Qinqi calligraphy and painting, known as the four arts of the composition room in ancient times, is a well-praised entertainment activity of the literati and inkers, the ancients believed that playing the piano, playing chess, writing, painting, or just listening to the piano, watching chess, appreciating words, reading paintings, understanding poetry and painting, can appreciate the eyes, cultivate sentiments, and benefit health and longevity. The daily necessities, mountains and rivers that appeared in the State of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period truly reflected the way of life and scientific and technological level of the people at that time, combined with the records of the background of the era of calligraphy and painting, and the appreciation of characters was even more interesting.
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The Three Kingdoms period was a brilliant era of transition in the history of the development of calligraphy art in China. Although most of this period was in a state of war and division, the art of calligraphy did not stagnate, and the various bodies of kai, xing, grass and subordinate developed simultaneously, and the styles were diverse and exquisite.
Wei Jin calligraphy Wei Jin calligraphy inherits the Yu Xu of the Han Dynasty, and is extremely creative, which is a milestone in the history of calligraphy and lays the foundation for the development direction of Chinese calligraphy art. The Wei and Jin Dynasties' laws and regulations on the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the meaning of opening the two Song Dynasties, the state of Qi Yuanming, and the simplicity of promoting the Qing People (Guo) have profoundly influenced the calligraphy of successive dynasties and influenced the development of contemporary calligraphy.
The main development characteristics of the Three Kingdoms period are transitional, which is manifested in: First, from the perspective of relevant systems, many of the systems formulated by the Three Kingdoms are important influencing factors in the development of calligraphy later. Second, from the perspective of font evolution, the development of italics and lines, the Three Kingdoms is the middle era. Third, from the perspective of the situation of the scholars, many scholars in the Three Kingdoms era actually grew up in the late Han Dynasty, while many of the scholars who grew up in the Three Kingdoms Era entered the Western Jin Dynasty, so the characteristics of the inheritance before and after were very prominent.
Wei's calligraphy developed relatively normally, which was related to the favor of Emperor Cao Cao, who gathered around him a number of calligraphers such as Chung Sui, Liang Hu, Wei Shi, Handan Chun, and Wei Qi. More importantly, in the tenth year of Jian'an, he also issued a ban on monuments, although it curbed the application space of Lishu, but at the same time it can be said to provide opportunities for the development of Kai and Xingshu. This system was reaffirmed during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and played a great role in the development of the book. Chung's pioneering contributions in the field of calligraphy laid a solid foundation for the later father and son of the second king. The State of Shu was unknown; the State of Wu was considerable in cursive, calligraphy, and seals, especially a few important inscriptions that were precursors to the script.
Zhong Xuan (151–230), courtesy name Yuan Chang, was a native of Changshe County, Yingchuan County, Yuzhou (present-day Changge, Henan). During the Three Kingdoms period, wei guozhongchen was a famous calligrapher.
Zhong Xuan was born from the famous Yingchuan Zhong clan, with extraordinary appearance and intelligence. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ju Xiaolian was born, and successively served as Shang Shulang and Huangmen Waiter Lang, assisting Emperor Xian of Han to return to Luoyang in the east and crowning him as the Marquis of Dongwuting. Gaining the trust of Cao Cao, he served as a lieutenant colonel, guarded Guanzhong, and made outstanding achievements, and was transferred to the former military division. Cao Cao was made the Prince of Wei, served as the Dali Secretary of the State of Wei, and moved to the State of Xiang. After the establishment of Cao Wei, he successively held the posts of Ting WeiQing, Tai Wei, and Tai Fu, and was crowned the Marquis of Dingling County, ranking third duke. In the fourth year of Taihe (230), Zhong Xuan died, with the posthumous name "Cheng". In the fourth year of the reign (243), he was entitled to the temple court of Cao Cao, the Emperor of Weiwu.
Zhong Xuan is good at seal, li, true, xing, cursive and other calligraphy styles, quite accomplished in calligraphy, promoted the development of kaishu (xiaokai), and had a far-reaching influence on later generations of calligraphy, and later generations are respected as the "originator of kaishu", and are called "Zhong Wang" together with The Book Saint Wang Xizhi. The Southern Dynasty Yu Shoulder Wu was rated as "above the top product"; Zhang Huaihuan of the Tang Dynasty was rated as "Divine Product" in the "Book Break". He witnessed and completed the evolution of Chinese characters from subordinate to Kai, and was revered as the "Originator of Kaishu", together with "Caosheng" Zhang Zhi and called "Zhong Zhang", and with "Shusheng" Wang Xizhi called "Zhong Wang", which shows its position in the history of Chinese calligraphy.
