Introduction: He is the Genrai Dynasty, and the samurai regime established by the Genrai Dynasty is known by historians as the Kamakura shogunate. The establishment of the Kamakura shogunate marked the beginning of Japan's 680-year-long shogunate era, which was not announced until emperor Meiji promulgated the imperial government retrospective in 1868.
Suddenly, he was exiled.
Genrai was thirteen years old, in the twelfth month of the lunar calendar, when the Heiji Rebellion occurred in Japan. Later, Emperor Shirakawa, the hei clan who was the patron, defeated Fujiwara Nobu and Genji. Genrai's father, Genrai, was killed in the incident, and Genrai was exiled to the desolate Izu Peninsula alone because he had participated in the war with his father. After the Heiji Rebellion, the leader of the Hei clan samurai clique, Hira Kiyomori, Hirabu Aoyama, stepped into the ranks of the imperial court secretaries, and was promoted to the rank of minister of taizheng, not only Hira Kiyomori himself was honored as a high-ranking official, but also the Hira clan also stole important positions During the twenty years of exile, he married the daughter of Hojo Shimasa and was protected.
In this way, the Yuanlai Dynasty wandered for 20 years, and the exile life of Izu for more than twenty years had a non-negligible impact on the character of the Yuanlai Dynasty. The Heiji Rebellion threw him far beyond the political whirlpool, and as a victim of the struggle between the two males, he was exiled to the politically and economically backward Izu Peninsula, living a cold and lonely life for a long time. Coupled with political setbacks and unambitiousness, he developed a tenacious endurance and a strong spirit of revenge.
Under the banner of "Order of the Emperor Ren", the Genrai Dynasty united the descendants of the Genji clan to seek peace, but soon failed, and later fled across the sea to Anfang. Hira Kiyomori ordered the complete elimination of Genji and the dispatch of Izu to destroy Genrai Dynasty in order to relieve the troubles in his heart. In this situation, Yuan Laichao resolutely raised troops to seek peace.
After the Genrai Dynasty raised troops from Izu, it was not a military general who always won and suffered defeats. The worst was the Battle of Stonebridge Mountain in August of the lunar calendar in 1180. With three hundred cavalry strength, he confronted the Ping general Dating Jingqin with three thousand cavalry strength, but was defeated miserably, and there were few troops left, "escaping into the mountains". This failure taught the Yuan Lai Dynasty quite a lesson. It can be seen from the many battles in the future that he learned the lesson of this defeat, that is, without adequate preparation, he tried to avoid a frontal offensive with the enemy. From the course of several major battles between Genji and Heishi, genrai's strategic and tactical thinking was to seek stability strategically, seek speed tactically, and if you don't fight, you will win.
Battle of Fujigawa in October of the lunar calendar in 1180. This was a crucial battle after the yuanlai dynasty raised troops. At this time, although the strength of the Yuanlai Dynasty was already quite large, and the combat effectiveness of the army was better than that of the Ping army, the Yuanlai Dynasty did not have a light enemy. While posing for a decisive battle in the front, he adopted a roundabout encirclement tactic, so that Takeda Nobuyoshi led his army to encircle the enemy's rear when the night was deeply quiet. When the Takeda army passed through the Fuji swamp, it alarmed the water ducks clustered in the swamp, and the flock of ducks panicked, chirping and flying, "Feather sound into a strong army.". The Ping army suddenly heard that the Yuan army was attacking from behind, and was frightened and lost its soul, and fled in a hurry, and the Genji army won without a fight. The victory of this battle greatly weakened the power of the Ping clan, and Ping Qingsheng fell ill in defeat and died in February of the following year' lunar calendar. The Yuanlai Dynasty successively occupied Fangzong, Musashi, Sagami and other places. In October of the lunar calendar in 1180, Yuan Lai entered the capital, and the imperial court appointed him as the right general of Quan Da NaYan and the right general. In December, Genrai left The capital and returned to Kamakura. It was called "Kamakura Hall", and at the same time, the Genrai Dynasty established a service house for the unified management of the imperial family.
