The prosperity of the pre-colonial period
The pre-colonial period was the heyday of the Hiluk kingdom, and it was during this period that the kingship of Lacey also reached its zeniest.
King Nikon settled on the west bank of the White Nile after defeating and expelling the indigenous Funi, and controlled the Hiluks in the middle and lower reaches of the White Nile and its confluence with the Sobat River, occupying what was at least the most strategic location in East Africa at the time, and controlling trade in the region.
As these invaders deepened and expanded, they annexed a number of surrounding tribes, and these elements reflecting different cultures and different economic traditions merged in the melting pot of history into a people known as the Shrukhs from the second half of the 17th century.
Since settling, the Hiluks have abandoned their previous seasonal migrations and established a mixed economy of cropping, fishing, and animal husbandry on the west bank of the White Nile.
The stable economic structure allowed the population of Hiluk to grow rapidly, and from the early 17th century to the 19th century, the population of the region exceeded the carrying capacity of the land, and was considered the most densely populated region on the African continent at that time, except for the Nile Valley in Egypt.
As a result, with their superior shipbuilding and navigation skills, the Hiluks began to expand in both directions to the north and west. During this period, the Shrukhs, under the leadership of Lacey, had a series of conflicts with the Fungi Sudan and the Dinka people.
In the second half of the 17th century, a centralized governing entity centered on Lacey, the Kingdom of Hiluk, was established. During this period, the political system of the Hiluks interacted with the social economy and was fully developed.
On the one hand, the centralization of royal power laid the institutional foundation for the success of the Hiruk in foreign wars, and Lacey continued to benefit from this process – strengthened by the recognition of his military leadership by the Hiruk people.
On the other hand, the increasing military power and more centralized royal power of the royal family "Kvar Reis" gradually concentrated the wealth of the Hiruks, who already had a monopoly on trade in the region, into the hands of the royal family.
Reis's royal power, military power, and economic power reinforced and reinforced, and Rais's power reached its peak during this period.
The most obvious manifestation of the concentration of royal power during this period was when Restugo established the capital of the Kingdom of Shiruk, the permanent residence of Reis, Fashoda, and every village before that time was made the village of his birth, and even buried in that village after his death.
In addition, Tugo also provided for the enthronement ceremony of Lacey, which has been handed down.
Of course, the collapse of the state of Fungi Sudan in the early 18th century also provided ample room for the expansion of the Hiruks in the White Nile Valley.
James Bruce and Bron-Rollett both believe that the Hirukh army once followed the White Nile to the confluence of the Blue and White Nile, and that the present-day location of Khartoum was attacked by the Hirukhs in 1780 and eventually destroyed and slaughtered.
However, with the southward expansion of the Pasha Muhammad Ali power in Egypt, the Turkish-Egyptian government's rule over the Sultan inevitably clashed with the Hiruks who had already controlled the White Nile Valley, and the water superiority of the Hiruks was seriously challenged, and the decline of the Hiruk kingdom was inevitable.
Destruction by the colonists
It wasn't until the arrival of the Arab slave trader ElFiki Mohammed Kheir during the reign of Reskovard Hekr (around 1850 AD) that the outside world began to really understand the Shruk people.
The Turkish-Egyptian government's colonization of the Hiluks began in 1867 with the arrival of the first Mudir (@同年在科多克 Kodok of Egypt, Sudan, Turkey, Zanzibar, etc.
Sir Samuel Baker described what he knew of the ugly deeds of Moodir Kurdi in the kingdom of Shruk, and Kuldi arrested the Shruk for non-payment of taxes, but this series of events is no longer known to this day.
He also interviewed his predecessor, Leskovadhecker, who had previously been ousted by Kurdi. The Turks deposed Kwadhekel and installed the puppet Ayan Niidhok as Lacey. this
This led to a civil war in the kingdom of Hiluk, with the northern provinces supporting the usurper and the Turkish government, while the southern provinces supporting the deposed Kovadehekel. Eventually, after years of hiding, Kovade Hecker was lured by Mudir to Lul's camp, where he was imprisoned until his death.
During an attempt to seize the guns of the Shruks, Reisyan was hanged in Kodok on suspicion of involvement in the killing of government troops. After this, the then Moodir Joseph Bey decided to rule the Shiruks without Lacey and appointed a number of local chiefs throughout the kingdom, but this policy ultimately failed.
In October 1875, 24 men and a cannon stationed at Kaka were surrounded by the Hyruks. Moodir sent a force of 240 men to the rescue, but the force was ambushed and only one man remained.
This incident led to the recall of Ali Bey Khudi to Fashoda, for which he hanged many of the newly appointed chiefs. Subsequently, Kurdi appointed Kwiekon, the son of Kovard Hecker, as the new Lacey.
In 1880, Rashid Bey replaced Kurdi as Turkey's new Mudir in this region. In 1881, Mahdi moved to the Jebel Gadir.