His major works include five tables, six posts and two stele, "Declaration Table", "Adjustment Table", "Force Life Table", "He Jie Table", "Recommendation Season Straight Table", "Yesterday's Neglect And Return Post", "Cemetery Field PropheTi", "Long Wind Post", "Snow Cold Post", "White Riding Post", "Chang Apostrophic Post", "Shangzun Trumpet Stele", "Zen Stele" and so on.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the famous great calligrapher of the State of Wei, Zhong Xuan, appreciated the "Declaration Table"
Zhong Xuan's "Declaration Table" is collected by the Palace Museum in Beijing, and Xiao Yan, the Emperor of Liangwu, praised that "the situation is exquisite and dense, better than self-transportation". The brushwork is simple and thick, graceful and natural. When Wang Daodong crossed the river, he sewed this watch into the belt and took it away, and later passed it on to Yi Shao, who in turn passed it on to Wang Xiu, who took it into the ground for safety, and never saw the light of day.
The only inscription of the "Declaration Table" that can be seen now is the engraving, and the general commentators believe that it is based on the facsimile of Wang Xizhi's copy, which first appeared in the Song "Chunhua Ge Ti", a total of 18 lines. Later generations of cabinet posts and single books have many reprints, and it should be better to engrave the Song Tuoben. Compared with Zhong Xuan's other works, this post shows a more mature style and atmosphere of calligraphy in terms of brushwork and knotting, and the dot painting is vigorous and simple, and the font is broad and flat, which fully shows the artistic characteristics of the Wei and Jin dynasties that are moving towards maturity. The style of this post directly affected the formation of the appearance of Xiao Kai of the Second King (as can be seen from the "Huang Ting Jing", "Le Yi Theory", "The Thirteen Elements of Luoshen Endowment", etc.), and then affected the creation of Xiao Kai in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.
Declaration Form, no paragraph. Or the Linben of the Jin Dynasty. This is an engraved version of the Japanese "Jin Tang Xiaokai". 23． 9×11． 9cm。 Eighteen lines. The knot of this work is high and ancient, the brushwork is simple, the chapter is natural, and between the dot paintings, the rigidity and softness are prepared, and there are many different interests, which can be described as deep and endless, quaint and elegant. Later commentators commented on the characteristics of the zhongshu "Qingjin", "Elegant Fun", and "Divine Wonder" are particularly distinctive in this table.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the famous great calligrapher of the State of Wei, Zhong Xuan, appreciated and analyzed the "Yesterday's Evacuation and Return Of Posts"
Zhong Xuan's "Yesterday's Shu Also Show Post" Song Tuo, passed down as Wang Xizhi's Linzhong Shu Book, collected by the Palace Museum in Beijing. "Yesterday's Neglect show table post" is clean and leisurely, the body is decent and harmonious, and it is the best in the small book. The strokes are clear, thin and plump, rigid and soft. The pen is not hurried, it is quiet and gentle. Compared with the "Declaration Table" and "Force Life Table", it is more robust than the "Tomb Field Bingshe Ti" and the "Recommended Season Straight Table". Dot painting has completely shed the style of Lishu and Chapter Grass, and has formed a standardized pen method and dot painting image. The vertical painting is already a center with a sideways oblique posture, which has changed substantially compared to the center of the Lifa Jian pen in the "Straight Table of the Recommendation Season". Compared with the "Hejie Table", the will of Zhang Cao, which retains a lot of notes, has also made a big step forward, making the calligraphy perfect. Junction ends and dense,
The whole text breaks through the symmetrical distribution between the dot paintings, so that there are large blocks of white in the word, and the position of the white has a strange change, and there are differences in the left, right, upper, lower, and middle of the word, such as "He", "And", "Cover", "Forgive", "Also" and so on. The most wonderful thing is to reduce the number of brushes (joins) between pointillists. The knot end is dense and dense, the breath flows, and the meaning is ethereal.