In 1183, the Yuanlai Dynasty established the Eastern Kingdom, and in the same year the imperial court promulgated the Shouyong Xuanzhi, recognizing its right to rule in the East. He was opposed to the warlord Gen Yoshinaka who entered Kyoto, and the Hei clan of Nishikuni. In 1184, he sent his brother Yuan Yijing to lead an army to the west to destroy Yuan Yizhong. The following year, Genyoshi launched the Battle of Jingtan noura to eliminate the Hei clan. In the same year, the Yuan Lai Dynasty set up guardian and land head positions in various places on the pretext of hunting down his brother Yuan Yijing, who was close to the yuan government. However, with the expansion of the Lai Dynasty's power, there were many administrative and judicial affairs to be handled, so the establishment of corresponding domestic institutions was put on the agenda. On October 6, 1184, the Official Office was formally established to handle administrative affairs. Hiromoto Oe served as the deputy official, Nakahara Kinno was appointed as the vice-official, and Fujiwara Administration, Fujiuchi Motomoto, Kaishiro, and Ōnaka Akiya were sent as the senders (comments). On the twentieth day, the Inquiry And Notation Office was established to be responsible for the adjudication of the "lawsuits of all people", and the deacons trusted by Miyoshi Yasushi.
In 1184, the Battle of Ichigo broke out. As Genji's power grew, the Hei clan retreated to Kansai in an attempt to control the Seto Inland Sea based on the yashima island of Shikoku. In February of the lunar calendar, the Hei clan gathered tens of thousands of cavalry troops to hold a key valley at the junction of Settsu and Harima (present-day Sumo District, Kobe City), in a vain attempt to keep the Genji army outside the Kansai Gate. On the fourth day, the two armies of Genpei faced off. Heishi is deployed to the west of the mountain, and Genji is deployed to the east of the mountain, "three miles apart". After a valley, the mountain is called Grebe, "the stone rock is towering and the hooves are difficult to pass, and the valley is deep and inaccessible." Yuan Yijing selected more than seventy warriors, climbed over the Eagle Yue, and made a surprise attack on the headquarters of the Pingshi Army, causing the Pingshi Army to lose its command core, "lose the negotiation and lose, or lead the horse out of the pavilion of a valley, or drop the ship to the land of the Four Kingdoms."
In March of the lunar calendar of 1185, the Battle of Tanpu was fought. After the defeat at the Battle of Ichitani, the Hira clan reinvigorated its strength with the Seto Inland Sea as the center. In order to finally eliminate the Hei clan forces, Genji began to arrange a decisive battle with the Hei clan. First, in september of the lunar calendar in 1184, Genfan Lai led his army westward by land and adopted a major detour in an attempt to cut off the back road of the Ping clan to retreat to Kyushu. After suffering from hunger and hardship, in February 1185, with the support of the local Hao clan in Kyushu, Fan Laijun finally crossed the sea to Fenghou (present-day Oita Prefecture) and inserted a sharp knife into the enemy's rear like a sharp knife. At the same time, Genyoshi entered Shikoku. On the 17th, genji's army, led by Genji Yoshinori, braved the rain to cross from Watanabetsu (present-day Osaka City) in Settsu, landed on Yajima Island, and attacked the Heishi army from behind. The Hei clan fled and finally retreated to Yandao Island. In this way, the Ping army was caught between the front and rear attacks of the two armies of Yuan Yijing and Yuan Fan Lai. On the 24th day of the third month of the lunar calendar, Gen and Hei met at the Nagato Kingdom of Akama Kantanura Sea. With more than 500 warships, the Hei clan challenged the Genji army, which, under the leadership of Genyoshi, annihilated the Hei clan army in one fell swoop and won a great victory. Pingshi will sink Shuaiduo to the bottom of the sea.
