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The history of Western philosophy and its relevance to political and social conditions throughout the ages
Written by Bertrand Russell and translated by Tao Ran
Life, Reading, New Knowledge Joint Bookstore 2023-10
ISBN: 9787108075994 Price: 125.00 yuan
【Brief Introduction】
This book is Russell's most well-known masterpiece, based on the transcripts of his lectures in the United States. This philosophical history full of personal style, with both ideological depth and literary talent, is simple to understand, beautifully written, sincere and interesting, and has been well received by readers for many years. This "striking work" is divided into three main parts: first, ancient philosophy, from ancient Greece to Plotin, focusing on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle; second, ecclesiastical philosophy, from the development of religion to scholasticism; and third, modern philosophy, through the Renaissance, the Reformation, the scientific revolution, and the rise of logical analytic philosophy. In addition to a brilliant review of various philosophical views, Russell also elaborated on the life trajectories and personality characteristics of philosophers, as well as the characteristics of the times and social environment behind them. What he wants to make clear is that philosophy is a realm between theology and science, an integral part of social and political life, which originates from and acts on the times.
【About the Author】
Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) was an English philosopher, mathematician, historian, and founder of analytic philosophy. In 1950, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for defending humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought in his diverse and important works." In the last decade or so, he actively participated in social movements such as anti-nuclear and anti-Vietnam War. His representative works include Principles of Mathematics, Philosophical Problems, Analysis of the Heart, Analysis of Matter, Inquiry into Meaning and Truth, and Knowledge of Human Beings.
【Contents】
preface
prolegomenon
Volume I: Ancient Philosophy
Chapter 1: Philosophy before Socrates
Chapter 1: The Rise of Greek Civilization
Chapter 2: The School of Miletus
Chapter 3: Pythagoras
Chapter 4: Heraclitus
Chapter 5: Parmenides
Chapter 6 Empedocles
Chapter 7: Athens and Culture
Chapter 8: Anaxagoras
Chapter 9: The Atomists
Chapter 10: Protagoras
CHAPTER II: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
Chapter 11: Socrates
Chapter 12: The Influence of Sparta
Chapter 13: The Sources of Plato's Views
Chapter 14: Plato's Utopia
Chapter 15: Plato's Theory of Ideas
Chapter 16: Plato's Theory of the Immortality of the Soul
Chapter 17: Plato's Cosmology
Chapter 18: Plato's Theory of Knowledge and Perception
Chapter 19: The Metaphysics of Aristotle
Chapter 20: Aristotle's Ethics
Chapter 21: Aristotle's Politics
Chapter 22: Aristotle's Logic
Chapter 23: Aristotle's Physics
Chapter XXIV. Ancient Greek Mathematics and Astronomy
Chapter 3: Ancient Philosophy after Aristotle
Chapter XXV. The Hellenistic World
Chapter 26: Cynicism and Skepticism
Chapter XXVII
Chapter XXVIII
Chapter 29: The Roman Empire and Culture
Chapter 30: Plotin
Volume II: Catholic Philosophy
prolegomenon
Chapter 1 The Godfather
Chapter 1: The Development of Judaism
Chapter 2: The First Four Hundred Years of Christianity
Chapter 3: The Three Holy Teachers of the Church
Chapter 4: The Philosophy and Theology of St. Augustine
Chapter 5: The 5th and 6th Centuries A.D
Chapter 6: St. Benedict and the Great Gregory
CHAPTER 2 Scholastic philosophers
Chapter 7: Papal Institution in the Dark Ages
Chapter 8: John Scott
Chapter 9: The Church Reformation in the 11th Century
Chapter 10 Islamic Culture and Philosophy
Chapter 11: The Twelfth Century
Chapter 12: The Thirteenth Century
Chapter 13: St. Thomas Aquinas
Chapter 14 Franciscan Scholastic Philosophers
Chapter 15: The Decline of the Holy See
Volume 3 Modern Philosophy
Chapter 1: From the Renaissance to Hume
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 The Italian Renaissance
Chapter 3: Machiavelli
Chapter 4: Erasmus and More
Chapter 5: The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation
Chapter 6 The Rise of Science
Chapter 7: Francis Bacon