The box within the word is not closed, and one or two will be left, and even three air ports will be left in order to be alive. The dot painting in the frame does not touch the frame, and its position changes again. He reduced the stylus of the word to the lowest extent, and some words even mistook the stylus, such as the traditional characters of "happy" and "smelling", which is amazing! There are no rows in the chapters, and the changes in size, obliqueness, and opening and closing are implied in the lines, and the trend of intricacies and ups and downs is generated. In the future generations, the calligraphy will have a bounded character, stubbornly guarded, like a cloth calculation, I really do not know that there are tens of millions of miles away from the essence of the book, filling the book altar, which is humiliating. In this post, Zhong Xuan completed the calligraphy of the calligraphy and opened up a new style of calligraphy, and his creative talents were fully exerted, which played a great role in promoting the development of the calligraphy and made great contributions.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the famous great calligrapher of the State of Wei, Zhong Xuan, appreciated the "Force Life Table"
Zhong Xuan's "Force Life Watch", a representative work of Zhong Xuan Xiaokai. The ink of Zhong Xuan no longer exists, and this is an engraving for future generations. The "Force Life Table" is engraved as "Passed on as Wang Xi's Linben". Eight lines of small letters. There are no columns, vertical rows, and the row spacing is very wide, resulting in a strong contrast between virtual and real. The thickness of the strokes is very different, the length is different, the knot body is different, the size is not equal, stable and subtle. There are many strokes of the book and a rich variety of gestures. There are many backward blanks in the word, and the style is quaint. Zhong Xuan's "Force Life Watch" has some similarities with the "Recommendation Season Straight Watch" and "Declaration Table". These characteristics are very different from the later Wang Xizhi's more direct strokes, more square posture, closer line spacing, and the style of being clear and steep, handsome and beautiful.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the famous calligrapher zhong xuan of the State of Wei appreciated the "He Jie Table"
Zhong Xuan's "He Jie Watch", also known as "Rong Lu Table" and "Rong Lu Table", was written by Zhong Xuan when he was sixty-eight years old in the twenty-fourth year (219) of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The content is a he jie performance written when he learned the good news that Shu general Guan Yu was killed. This is the post that best represents the appearance of Zhong Shu. The Xuanhe Shu Genealogy says: "The Zhengshu of the Kaifa Present, zhong Xuan's "He Kejie Table" has prepared the Fadu, and is the ancestor of the Zhengshu. "Zhong Xuan's calligraphy is the earliest work in the more reliable literature of the literati. Looking at this post, the words have not yet been stripped of their penmanship, but they are already in italics. Mr. Xu Bangda believes that the body of this post is the "eight-point method" mentioned by Yang Xin in the "Names of people in the Book of Caigu Laineng". The last stroke of the word "get" in this post, the first and second strokes of the word "she", etc., the characteristics of the character are still very obvious. Zhong Xuan's characters are known for their natural writing, simple style, and the thickness and depth of the chapters and knots. These can be seen in this post.
"Hejie Table" is also known as "Rong Lu Ti", "He KeJie Table". Zhong Shu was written on the ninth leap month of the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219). This table is available in two sizes. This is a donation from the Japanese Collection (Shadow Oka Saita), 24. 6×27． 2cm。 Thirteen lines of small letters. There are also engravings of "Chunhua Secret Cabinet Continuation" and "Jade Smoke Hall".
Ming Wang Shizhen: "Qingli is not advanced, but the knot method seems to be a little different." Qing Wang Qingbao: "Zhong Taifu Shu, Tang G's "He Jie Table" is the first, humorous and elegant, or positive or partial, and it is sincerely unique.
In addition to having common characteristics with the "Recommendation Season Straight Table", "Declaration Table" and "Force Life Table", "Hejie Table" has its own unique place. The contrast between size, length and thickness is extremely large, such as the three words of "subject", "繇" and "言" and the four words of "with", "none", "Ren" and "no" on the left. In the lines that retain many of the meanings, the way of writing the book is extremely obvious, between the pen and the pen, between the upper and lower words, Gu Pansheng posture, although the pen is broken and the meaning is connected. The beginning and end of the strokes are relatively exposed and casual, revealing a vivid and lively temperament in the quaint main tone.
The writing is natural, the style is simple, the penmanship is strong, the knots are dense and the imagery is deep. On the whole, although Yin has not completed the meaning of the lishu, it is already a calligraphy, or the "eight-point kaifa" in Yang Xin's "Cai gu lai Nengshu people's name".
