yu Junzi shouts endlessly although he was born in a chaotic world. The explanation of Mao's poems has its own positive significance, and has had an important impact on literary history and cultural history. Later generations of literati scholars quoted the poem "Wind and Rain" as "Mao Chuan" and "Zheng Zhi", for example, the "Biography of Nanshi Yuan Yue" said, "Sun Jun was forced to go, and the emperor was forced to leave, and Sun Ya walked as usual, Gu Said: 'The wind and rain are obscure, and the chickens are singing endlessly.' (Yuan Yue, originally known as 愍孙, later changed his name.) Southern Dynasty Liang Jianwen Emperor's "Youqi Inscription Wall Self-Prologue" Yun: "There is Liang Zhengshi Lanling Xiao Shimiao, standing on the road, always the same." The wind and rain are obscure, and the chickens are chirping. ("Liang Shu , Jianwen Emperor Benji " Lü Guang's widow Yang Rail Book " Said : "The frost of the tomb does not wither pine and cypress, and the gentleman who does not move in the face of difficulties." Hotu pines withered from slight frost, while chickens were already in the wind and rain. (The Biography of Lü Guang, Book of Jin)
Echoing this interpretation of this context, the image of the "gentleman in a troubled world" in "Wind and Rain" interpreted by Mao Shi also became a certain spiritual force and cultural support for intellectuals at that time in the era of deep national crisis in modern times, and the "wind and rain chicken song" conveyed their national sentiments and thoughts of home and country. For example, Li Shutong's "Heavy wind and rain chicken singing night, there can be boys to come" ("Tokyo Top Ten Celebrities Posthumous Poetry" No. 2), Liu Yazi "blind wind obscure rain miserable night, start to read Mr. Zhengqi song" ("Title Zhang Cangshui Collection"). The famous painter Xu Beihong's "Wind and Rain Chicken Singing Picture", the rooster in the painting, standing on a steep stone and looking up at the sky and singing, painted the upper left inscription: "The wind and rain are obscure, the chicken is singing endlessly, both see the gentleman, Yun Hu is not happy." Ding Ugly Spring, the work of sorrow and honghuai, Guilin. The inscription poem is taken from Mao's poem "Wind and Rain", in 1937 (Ding Ugly), Japan stepped up its aggression against China, and the painter borrowed the poetry of "Wind and Rain Chicken Song" to express his thoughts and feelings of "thinking of gentlemen in a chaotic world and not changing their degrees". Chen Zizhan believes that the positive significance of the poem "Zheng Feng, Wind and Rain" lies in encouraging people to do good and not to change their regularity, not to change their time, and not to take away from difficulties. It can be seen from this that Mao poetics has an important influence on the ancient and modern literati in their dealings with the world and in their spiritual and meteorological aspects.
The Mao Shi Chuan Notes compare certain poems, which is also determined by the teaching content and motivation of the Han Dynasty's Book of Poetry. Zhu Ziqing believes: "The 'Three Hundred Poems' was originally a work of love, and at that time, the righteousness was easy to understand. In their hands, they deliberately seek deeply, and all of them use the method of giving poetry and quoting poems to explain, with the meaning of the broken chapter as the meaning of the whole text, and the result is naturally far beyond the imagination of ordinary people. For example, in Shao Feng Jian Xi, Mao and Zheng used Confucianism to make necessary extensions to this: "Jian Xi Jian Xi, Fang Will Dance." In the middle of the day, in the front and upper places. Shuo Ren Matamata, The Court Of Ten Thousand Dances. Powerful as a tiger, persistent as a group. The left hand holds the cage, and the right hand holds zhai. Heru Wo Ochre, Gongyan Xi Lord. Mountains have hazelnuts, and mountains have ridges. Who thinks about the cloud? Western beauty. The beauty of the west, the people of the West. "Little Preface" Yun: "Jian Xi, the thorn does not need Xianye." The sages of the guardians are all officials, and they can all undertake the king's work. "Mao Chuan": "Force is better than the tiger, and it can resist chaos; the royal people have articles, and words can rule the people." Moving in the near, becoming far away. Mao Shi thought that although the sages were good officials, they could all undertake royal affairs, and believed that they could resist chaos, govern the people, and have the virtue of moving near and becoming far away. "Zheng Zhi": "Shuo ren has the virtue of royal chaos and royal crowd, and can be appointed as a royal subject." "Zheng Zhi" also believes that Shuo ren has both the ability of imperial chaos and imperial publicity, and can be recommended as a royal subject. This is a poem in praise of the dancer who performed the "Ten Thousand Dances", and the "Mao Shi Chuanzhi" transferred the Confucian study of meritocracy to this poem.
