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Jacques · Lacan was one of the most important psychoanalytic thinkers of the 20th century, and his reinterpretation and critical development of Freud's theory had a profound impact on the field of psychoanalysis.
Lacan's theories are complex and profound, and he integrates a variety of theoretical sources such as philosophy, linguistics, and structuralism into a psychoanalytic framework.
On the question of how to put the mental activity of desire into action, Lacan gave a unique explanation.
Before we do that, let's start with two core concepts:
1. A syllogism-style mode of practice
Aristotle's syllogism is a form of logical reasoning that consists of major premises, minor premises, and conclusions.
In Aristotle's view, it is possible to derive special conclusions from universal principles through this logical structure.
2. Freud's unconscious
Freud saw the unconscious as an important area of mental activity, and he believed that desire in the unconscious is a key factor in driving behavior.
Desires are often repressed, but they can be expressed in indirect ways such as dreams, bad behaviors, etc.
Lacan, on the other hand, inherited both traditions, but he offered new insights into the relationship between desire and action.
Lacan proposes that desire is not just an instinctive impulse, it is also a structural position, a deficiency formed in the unconscious.
Desire is not directed directly at a specific object, but through an intermediary, the "objet petit a", to the desire of the other.
This "little other" is a symbolic object that represents the lack and unavailability of desire.
He believes that desire is always directed at the desire of others, a state that can never be achieved.
Let's say there's a boy who longs to get a particular toy car.
According to Lacan's theory, the toy car is not the real object of desire, but the "little other" of desire.
What the boy really longs for is to gain his father's approval and love by owning this toy car.
The "desires of the other" here refer to what the boy thinks his father wants him to have.
Lacan divides mental structures into the real, symbolic, and imaginary worlds.
In the symbolic world, desire is expressed and regulated through language and laws.
Action (putting into practice) is a fulfillment of desire in the symbolic realm.
Lacan argues that desires, once put into action, are subject to some form of frustration, because actions often fail to fully satisfy the essence of desire.
This is because desire always transcends its object and points to an unattainable end.
The essence of desire is lack, so it cannot be fully satisfied.
拉康区分了欲望（desire）和驱力（drive）。
Drive is the embodiment of desire, and it has a definite goal, such as a sexual drive or an aggressive drive.
Desire, on the other hand, is more abstract and elusive, always escaping direct expression.
In Lacan's view, the process of putting desire into action can be understood in this way:
1. Identify desires
Through the process of psychoanalysis, the subject realizes that his desires are not simply the direct pursuit of an object, but are built around a missing core.
2. Mediation in the symbolic world
Desire is mediated in the symbolic realm through language and law.
This means that action is not just the release of instinct, but filtering through social and cultural norms.
3. Compromises in action
Since the nature of desire is infinite, action always implies some kind of compromise with desire.
The subject must find a workable balance between reality and desire.
These views of Lacan provide a unique set of perspectives for understanding human psychology and behavior, emphasizing the complexity of desire and the inherent limits of action.
His theories still have important reference value in contemporary psychoanalysis and humanities.
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