On the 16th, sponsored by the Sichuan Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics and undertaken by the Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Sanxingdui Research Institute and Sanxingdui Museum in Guanghan, Sichuan, the "Sanxingdui Site Archaeology Multidisciplinary Comprehensive Research Results Seminar" was held in Guanghan, Sichuan. A total of representatives from 20 scientific research institutions, universities and colleges across the country shared the latest achievements in the fields of archaeological excavation, cultural relics protection, multidisciplinary research, application of scientific and technological means, and innovation of facilities and equipment.
Age!
During the excavation of the sacrificial pit at Sanxingdui site, the research team of Peking University Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Carbon 14 collected more than 200 samples from six pits for dating and conducted a comprehensive study. According to the results of archaeological excavation and the accuracy that can be achieved by carbon 14 dating, it can be preliminarily judged that the formation age of several sacrificial pits found in Sanxingdui is in the late Shang Dynasty, and the formation time is roughly the same.
The time of burial in Pit 3 is 95.4% between 1117 BC and 1012 BC, and 68.3% between 1109 BC and 1016 BC.
The probability of the burial of Pit No. 4 occurring between 1126 BC and 1016 BC is 94.1%, and the probability of falling between 1115 BC and 1054 BC is 68.3%.
The probability of the burial of Pit 6 occurring between 1201 BC and 1019 BC is 95.4%, and the probability of falling between 1125 BC and 1054 BC is 68.3%.
The probability of the burial of Pit 8 occurring between 1117 BC and 1015 BC is 95.4%, and the probability of falling between 1111 BC and 1020 BC is 68.3%.
Bronze Technology Analysis Sanxingdui has a unique mud core technology
The metallurgical archaeology team of the University of Science and Technology Beijing conducted lithofacies observation and chemical composition analysis on the residual mud cores of bronzes unearthed from Sanxingdui No. 1 and No. 2 pits. The results showed that there were great differences in chemical composition and microstructure between the mud cores of Sanxingdui bronze masks/figures, sacred trees, and other non-container artifacts and the clay cores of container artifacts, which were speculated to be related to different places of origin, and the casting places of local style artifacts and container artifacts were different.
The research team of the Shanghai Museum studied the production process of 12 bronzes unearthed from the Sanxingdui site through X-ray CT imaging technology, and compared them with the bronze production process of the same period in the Central Plains. It is found that the casting technology of Sanxingdui and Central Plains bronzes has similar commonalities and distinct personalities. The similar commonalities are: 1. Tao Fan casting, 2. Metal gasket and positioning mud core bracing technology, 3. Casting technology. The distinctive personalities are: 1. The slender rectangular wooden strips are common in the blind core, which is a reflection of Sanxingdui's unique mud core technology; 2. The casting and welding technology with bronze alloy as the solder is widely used.
Analysis of the origin of jade and bronze tools
The research team of Chengdu University of Technology analyzed the content of trace elements and rare earth elements in the rocks of the Dabaoshan mining area through tracer investigation and sampling and identification of relevant areas, and studied the correlation between the large jade material of Sanxingdui, the representative jade and the rocks in the target area of the jade production area. The results showed that Sanxingdui jade material had a high correlation with Pengzhou serpentine. On this basis, the Pengzhou copper mine was investigated, sampled and geochemically tested and analyzed to study its correlation with Sanxingdui bronzes, and the trace element tracer method showed that the Pengzhou copper mine had a great correlation with some Sanxingdui bronzes.
Analysis of organic residues concluded that cattle and pigs were sacrificial animals used in sacrificial activities
The organic residue analysis study carried out by the research team of Northwest University showed that the fatty acid results of the sediments and pottery shards of Pits 3, 4, 7 and 8 showed the presence of animal fat, and the proteomic results of some samples showed the existence of pigs and cattle, and it was inferred that cattle and pigs were most likely cattle and domestic pigs, and there may have been ritual burning activities before the formation of the sacrificial pit. Professor Wen Rui of Northwest University introduced that the ancestors of Sanxingdui used pigs, cattle and other animals as sacrificial animals in sacrificial activities, destroyed bronze, gold, jade and other utensils, and then burned them, and finally buried all the utensils in batches in the sacrificial pit, in which the animal sacrifice bones were relatively concentrated in one of the pits (No. 1 pit), and the other pits were mixed with a small amount of bone residue and animal fat and protein residues. The use of sacrificial animals is a part of the ritual activities before burying various utensils, and together with the burning of utensils, the destruction of utensils, and the burial of batches, they constitute the ritual activities before burial. At the same time, according to the perspective of the artifacts unearthed from the Sanxingdui sacrificial pit, such as Tongzun, Tongwei, Yazhang, Yuhuan, etc., experts generally believe that Sanxingdui culture and Central Plains culture are closely related.