Like the epigraphy of the Book of Poetry, the assignment is an important part of the study of the scriptures. The historical events recorded in the "Mao Shi Chuanzhi" begin with the deeds of hou Ji, the ancestor of the Zhou clan ("Daya Shengmin"), and below them, as for the affairs of Chen Linggong ("Chen Feng Zhulin" and "Chen Feng Zepi"), the overall time span is quite long. There are many contents in the "Mao Shi Chuan" that are credible and have their historical authenticity, after all, the author is closer to the era when the "Book of Poetry" was produced, and some historical facts or legends are still circulating. Some of the historical events recorded in maoshi chuanzhi can be corroborated with records such as zuochuan and shiji. For example, the "Mao Shi Chuanzhi" interprets the four articles of "Zheng Feng", "General Zhongzi", "Shu Yutian", "Uncle Yutian", and "Zun Dalu", which reflects the "Zheng Boke Duan Yu Yan" in the "Zuo Zhuan". Another example is "Qin Feng Yellow Bird", "Small Preface" Cloud "Yellow Bird", Mourning Sanliangye. The people of the country stabbed Mu Gong to death as a man, and the composition was poetry. "Zheng Zhi" Yun, "Sanliang, Sanshanchen Also, are said to be breathing, Zhongxing, and Gonghuye." The "History of Qin Benji" says: "Miao (Mu) Gong Gong, buried Yong, from the dead one hundred and seventy-seven people." The three sons of Qin Zhiliang's sons, named XiangXi, Zhongxing, and Gonghu, were also dying. The Qin people mourned, for the song "Yellow Bird" poem. ”
Another example is "Wei Feng Heguang": "Who is Heguang?" A reed hangs on. Who is Song Yuan? Hope for it. Who is Kawahiro? There was no room for knives. Who is Song Yuan? Once did not revere the dynasty. "Small Preface": "Heguang", Song Xiang's mother and father belonged to Wei, thinking more than once, pretending to be poetry." Although the "Small Preface" is vague, it mentions that the author of the poem is Song Xiang's mother-in-law, and she has written this poem with more than one thought. Chen Xiang said: "At that time, Wei had difficulties with the Di people, and Song Xiang's mother returned to Wei, and when she saw that his ancestral kingdom was subverted and the king was destroyed, he was worried; therefore, all the articles stated that he hoped that Song would cross the river to save the guards, and he was very anxious. Not much, and Song Huan Gong rebelled against the rivers, and Li Dai Gong was punished by Cao, then this poem was free before the reverse river. "Heguang" was composed and Song Li Dai Gongyi, and "Zai Chi" was endowed with Qi Liwen Gongyi. "Zai Chi" Xu poems, "Heguang" Song poems, and the series of "鄘" and "Wei" wind, with the second lady in her ancestral country have the idea of survival and extinction, so it is recorded. Chen Huan believed that "Heguang" was a poem that Lady Song Huan hoped that Song Huan would cross the river to save the guards, so her words were very urgent. In the second year of the "Left Biography", Min Gong recorded that Lady Xu Mu gave "Zai Chi", which once showed her patriotic spirit, according to the interpretation of "Mao Shi Chuan", this poem can also be regarded as a sister piece of "Zai Chi", and Lady Song Huan is undoubtedly a patriotic female poet. If it weren't for Mao's poetry record, we wouldn't have thought of this. Zhu Xi's "Poetry Preface Discernment" Yun: "The literary and ideological things of poetry can be thought of, but the world's names at that time cannot be strongly deduced." Therefore, where the "Small Preface", only the poetic civilization points directly to its affairs, such as "Gantang", "Dingzhong", "Nanshan", "Zhulin", if the cut of the test is found in the history of books, such as "Zaichi", "Shuoren", "Qingren", "Yellow Bird" and so on, it can definitely be undoubted. Secondly, the meaning of the word is probably known to be something, but it is not known that it is someone at a certain time. If it is a "small preface", it is necessary to explore with his intentions, and according to the covenant, although he does not know something, he will not harm himself, and although he has not done it, he should forgive him for not being able to do so. "Many of the historical events mentioned in the "Mao Shi Chuanzhi" have been verified, but there are still many uncertain people, and this fact exists objectively.