Opposite Stone (where the legend says that the Genrai Dynasty and the Genyi Sutra met)
After the Decisive Battle of Tanpu, the Yuanlai Dynasty achieved a decisive military victory. It took only five years for the Genrai Dynasty to raise an army in August of the lunar calendar in 1180 to the decisive battle of Tanpu in March 1185, when the Ping clan was completely destroyed. After that, the issue facing the Yuanlai Dynasty was how to truly establish a leading position in the political and economic fields on the basis of consolidating military achievements. Many historical facts show that the Genrai Dynasty, as a descendant of the samurai family, had relatively easy access to and support from samurai from all over the world, but it was not easy to maintain it for a long time and establish Genji's rule throughout the country. Hira Kiyomori, who also came from a samurai family, also received the support of the vast number of samurai and entered the political arena with this, but soon it was short-lived and declined. Gen's martial power was no less than that of The Heisei Andyo and Genrai dynasties, and he also won the support of local samurai at the beginning of the war, but due to his lack of ability to govern, he quickly disappeared from the historical stage.
Settle the order
In November 1185, the YuanLai Dynasty proposed and approved by the Yuanlai Dynasty to establish a "deliberative" system in the imperial court. The ten courtiers, led by the right minister Fujiwara Kenshi, were all nobles recommended by the Lai Dynasty and closely related to the Kamakura side. In the same month, Ōe Hiromoto suggested that the Yuanlai Dynasty set up a guard and a head of land. The Lai Dynasty was very favorable, and immediately sent Hojo Shizheng to Kyoto, formally requesting the following measures from the imperial court: (1) "All countries generally set up guards and land heads", (2) "Regardless of the power of the family village (garden), the public (collar), and the Kawan class soldier grain and rice (five liters per section)". The above request of the Yuan Lai Dynasty was agreed to by the academy the next day. This was an extremely important event, and when the nobles of the imperial court learned of this, their hearts were very heavy, saying that "the countries of Wuqi, Shanyin, Shanyang, Nanhai, and Xihai, whether it is Zhuang Gong or Kewan urging soldiers, they can know the fields.", and its meaning is so deep that "it is beyond words." On December 6, genrai also wrote a letter to the courtiers Kujō Kanshi, describing the intention of setting up guards and lands because there were rebels at that time, who often incited samurai and made trouble for no reason. In order to prevent the occurrence of unexpected events, we decided to set up guards and land.
Although resisted by powerful nobles, the area where the guard and the head of the land were sent was once restricted. However, with the development and consolidation of the power of the Yuanlai Dynasty, this system was eventually extended to the whole country. The guardian was a political representative sent by the Genrai Dynasty to various national governments, and was served by powerful imperial family members. His main duties were: suppressing rebels and murderers within his jurisdiction, and having both procuratorial, judicial, and military powers; managing the samurai within his jurisdiction and organizing them to take turns in the Kyoto unit "Daiban Campaign"; and managing administrative affairs such as shrines, temples, and transportation roads within his jurisdiction. However, the guardian often exceeded the above-mentioned terms of reference and violated the power of the state court. In the name of maintaining law and order, they constantly infiltrated the public and private estates. The head of the land is the political representative of the Yuanlai Dynasty stationed in the manor. It is held by the Imperial Family. They had police powers, the right to collect taxes (annual tribute, grain and rice), and the right to administer land. The guardian and the head of the land were directly under the command of the Yuan Lai Dynasty. The establishment of the guardian land system marked the consolidation and strengthening of the rule of the Yuanlai Dynasty. Through the guardianship and the head system, on the one hand, he effectively controlled the samurai in various places to prevent the occurrence of chaos, and on the other hand, he extended his power into the public and private estates, which not only ensured the supply of military demand, but also used strong force as the pillar to strengthen economic restrictions on the nobility and the powerful.