Reveal the organizational structure and weaving process of silk fabrics found at Sanxingdui site
The research team of the China National Silk Museum revealed the organizational structure and weaving process of silk fabrics of this ancient civilization for the first time at the Sanxingdui site, and confirmed that the fiber material was mulberry silk, and conducted a detailed study on the organizational structure and weaving process of silk fabrics. Among the silk fabrics unearthed at the Sanxingdui site, plain weave fabric is the most common organizational structure, that is, silk, in addition to Qihe oblique weaving. As far as the weaving process is concerned, the research team proposed three possible weaving methods, namely the weaving method of the original waist loom, the weaving method of the two-shaft loom or pedal loom, and the weaving method of the jacquard loom.
△ Original waist machine
The incineration experiment restores important data of the sacrificial scene
In order to understand the formation process, human behavior, and artifact function of sacrificial pits, Professor Li Haichao of Sichuan University led a team to carry out K6 wooden box incineration experiments, jade simulation incineration experiments, and copper bell replication experiments. The experiment preliminarily found that the incineration effect of the wooden box was closely related to the wind direction and wind force, and was obviously affected by the natural environment; the sound, flame and smoke in the process of wooden box incineration had visual, auditory and olfactory impacts, and special attention should be paid to the feelings caused by the burning behavior to the audience. The results showed that the consumption of dried bamboo in the incineration was very fast, and the ash production was small, because the ash layer of the sacrificial pit was thick, it should have burned a lot of fuel, and the scene was grand.
The changes caused by the heating of jade during actual incineration are more complex and may be different from those caused by the heating of muffle furnaces in the laboratory. By copying the copper bell of the Sanxingdui sacrificial pit, the casting technology, musical performance, function, combination, use and other issues of the copper bell are discussed. The experiment explores a set of processes for replicating copper bells using 3D scanning and 3D printing technologies, and the preliminary sound measurement results show that the size of copper bells is closely related to timbre. The smaller brass bells have a crisp sound, and the largest brass bells sound like chimes. If more sizes of brass bells are added, it may be possible to play the melody.
"Breakthrough of zero": complete protection of 6 ivory specimens
The overall preservation of the decayed ivory is a worldwide problem. According to the research of the Jingzhou Cultural Relics Protection Center, the ivory unearthed from the sacrificial pit has different degrees of decay, saturation, mutilation, fracture, cracks, discoloration, flake shedding, surface chalking and peeling, mildew and other diseases. The research team of Henan Provincial Institute of Archaeology has developed and prepared protection materials and related protection technologies suitable for saturated and decayed ivory cultural relics, solved the problem of dehydration and reinforcement protection of saturated and decayed ivory cultural relics unearthed from archaeology, and established a long-term and stable preventive protection system for saturated and decayed ivory. So far, 6 ivory specimens in different decay states have been processed with this new achievement, achieving a "zero breakthrough" in the complete protection of the entire root of water-saturated and decayed ivory unearthed by archaeology, and contributing to the "Chinese plan" for the protection, restoration and activation of archaeological unearthed water-saturated rotten bone and cultural relics.
Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Sanxingdui Site Workstation Director Ran Honglin introduced, the follow-up field archaeological work will continue to explore the Sanxingdui site, the internal pattern of the ancient Shu capital, including its city gates, roads, waterway patterns, palace areas, workshop areas, cemeteries, and general residential areas, these very important functional areas, their location and relationship, as well as the internal details of the composition. Thus gradually revealing the people who lived in the Sanxingdui ruins at that time, the specific details of their clothing, food, housing, transportation, production and life, as well as their production and management system model, and even the social attributes of their population, including its ethnic level, identity, responsibilities, etc., can let everyone understand the ancient Shu people in an all-round and vivid way of their daily life and national operation more than 3,000 years ago. It is also necessary to understand the ancient Shu civilization represented by the Sanxingdui site, and the civilization of the Central Plains, the civilization of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the civilization of the Ganqing region, the specific situation of their interconnection and mutual communication, and then understand the deep-seated reason why the Chinese civilization can present a pluralistic and colorful pattern.
(CCTV)