Although Mao's poetry belongs to the study of scripture, it also pays attention to the expression of feelings and is literary. The "Preface to the Poems" says that "emotions are moved in the middle and form in words"; "the traces of the history of the country are clearly gained and lost, the ruins of hurting people, the harshness of mourning and punishment, the chanting of sentiments, and the wind is above it"; "the wind changes, the emotions are sent, and the etiquette is stopped", etc., all of which place the expression of feelings of beauty or thorn in the important position of the psalms. As far as the passages we are familiar with are concerned, Mao's poems "Small Preface" and "Zheng Zhi" are explained as follows: "'Gantang', Mei Zhao Bo ye. The religion of Zhao Bo is clear in the southern kingdom. "Gu Feng", the thorn couple lost their way also. The guards turned on it, fornicated with the new dimlight, and abandoned their old rooms, the husband and wife were separated, and the national customs were hurt. "Xintai", Thorn Guard Xuan Gong also. The wife of Na Ling, who wants a new platform on the river, and the evil of the countrymen is a poem. "Zai Chi", Mrs. Xu Mu also made it. Min Qi's kingdom was subverted, and self-inflicted wounds could not be saved. The Duke of Wei yi was destroyed by the Di people, and the people of the country were scattered and exposed to Caoyi. The death of Xu Mu's wife Min Wei, the wound xu is small, the strength can not be saved, thinking of returning to his brother, and can not be righteous, so the endowment is Shiye. "Qin Huan", "Zheng Zhi" said: "In the middle of spring, the ice is released, and the water is sluggish." "The soldier and the woman looked at each other, because of the appearance and ridicule, and did the things of husband and wife." In other words, she sends her daughter to peony medicine and is also in love. As far as the Ya poems are concerned, such as: "Jie Nanshan, the father stabbed the Youwang also." "Lu Ming", Yan Qunchen guest also. Eat and drink, but also set up baskets to make them generous, and then loyal guests must do their best. In the eyes of the reader, these works are all "emotional", and it is the reader's reading that gives the work infinite meaning, so that a work can be passed on from generation to generation; the reader's "expectant vision" not only stems from the existing literary reading, including the memory of the existing literary themes and literary forms, this expectation vision also implies the memory of all history and culture.
It cannot but be pointed out that the author of Mao's poems, out of teaching motives and other needs, described "Zhou Nan Guan Ju" as what "the virtue of the queen concubines also ... It is "Guan Ju" that is happy to be a lady to match a gentleman, worried about entering the sage, not obscene, mourning, thinking of the virtuous, and not hurting the heart of goodness", obviously disregarding the original meaning of the psalm, it is too much than attaching, making people resentful. Moreover, this poem also ranks first in the Book of Poetry, and it is this poem that students first come into contact with, which gives a particularly bad impression. Generally speaking, Mao's poems talk more about the "National Wind" section at the beginning than the appendix, while the "Ya" and "Ode" parts in the back are obviously less, but in terms of content, "Zheng Zhi" still has a lot of attachments, such as "The high shore is the valley, the deep valley is the mausoleum" in "Xiao Ya October", and the "Zheng Zhi" Cloud: "The translocator, the gentleman is down, and the villain is also on the top." This is also the reason why some people who insist on finishing reading can more agree with Mao Chuan.
The Book of Poetry is a "poem", an ancient collection of songs and ballads of the primitive ancestors, and as a "classic", the Book of Poetry has the significance of constructing and inheriting the mainstream cultural spirit and ideology of China and even east Asian cultural circles. Qian Mu said: "Therefore, it has always been said that "poetry" has often ignored its literary nature, and those who treat "poetry" from the perspective of literary scholars have mostly ignored its political nature. Thus the "poetry" learned to diverge, gaining half of it and losing half of it. Zheng Zhenduo likens the commentary to the Book of Poetry to "overlapping rubble," and Mao's Preface to "a pile of rubble that is the heaviest, most difficult to sweep away, and must be swept away first." It is undeniable that the "Mao Preface" and "Zheng Zhi" discussed the "poem" with scripture, and overemphasized the political nature of the poem, which indeed suppressed the literary character of the poem; but in the historical and cultural context of the time, such an interpretation method had its legitimacy and rationality. The Mao Xu and Zheng Zhi consciously shouldered the historical responsibility of disseminating Confucian ethics, harmonious interpersonal relations, and rebuilding social order, and carried out the ritual music indoctrination advocated and propagated by the pre-Qin Confucians throughout the poetry, and exercised the dual functions of "transformation" and "stabbing" along with the spread of the "poem". To some extent, the "Mao Shi Chuanzhi" pays more attention to the beautiful thorns and has many appendages, which does deviate from the aesthetic attributes and expressive connotations of the poem itself, and now it seems that it is not difficult to be pedantic and far-fetched; but from a historical point of view, this "misreading" and "misinterpretation" of the text of the "Book of Poetry" in the "Mao Shi Chuanzhi" has its inevitable cause and great significance, and has had a profound impact on the chinese cultural characteristics and spiritual character of the Chinese in the long process of development.
In short, from the perspective of scripture, works such as "Mao Shi Chuanzhi" have formed a unique tradition of interpretation through the interpretation and interpretation of classic texts, showing historical awareness, rational color, and philosophical connotations. The history of ancient Chinese literature is three-dimensional, which is accumulated by many factors such as the history and interpretation history of writers' works, the history of acceptance, etc. For more than two thousand years, the meaning and value of the Book of Poetry as a "classic" actually far exceeds its pure meaning and value as a "poem".
(Author: Bian Jiazhen Xu Yingzi, Professor of the School of Literature of Shandong University and Doctoral Student of the School of Literature of Shandong University)