Allegedly, Rashid took the initiative and used various methods to recruit troops, increasing his troops from 400 to 1,400 men. The army, which included Reskoviken, traveled inland to Mount Gautil in the hope of capturing Mahdi.
However, the 1,400-strong force was almost completely annihilated by Mahdi, with both Rashid and Koviken killed on the battlefield, leaving Kodok with only an isolated garrison of border guards.
Jok Akoc succeeded the Leskoviken, who had died on the battlefield, but neither he nor the colonial government of Shirqi had been able to take full control of the kingdom of Širuk.
Before Jock could officially become Lacey, he was immediately replaced by his younger brother, Yor Akoc. Joel traveled to E0beid to pay his respects to Mahdi and was appointed as the new Res.
Soon after, Kodok's Chengbian forces withdrew, and Joel officially assumed his throne at Fashoda.
However, the kingdom of Hiluk did not have much peacetime. During the Omdurman famine, Emir Abbas Sami led a large group of Ta'aisha to S.S. Safa in order to feed his country. Reyol did not cooperate with it as planned, nor did he please the emir.
The following year, Zeki ® Tummal was ordered to punish the Hyruks. He built a well-defended camp at Fadiang, six miles south of Kodok, and launched several raids against the kingdom of Hiluk.
The Shrukhs had no choice but to flee across the White Nile. The emir then captured the entire kingdom and captured Lesjol. Eventually, Joel was beheaded in Fation.
Traditional governance systems after decolonization
On January 1, 1956, Sudan was freed from British colonial rule and officially established the Republic of Sudan, and the Kingdom of Hiluk, as part of the territory of Sudan, was finally freed from more than 100 years of colonial rule.
From Sudan's independence until 2018, the Kingdom of Hiluk had four Resins: Ku II, Ayang Aney Kur, Kwong Dak Padiet, and a new Lacey whose name has not yet been announced.
In just over 60 years, the Hiruk kingdom has suffered two civil wars between the north and south of Sudan, the independence of South Sudan and the unfinished South Sudan civil war.
However, the changes brought about by the colonization of the Hyruk Kingdom by the colonists did not disappear with the departure of the colonists, and what the colonists did in the Hiruk Kingdom has profoundly affected the traditional governance system of the kingdom.
On the one hand, a modern elite has emerged among the Hiruks who have begun to come into contact with the outside world, who have served in the government or army of Sudan or South Sudan, and even held high positions, influencing both the development of the situation in the country as a whole and the change in the traditional governance system of the Hiluk Kingdom.
On the other hand, Lacey was pulled down by the colonizers, the royal power declined, and the council of local clans became the real "rulers" of the Hiluk kingdom.
Although Reis's status in religious ceremonies remained unquestionable, the resemblance had evolved into a symbol of the kingdom due to the encroachment of vast wealth by the colonizers and the loss of power, meaning that Reis's power in governance and military affairs was much less than it once was.
Having lost his army, Lacey also lost the ability to protect his subjects in a civil war.
At the same time, a new generation of young Hiluks began to emerge, either leading armies to protect their clansmen and compete for interests in war, or forming political parties to achieve their political ambitions.
如阿科沃克迈永·贾戈(AkwocMayongJago)马科尼·欧库克(MarkoniOkuc)、安瑟尼·邓·帕迪耶特(Anthony DengPadiet)、巴干·阿蒙·奥克耶奇(PaganAmum Okiech)、拉姆·阿科尔(LamAkol)、约翰逊·奥罗尼(Johnson Olonyi)等。
Among them, the most influential in the Kingdom of Shiruk were Ram Akol, chairman of the National Democratic Movement, and John Auroni, the leader of Aguelek, the largest militia in Shiruk.
Ram Akol, who is currently the chairman of the National Democratic Movement, can be called a legend of the Shiruk.
Born in 1950 in Athidhwoi, a village in the Kingdom of Hiruk, Akol received his Ph.D. from Imperial College London, England, returned to Sudan to teach at the University of Khartoum, and officially joined the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) in 1986.
In 1991, in order to confront John. The SPLM-Torit faction led by Garang, Akor and Rijek Martial issued the Nasuir Declaration and established SPLM-Nasuir (renamed SPLM-UFL in 1993) based in the Nazier area of Upper Nile State, leading to the first split in the SPLM.
In 1993, during the celebration of the accession of the 34th Deputy Rescoon Dak Padiet, under the auspices of the new Reis, a delegation of the Government of the Sudan met with SPLM-UPF Commissioner Ram Akol in Fashoda, where the two sides met "under the tree" and reached the Fashoda agreement.
This also led to a rupture between him and Anthony Martial, and Akol left SPLM-UP. In 1997, Akor again signed the Fashoda Agreement with the Government of the Sudan, and in 1998 he was appointed Minister of Transport of the Government of the Sudan.
In 2002, he quit Sudan's ruling NationalCongress Party and formed a new opposition party, Justice Party, as a key member. In October 2003, he rejoined SPLM.