Chapter 8: Hobbes's Leviathan
Chapter 9: Descartes
Chapter 10: Spinoza
Chapter 11 Leibniz
Chapter 12 Philosophical Liberalism
Chapter 13: Locke's Epistemology
Chapter 14 Locke's Political Philosophy
Chapter 15: Locke's Influence
Chapter 16: Berkeley
Chapter 17: Hume
Chapter 2 From Rousseau to the Present
Chapter 18 The Romantic Movement
Chapter 19: Rousseau
CHAPTER XX: Kant
Chapter 21: Nineteenth-Century Thought
Chapter 22: Hegel
CHAPTER XXIII
Chapter 24: Schopenhauer
Chapter 25: Nietzsche
Chapter 26 Utilitarianism
Chapter XXVII: Karl Marx
Chapter Twenty-Eight: Bergson
Chapter Twenty-Nine: William James
Chapter 30: John Dewey
Chapter 31 Logical and Analytic Philosophy
Translation Comparison Table
【Excerpts】
There are many books in the history of philosophy, and I do not want to make them count, but to reveal that philosophy is a necessary part of social and political life, not the conjecture of famous people behind closed doors, but the product and cause of the society in which various institutions prevail and present different characteristics. For this reason, the synthesis of history is more detailed than that usually made by historians of philosophy. I find this to be especially necessary for periods that are not necessarily familiar to the average reader. The Great Age of Scholasticism was a product of the reforms of the 11th century, and the reforms were a reaction to the decadent ideas that preceded them. Without a certain understanding of the centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire and before the rise of the medieval clergy, it is difficult to understand the atmosphere of the intellectual world in the 12th and 13th centuries. When writing about such periods, my review of history is indispensable as usual, just to put the reader in the shoes of the philosophers who made and helped to shape the times.
One consequence of this is that the emphasis on philosophers is often incommensurate with their philosophical achievements. For example, I think Spinoza was a greater philosopher than Locke, but he was much less influential, so my description of him is much more concise than Locke's. Some, such as Rousseau and Byron, were not philosophers in the academic sense at all, but they had a profound influence on the philosophical currents of their time, and it is necessary to understand the history of philosophy. Even certain pure activists are extremely important in this regard: few philosophers have influenced philosophy more than Alexander, Charlemagne, or Napoleon, and Lykugu is a more typical example, if he did.
In order to cover such a long historical period, it is necessary to adopt the principle of drastic material selection. I have come to the conclusion of reading the history of conventional philosophy that a brief exposition is meaningless to the reader, and so, with a few exceptions, those who do not seem to me necessary to elaborate on it simply omitted. When I mention people, I choose philosophical factors in their lives and social environments, and sometimes even describe details that are not important in themselves, but which in my opinion show the characteristics of their personal style or the characteristics of their time.
Finally, the subject matter covered in this book is extremely complex, and I have to apologize to the experts involved and explain it. It is evident that I cannot know all philosophers as comprehensively as those who do not study them very broadly, and there is no doubt that in every philosopher I mention, with the exception of Leibniz, there are many who know more than I do. However, if this is why we should keep our mouths shut, does it not mean that no one should talk about history unless they delve into a narrow fragment of history. The influence of Sparta on Rousseau, the influence of Plato on Christian philosophy before the 13th century, the influence of Nestorians on the Arabs and then on Aquinas, and the influence of St. Ambrose on the liberal political philosophy from the rise of the Lombard city-state to the present day, etc., are all topics that can only be dealt with by a historical review. Therefore, I have to ask some readers to forgive me for not knowing so much about certain subject matter, and I would have been more complete if I had not been concerned about the "speed of time".
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