Ordained General
In 1186, Genrai Dynasty wrote to Fujiwara Kanemitsu, stating his intentions for proposing the establishment of the Kaifu. He said that the purpose of the setting was to "draw the sincerity of the war, so that good governance can be carried out." He demanded that "all things should be done in the right way" and that "those who are in charge of the world should play according to the deliberations of the secretaries of state" and that you should be "selfless and unruly." Any "chaotic matter" that violates social stability, "even if it is a proclamation by the Imperial Propaganda Yuan", should be "repeatedly played", and if it is not played, it is "a courtesy that is not a loyal subject". It fully shows the importance that Lai Chao attaches to the discussion. Subsequently, the Lai dynasty also supported Fujiwara Kaneshi's association with the imperial family.
In the first month of 1190, Kaneshi's daughter entered the palace, and in April, she was established as the middle palace of Emperor Toba. Lai Chao said to Kanshi: "Although the French Emperor is in charge today and does not think about everything, once the French Emperor dies, it will be the day when Emperor Toba will rule", which shows the pain of Lai Dynasty's intentions. His practice of controlling the imperial family through pro-Kamakura forces within the imperial court was indeed much more advanced than directly manipulating the imperial government by the Heihira clan and others.
In order to adapt to the development of the situation, the Lai Dynasty began to rectify the ruling organs, and in the first month of 1191, the Kumon Institute was reorganized into a government office, with four levels of officials, namely Beidang, Ling, Case Master, and Zhijia Affairs, with Ōe Hiromoto succeeding him as Beidang, Fujiwara Administration as the Order, Fujii Toshinaga as the client, and Nakahara Hikari as the Zhi family affairs. At the same time, the Questioning Office and the Attendant Office were replenished, and the Deacons of the Questioning Office were still succeeded by Miyoshi Yasunhin. The offices of the attendant, such as bedan, secretary, and public service, were still appointed by Wada Yoshimori. In addition, there are also the positions of Kyoto Guardian, Zhenxi Shōsei, and Oshu Shogun. The reorganization of the above-mentioned administrative structures of the Genrai Dynasty marked the improvement of the organizational structure of the Kamakura samurai regime. In the third month of the lunar calendar in 1192, Emperor Go-Shirakawa died suddenly, and Fujiwara Kanshi took control of the imperial government. In July, the imperial court officially appointed Lai Chao as the General of Zhengyi. In October 1198, after attending the inauguration ceremony of the Sagami Kawabashi Bridge, he fell off his horse on the way home and fell ill from then on, and died in the first month of 1199 (February 9 of the Gregorian calendar).
For political initiatives
The so-called imperial family system is a master-slave relationship with the samurai formed by the Confucian ideas of "loyalty" and "righteousness" as the core and the land as the medium. That is to say, all samurai who surrendered to the Yuanlai Dynasty were all subjects of the Yuanlai Dynasty and had to unconditionally obey the command of the Lai Dynasty (Fenggong). The specific actions of the samurai who became members of the imperial family were mainly to assume military obligations, to serve in the army in wartime, and to serve as guards in peacetime. The most important guards are the Kyoto guards, called the "Kyoto Grand Battle". As the lord of the Kamakura Dynasty (Kamakura-den), the Genrai Dynasty protected their vital interests, that is, economically protected their original territory from being infringed upon .0226. Politically protect their dominance over their original territories. This protection of the Imperial Family by the Genrai Dynasty was known as the "Imperial Grace". In addition, those who have meritorious service to the dynasty can also give new grace lands (new graces) outside the original territory. Xin'endi was actually a manor that the Lai Dynasty had confiscated as its own territory and gave it to meritorious warriors.
In order for samurai in the Kanto region to become imperial family members, they had to see the Lai Dynasty directly and obtain the Lai Dynasty's handwritten handwritten letter of "Skill An blocking" before it could be considered legal. However, as the situation developed and the region expanded, especially after the samurai in the Kansai area who had been under the rule of the Hei clan successively expressed their allegiance, the procedures became increasingly simplified, that is, as long as they "were lucky to the genkai's generations, noted out their names" and received the handwriting of the representatives of the Genrai dynasty, they could become the imperial family.
