Shiitake mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, enoki mushrooms
Cordyceps, white fungus, and green hands
Hot pot shabu, fried in oil pot, freshly fried, air-dried stewed, pickled into pickles......
People's lives are inseparable from mushrooms and mushrooms, but they are not well understood.
This issue of popular science will take you to re-acquaint yourself with this old friend called "fungus" in a new and systematic way.
Fungi are large fungi
Generally speaking, there are big and small fungi (fungus), the big one can't hold it, and the small one can't see it. They all have a true nucleus, there is no chlorophyll, both sexual and asexual reproduction, vegetative bodies are usually filamentous and branched structures, and the cell wall is mainly composed of chitin or cellulose, which usually carries out nutrient absorption.
Fungi used to be the phylum Fungi in the plant kingdom and are now separated into separate boundaries and are called the kingdom Fungi or Fungi. Modern science has proved that fungi are distantly related to plants and close to animals, and they are heterotrophs. Therefore, the biology library distinguishes "fungi" as an independent sub-library.
The so-called macrofungus (mushroom, macrofungus), also known as higher fungi, refers to a class of fungi that can form a striking large fruiting body, mainly in basidiomycetes, and some ascomycetes.
The fruiting body is the edible part of the fungus, which is the spore-producing tissue of a large fungus, which is composed of interwoven mycelium and often has a cap and a stipe differentiation. Among them, the individuals that produce basidiospores are called basidiospores, while the individuals that produce ascospores are called ascomycetes.
There are various forms of mushrooms, including the common mushroom form, the bamboo sunflower form, and the fungus form...... The distinction by morphology can be briefly shown in the figure below.
★ For a more detailed description of macrofungal taxonomy terms and basic concepts, please visit "Biology of China" and search for "mushroom" in the knowledge base.
Those mushrooms that can be eaten
Bovine tongue fungus
Fistulina hepatica
Born on the trunk of a broad-leaved tree or on decaying wood. Edible mushrooms, medicinal mushrooms.
Purple mushrooms
Agaricus purpurellus
Born on the ground in broad-leaved forests. Medicinal mushrooms.
Juicy lactutake mushrooms
Lactarius volemus
Born in the forest and on the ground. Edible mushrooms, medicinal mushrooms.
morel
Morchella esculenta
Born in woodland. Edible mushrooms, medicinal mushrooms.
Shield ant nest umbrella (chicken fir)
Termitomyces clypeatus
Born on underground termite nests. Edible mushrooms, medicinal mushrooms.
Black fungus
Auricularia heimuer
Born on decaying wood in subalpine coniferous forests or mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests. Edible fungi.
Small flame mushroom with hairy stalk
Flammulina velutipes
Grows on decaying wood in mixed forests. Edible mushrooms, medicinal mushrooms.
Long skirt bamboo sun
Dictyophora indusiata
Born in broad-leaved forests or bamboo forests. Edible mushrooms, medicinal mushrooms.
Those poisonous fungi
Yellow skirt bamboo sun
Dictyophora multicolor
Born on the ground in broad-leaved forests or bamboo forests. It is slightly toxic and should not be eaten. It can be used medicinally, and is used by folk to treat beriberi, with detoxification, dehumidification, itching and other effects.
Gyrobacterium gum
Bulgaria inquinans
Born on birch, oak, elm, fallen timber and stumps. Medicinal mushrooms. Poisonous, accidental ingestion leads to photodermatitis type poisoning, but it can be eaten after special treatment.
Brown-green naked umbrella
Gymnopilus aeruginosus
Born on rotting wood in subtropical to temperate forests. Poisonous, ingestion leads to neuropsychiatric poisoning.
Dung flower fold mushroom
Panaeolus fimicola
Born on fertile soil or grass. Toadstool. Mental confusion after accidental ingestion, manifested as dancing, singing, laughing, etc.
Amanita flavus
Amanita subfrostiana
It grows on the ground in subtropical coniferous forests or mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests dominated by shellaceae and pineaceae. Poisonous, ingestion leads to neuropsychiatric poisoning.
Yellow crust Ma Bo
Scleroderma flavidum
Born on the ground in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests. Poisonous, ingestion leads to gastroenteritis type poisoning.
Wild mushrooms are eaten with caution
There are many methods used by folks to distinguish poisonous mushrooms, and most of them are.
For example, brightly colored ones are toxic, and plain colors are non-toxic. Look at the following 2 kinds of mushrooms, the colors are very simple, and when you meet them in the wild, ordinary people will even think that they are "ordinary white mushrooms".
But in reality, A is the edible Amanita alboumbelliformis, while B is the highly toxic and deadly Amanita exitialis, which can lead to acute hepatic poisoning if ingested. In 2000~2014, there were at least 80 cases of poisoning due to accidental ingestion of fatal Amanita jelly, and 40% of them were incurable.
Another example is the following fungus, which does not look bright in color, and there are no wart bumps on the mushroom cover, which is often eaten by insects in the wild, has no special smell, and will not change color after injury, and will not make silverware, garlic, and rice black when cooked...... It is completely in line with the folk "judgment" of edible mushrooms.
However, it is the world's Amanita fuliginea, which is about the lethal amount of a mushroom shown in the picture for an adult.
This is enough to show that it is not easy for ordinary people to distinguish between edible and poisonous mushrooms. However, given the fact that at least 70% of deaths from poisoning by poisoning in mainland China are caused by Amanita poisonous, we can avoid the risk based on the common characteristics of Amanita poison.
Therefore, please keep in mind the identification formula: "Do not eat wild mushrooms with hats on their heads, skirts around their waists, and shoes on their feet."
At the end of the day, the safest thing for inexperienced people is not to pick their own! If you want to eat mushrooms, go to the local market to buy them.
Nature is full of charm, and we still need to be in awe. I would like to give this document to those of you who love mushrooms.
Source: China Edible Fungi Association