Reading the history of the Han Dynasty, terms such as "wuwei politics" and "huang laozhixue" have run through the early Han Dynasty many times. The "Historical Ni Theory" believes that the reason why Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, adopted the "politics of doing nothing" is as follows:
First of all, the Qin state was strengthened by legislation, and the country was destroyed by shangfa, but its system was relatively complete, and in the absence of reference, the founders of the Han Dynasty selectively inherited the Qin law.
At the same time, most of the founders of the Han Dynasty came from the bottom, lacked knowledge of social governance, but did not have the attitude of humble learning, and it was impossible to create a new system, so they selectively inherited the ready-made Qin law.
Secondly, the heroes of Han Gaozu's ancestor Liu Bang followed Liu Bang to the south to fight in the northern war, and lining up troops, killing people and setting fires were their strong points, and once they stood in the temple, they were simply a mess, so that the more they managed, the more chaotic they became, and over time they formed an attitude of laziness in managing the people.
Liu Bang led the lower classes of the people to resist Qin
Moreover, from the unification of the Qin State to the establishment of the Han Dynasty for only twenty years, but the dynasties changed, the war raged for many years, the people were not in the tyranny of the Qin, that is, they were harassed by war, their lives and property had long been exhausted, and the whole country did not want to get a chance to breathe, and the political spirit of the Taoists that originated from the people just met their wishes. Therefore, Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, conformed to the will of the people and adopted a strategy of governing the country by doing nothing.
In addition, the Confucian education was gradually weakened by a catastrophe in the Qin Dynasty, so that in the early Han Dynasty, except for the Dr. Qin Guo, who ruled the first classic, there was no great Confucianism like Mencius and Xunzi, which could not provide spiritual support for the founders of the Han Dynasty. However, although the Taoist ideas accepted by Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, had become a prominent school at the end of the Warring States period, they did not have a political system themselves that could provide reference for rulers.
Han Gaozu was worried about the strategy of governing the country
I. Empress Lü's period unexpectedly achieved "inaction politics"
After the death of Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gaozu, the Han Dynasty entered the reign of Empress Lü, and during the fifteen years of her reign, because of its establishment with the Meritorious Group, both sides held a restrained attitude and temporarily maintained a state of peace and tranquility, which invisibly not only distracted Empress Lü's energy, making it impossible for her to interfere too much in the civil affairs, but also made the Meritorious Group "idle", and as a result, the "politics of doing nothing" in the Han Dynasty was achieved, the people lived and worked in peace and contentment, and the people's living standards were further improved.
Empress Lü's struggle to achieve "inaction politics"
Second, the signs of reform during the han dynasty have emerged
Empress Lü died, and the Meritorious Group struck a blow to solve the Zhulu that Empress Lü had painstakingly managed. After Emperor Wen of Han ascended the throne, although he still adhered to the "inaction" since the beginning of the Han Dynasty, but excessive laissez-faire and neglect of management, the internal and foreign affairs of the Han Dynasty showed many crises, the most prominent of which were the princes and the Xiongnu, such as Liu Chang, the king of Huainan, who killed the Marquis of Peiyang, the king of Huainan, who arrogantly indulged in illegal intentions to rebel, and Wu Wanghao, who relied on his own advantages, to "rich countries and strong soldiers". Emperor Wen of Han was a master of governing the country, and if he did not deal with it properly, the crisis of the Han court would come ahead of schedule.
Emperor Wen of Han, who entered the Han court
In this context, people of insight within the Han Dynasty, keenly aware of the seriousness of the problem, wrote to Emperor Wen of Han one after another, proposing reforms, and Jia Yi and Chao, who had the flavor of Confucianism and Jurists, came to the forefront of history.
In response to the reforms advocated by Jia Yi and Chao Que, although Emperor Wendi of Han did not explicitly express his position, he quietly operated. In the sixteenth year before Emperor Wen of Han, Emperor Wen of Han divided the former State of Qi into six, and the six surviving sons of Liu Feishang, the Prince of Liqi, were all kings, namely Liu Zhi, the Marquis of Yangxu, as the King of Qi, Liu Zhi the Marquis of Andu, Liu Xian the Marquis of Wucheng, liu Xiongqu the Prince of Baishi, Liu Xiongqu the Prince of Jiaodong, the Marquis of Pingchang as the King of Jiaoxi, and the Marquis Liu Peiguang as the King of Jinan.
