The special column on scientific sheep epidemic prevention provided by China Sheep Group is a summary of the experience of Huzhou Zhongyang Science and Technology Research Institute in teaching, scientific research and diagnosis and treatment of sheep disease prevention for decades, and draws on the experience and practice of peers. In the process of collecting and paraphrasing information, in line with the principle of basing ourselves on the grass-roots level and serving small sheep farmers in rural areas, we directly face farmers, integrate scientific and practical, and systematically and comprehensively introduce new technologies for clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention and control of sheep diseases that are standard, standardized and practical.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="12" >What is goat coccidiosis?</h1>
Sheep coccidiosis is a breed of protozoal disease caused by coccidiosis parasitizing the intestines of sheep, and the onset of sheep only has symptoms such as diarrhea, wasting, anemia, stunted development, etc., and in severe cases, it leads to death, mainly endangering lambs.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="53" > how does goat coccidiosis get infected?</h1>
Pathogenic system of goat coccidiosis Protozoa of the genus Amerielidae. Goat coccidiosis is host specific, and some of the coccidiosis that parasitize goats and sheep are morphologically different species. Goat Amy Coccidia is a directly developing type that does not require an intermediate host and must go through three stages: asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction and spore reproduction. After the sporeized oocyst is swallowed by the sheep, under the action of gastric juice, the sporozoites escape, rapidly invade the intestinal epithelial cells, and undergo multi-generational asexual reproduction, forming schizonts and mesozoites.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="55" >how to diagnose goat coccidiosis?</h1>
Various breeds of sheep and goats may be infected with coccidiosis, but the probability of infection of goats is much greater than that of sheep; The infection rate under 1 year old is higher than that in those over 1 year old, adult sheep are generally insect carriers. According to the survey, a large number of coccidioid oocysts are often found in the feces of spring lambs aged 1 to 2 months.
The epidemic season is generally divided into three seasons: spring, summer and autumn; The likelihood and intensity of infection vary depending on the species of coccidiosis and the climatic conditions of each region. Winter temperatures are low and the amount of infection is small. Oocysts are excreted with goat feces, contaminating pasture, feed, drinking water, utensils and the environment, infecting healthy goats through the digestive tract. Goats of all ages are susceptible to coccidiosis in all breeds, but the morbidity and mortality rate of lambs aged 13 months is higher, with an incidence of almost 100% and a mortality rate of more than 60%. Adult goat infection rates are also quite high, and there is no shortage of examples of high oocysts per gram of feces, but no or very little onset, which may be an age immune phenomenon, only for the worm carrier, becoming the main source of infection of the pathogen. Sudden changes in feed and environment, long-distance transport, weaning and poor weather and poor feeding conditions can all cause the goat's resistance to decline and lead to the sudden onset of coccidiosis.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="103" > clinical symptoms of goat coccidiosis. </h1>
The incubation period for goat coccidiosis is 11 to 17 days. The disease may occur acutely or chronically depending on the type of infection, the intensity of infection, the age of sheep, resistance, and feeding and management conditions. The course of acute passage is 2 to 7 days, and the course of chronic passage can be up to several weeks. Sick sheep are insatiable, loss or disappearance of appetite, weight loss, pallor of the visible mucous membranes, diarrhea, and stool often contains a large number of oocysts. Body temperature rises to 40 to 41 ° C, severe cases can lead to death, the mortality rate often reached 10% to 25%, sometimes up to 80% or more. At the beginning of the illness, the goats had soft stools, and the feces were not formed, but their spirits and appetite were normal. Diarrhea begins after 3 to 5 days, the stool from porridge to water, yellow-brown or black, mixed with necrotic mucus, blood and a large number of coccidiosis oocysts, loss of appetite or waste, increased thirst. Then the spirit is compromised, coarse hair, rapid emaciation, visible mucosa is pale, body temperature is normal or slightly higher, acute after 2 to 7 days, chronic disease course for several weeks, the final failure of serious infections and death, and long-term growth and development of the resistant. Adult goats are mostly latently infected and appear to be non-abnormal.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="86" > pathological changes in goat coccidiosis</h1>
The visceral lesions of sick sheep with mixed infection mainly occur in the intestinal mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and gallbladder and other tissues and organs with white dots, flat spots, protruding spots and polyps, as well as thickening, hyperemia and bleeding of the small intestinal wall, local inflammation, a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration, necrosis of intestinal glands and intestinal villous epithelial cells, villous rupture mucosa shedding, etc. Mesenteric lymph node edema, parasitism in the endothelial stage of coccidiosis in the endothelial stage of coccidiosis in the lymphoid sinuses and lymphatic vessels around the submembrane and trabecula, local inflammatory cell infiltration, lymphatic vessel dilation, accompanied by lymphocyte and plasma cell exudation. Mild enlargement and blood stasis may be seen in the liver, with yellow-white spots with large needle tips or large millet grains on the surface and parenchyma of the liver, dilated bile ducts, thick reddish-brown bile, and a large number of lumps inside. Edema and increase of the gallbladder wall
Thick, mononuclear infiltration throughout the gallbladder wall, small bleeding spots in the lamina, local necrosis of villous short thick glands and villous epithelial cells, small fissures and gametophyte parasitism. It is worth noting that most sick sheep with coccidiosis oocysts in the bile have no obvious lesions in the liver and gallbladder. The number of oocysts in the bile is also inconsistent, some bile can be seen directly smeared, and some must be centrifuged to check the sediment before it can be seen, so in the past, there may also be oocysts in the bile of sick sheep, but it has been ignored.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="76" > prevention measures for sheep coccidiosis</h1>
Amphetamine and sulfa have a certain therapeutic effect on sheep coccidiosis.
After medication, the amount of oocyst discharge can be rapidly reduced and symptoms can be alleviated. Amphetamine, 50 mg per kilogram of body weight, once a day for 4 days; Sulfadimethylpyrimidine or sulfahemethoxypyrimidine, 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, for 3 to 4 days, the effect is good; Saltmycin, mixed feeding at 0.33 to 1.0 mg per kilogram of body weight per day for 2 to 3 days.
Scientific sheep raising can greatly reduce the incidence of coccidiosis, the pen should be kept clean and dry, drinking water and feed should be hygienic, and attention should be paid to minimizing various stressors. Grazing flocks should regularly change pastures, and since adult sheep are often the source of coccidiosis, it is best to keep lambs and adult sheep separately.
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With the rapid growth of China's sheep industry, the scale and intensification of breeding methods continue to improve, the new diseases of sheep are also increasing, the condition is becoming more and more complex, and many new diseases are often complicated or mixed with "old diseases", which increases the difficulty of clinical diagnosis and treatment. It is hoped that the scientific sheep epidemic prevention column provided by China Sheep Group can meet the urgent requirements of the majority of veterinary workers and small sheep farmers for new technologies and new knowledge of sheep disease treatment, and provide a set of standardized treatment measures and prevention procedures for sheep disease prevention and control.