However, the administration of state affairs in various places was originally carried out by the state secretary appointed by the imperial court, and the position of the state secretary was also appointed and removed by the imperial court. This direct territorial blockade and direct appointment of officials by the YuanLai Dynasty was actually an act of ignoring the imperial court. After the Battle of IshibashiZan, the first thing Genrai Dynasty did when he returned to Kamakura with his army was to establish the management organ of the Imperial Family, the Waiting House, and appoint Wada Yoshimori as a waiter.
The YuanLai Dynasty also established a strict system of electing and appointing officials within the imperial family. The Kanto Imperial Family was not allowed to serve as an official without being held within. Anyone who has been recommended by himself may serve in the imperial court, and those who violate it, whether meritorious or flesh-and-blood, will be dealt with severely. The most typical example is that Yuan Yijing, a compatriot brother of the Yuan Lai Dynasty, was severely punished for violating the imperial family system and accepting orders from the imperial court without permission. The imperial family system thus became the cornerstone of the Kamakura shogunate.
Garner support
Everywhere the Yuan Lai Dynasty went, every step of victory was achieved, and meritorious deeds were rewarded. The earliest reward for meritorious service was held on October 23, 1180, after the total victory at the Battle of Fujigawa, after entering the Sagami Kingdom on the way back to Kamakura with genrai dynasty. In the more than two months since the raising of the army, the eastern warriors who followed the Lai Dynasty to the north and the south and were born into death were either given the "ability to block" or "make the bath new grace".
As a result of genrai's promise, he received more support and allegiance from the samurai. This ceremony marked the beginning of the samurai politics dominated by the Lai Dynasty. After that, whenever there was an opportunity, the Lai Dynasty wasted no time in holding a reward. Some of the imperial family members trusted by the Lai Dynasty were even appointed as guardians, heads of the land, or kokuji, and jie. For example, after the destruction of Satake Yoshihide, the Lai Dynasty confiscated Yoshihide's old rulers, Changlu Kuniku-gun, Ota, Bada, and Sachi, and distributed them as rewards to the meritorious samurai. Later, the confiscated old territory of the Ping clan was also rewarded to the imperial family.
Economic aspects
The specific measures taken by the Yuanlai Dynasty were: First, through the policies of "the firm's security blockade" and "new grace to give", we should stabilize the social situation and provide favorable conditions for the development of agricultural production. As mentioned earlier, the policies of "blocking the firm" and "giving new favors" were not only political slogans put forward by the Lai Dynasty at the beginning of the xingbing, but also the economic measures that the Lai Dynasty had always pursued. At that time, the samurai who formed a royal family with the Lai Dynasty, except for a few local Hao samurai, were mostly in the landlord and famous lord class. They are not only the actual adherents of the military strength of a certain region, but also the specific organizers of production, and an important factor in social stability and the development of production. The policies of "blocking the work of the institute" and "giving new favors" implemented by the Lai Dynasty ensured the stability of their position, not only won their military strength and expanded their own strength, but also fully mobilized their enthusiasm for organizing production and ensured the smooth progress of agricultural production.
Second, the system of "persuading peasant envoys from Kamakura Hall" was introduced. For the imperial family members who gave Anzu or Shin-en, the Genrai Dynasty also granted them the status of "Kamakura Temple's Envoy to persuade farmers". Through this form, they were allowed to organize their people to carry out agricultural production and reclamation on a daily basis, so as to fulfill their obligations to the Yuanlai Dynasty. This meant that in addition to their obligations to the Kamakura-den, the Kyoto Daiban, and the Temporary Military Service, they also had to obey the command of the Lai Dynasty economically. Their abode in their abilities was both the local military command post of the Lai Dynasty and an institution for its reclamation and persuasion of farmers. In this way, the Yuanlai Dynasty established its own system of direct management of the economy by granting and persuading peasants to take up posts and setting up land. Due to the emphasis on agricultural production, agricultural production at that time had a significant development. The development of agriculture and the progress of technology have promoted the improvement of agricultural productivity and produced a large number of surplus agricultural goods, thus promoting the development of handicrafts and markets. Economic prosperity laid the foundation for the stability of shogunate rule.