Zizhi Tongjian Vol. 15 Han Ji VII: Qi was also divided into six kingdoms; Bing Yin, Li Qi mourned the prince of Hui six people: Yang Xuhou made Lu the King of Qi, Marquis Andu marquis Zhi the king of Jibei, Marquis Wucheng the prince of Chuan, Marquis Xiongqu of Baishi the king of Jiaodong, Marquis of Pingchang the king of Jiaoxi, and Hou Peiguang the king of Jinan.
Emperor Wen of Han was far-sighted and provided a successful example for the peaceful settlement of the princely issue, and the earliest to serve the overall situation of the country with the "Tui En Ling".
Emperor Wen of Han quietly reformed
However, in response to the Xiongnu issue, Emperor Wen of Han still implemented the policy of peace and pro-han since the beginning of the Han Dynasty, and maintained a stable external environment for domestic reforms.
Iii. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, reform was carried out
Before Emperor Wu of han ascended the throne, the rulers of the Han Dynasty all advocated the art of Huang Lao and used nothing as an administration. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, the situation immediately underwent major changes, which eventually led to the "deposing of hundreds of families and the exclusive respect of Confucianism".
Before Emperor Wu of Han ascended the throne, he had been committed to the study of teachers, and his uncle Tian Yu (田蚡) and The Crown Prince Fu Wang Zang (王臧) had the deepest influence on him, and they were quite good at Confucianism.
After Emperor Wu of Han ascended the throne, he also appointed a number of confucian ministers, including not only new scholars such as Zhao Xuan, but also wei qihou Doubao, who was active in the Wenjing period.
Emperor Wu of Han, who wanted to carry out reforms
In the first year of the founding of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, that is, the subordinates of the Emperor Baoju were "virtuous and upright, outspoken and extremely advised", and were personally examined by Tianzi, and as a result, many scholars who studied Confucianism were admitted and merged into the dynasty as officials, of which Dong Zhongshu, a Confucian scholar, was the most famous, and appointed an eighty-year-old confucian Shen Gong as a taizhong doctor, as an adviser, which shows how much the emperor of Han Wudi's recognition of Confucianism has reached.
Compared with the great favor of Confucianism, those scholars who studied shen han and zongheng also took the examination of Emperor Wu of The Han Dynasty, but all of them were repatriated.
Although Confucianism was favored by Emperor Wu of Han, the matter was far from over, and Emperor Wu of Han's grandmother Empress Dowager Dou was deeply influenced by Huang Laozhi's learning, that is, he expressed dissatisfaction with the sixteen-year-old emperor, but did not do so.
In the second year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, his favorite ministers Wang Zang and Zhao Xuan offended the empress dowager Dou shi by suggesting that "there is no need to ask the empress dowager for important matters in the middle of the dynasty", and the result is predictable that they were forced to commit suicide both. Immediately afterward, Dou Bao, Tian Yu, and Shen Gongquan were dismissed from their posts, and after Confucianism entered the dynasty, he was defeated in the first confrontation with Huang Laozhixue, and had to greatly reduce the scope of activities.
Empress Dowager Dou insisted on doing nothing
Empress Dowager Dou did not intend to obstruct the reform and administration of Emperor Wu of Han, but was entrusted by Emperor Jingdi of Han to ensure the smooth reign of the young Emperor Wu of Han, who was worried that the young emperor would be used by others and go astray, which was a consideration of the overall situation.
However, empress dowager Dou did not exterminate the Confucian scholars, and at that time, the Han court still had more than seventy doctors appointed in the era of the Han Jing Emperor, not only those who ruled the scriptures, but also hundreds of sons.
In the fifth year of the founding of Emperor Wu of Han, Emperor Wu of Han believed that the limelight had passed, that is, he set up a doctorate of the Five Classics in the Han court to express his advocacy of Confucianism.
In the sixth year of the founding of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, empress dowager Dou died and was a non-Confucian among the Han dynasty doctors, that is, repatriated, and Confucianism officially dominated culturally.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed the "non-action politics" of the early Han Dynasty, and conditionally accepted Confucianism, everything was in the service of strengthening the central government, and finally in order to completely solve the crisis of the Han Dynasty, that is, to solve the problem of the tail of the princes, and to fully implement the "Tui En Order" to remove the external threat of the Han Court and fight against the Xiongnu.
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