During the Three Kingdoms period, the famous great calligrapher of the State of Wei, Zhong Xuan, was an appreciation of the "Tomb Field Bingshe Ti"
Zhong Xuan's "Tomb Field PropheTei" single engraving post, also known as "Bingshe Ti", "Tomb Tian Tie", Zhong Xuan Book. Song Mifu's "History of Books" is written by the Right Army (Wang Xizhi) in his twilight years. Those who enter the collection of posts today are called Wang Xizhilin and Zhong Shushu, and there are six lines of xiaokai, a total of seven crosses. It is skillfully written. Affectionate. Yuan Zhao Mengzhao's page "Lanting Thirteen Treks" said that it was absolutely similar to the "Lanting Thesis", which was included in "Ink Pond Hall" and "Kuaixue Hall" in the Ming Dynasty, and published in the Japanese "Complete Collection of Calligraphy" (III), and there were photocopies of the Shanghai Art Garden True Appreciation Society.
"Tomb Tian Bing She Ti" was transmitted to Wei Zhongxuan's book. The Coming of the King of Jin. Small letters. Six lines, seven crosses. Single-tick post. It will be engraved into "Fast Snow Hall", "Ink Pond Hall" and other posts. Published in the Complete Works of Japanese Calligraphy) (3).
"Tomb Field Prophe Tie", also known as "Bing She Ti" and "Tomb Tian Ti", has always been the name of the Zhong Shu. Its pen is leisurely and elegant, and the font is flowing and not lacking in ancient meaning. And the dot painting is slightly grassy, vivid and flowing, and it is interesting. Yuan Zhao Meng commented that it was similar to Wang Xizhi's book "Lan Ting Ti".
Wang Xizhi's Linzhong Shushu, losing its humble and simple meaning, and obtaining its delicate and elegant posture, is the so-called ancient quality and modern Yan, and the inevitable evolution of Chi Que. Wang Zhixue Zhong can be described as a good scholar and a book saint for hundreds of generations. Looking at this post, the body is strong, and the pen is warm, which is a new work caused by creative copying.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the famous great calligrapher of the State of Wei, Zhong Xuan, appreciated the "Straight Table of the Recommended Season"
Zhong Xuan's "Recommendation Season Straight Watch" Zhong Xuan Book was written in the second year of the Wei Huang Dynasty (221), and the book Zhong Shu was seventy years old. The content of this table is to recommend the performance of the old minister Guannei Hou Jizhi. The original inkblot was originally looted by a British soldier in 1860 when the British and French troops burned the Yuanmingyuan. Later, it fell into the hands of a collector, and was stolen by thieves and buried in the ground, where it decayed when it was dug up. Fortunately, one photograph remains. The Ming Dynasty was engraved into the "True Appreciation of Thesa", and in the Qing Dynasty into the "Sanxi Hall", which was listed at the top of the various articles.
There are countless Chinese calligraphy inkblots that have been handed down for generations, one of which is brilliant and dazzling, and is extremely noticed, which is Chung Chung's "Recommended Season Straight Table", "Recommended Season Straight Table" is also known as "Recommended Guannei Hou Ji Straight Watch", and the Book of Wei Zhongxuan. The last office is "Jingchu 2nd Year (221) August Situ Dongwu Marquis Zhong Xuan Table". Small letters. The engraving has nineteen lines of this work, which is the "Appreciation of the Fasting" ben, 25. 7×13． 7cm。 Thirteen more lines. The traces were handed over to Xue Shaopeng of the Song Dynasty, Yuan Lu Xingzhi, Ming Shen Shitian, and Huaxia. Qing into the inner house. In 1860, the Yuanmingyuan was robbed by British soldiers when it was burned, and later owned by Pei Jing, but it was stolen and buried in the soil, causing decay.
The Sanxitang Dharma Thesis is crowned with this title. This post is inky and ancient, with deep penmanship. It has the basic characteristics of Zhong Shu and high artistic value, and is deeply valued and highly valued by the book industry. Such as Chocobo Zhiyun: "Sui "Recommended Season Straight Table" high ancient pure model, super wonderful into the divine state of no Jin Tang flower arrangement beauty. Wang Shizhen even believes that after this post, "those who learn the clock in the world no longer know that there is a "Chunhua Ge Paste"." That is to say, the artistic value of this post is above the engraved posts contained in the Chunhua Ge Ti. Judging this post, its strokes and knots are extremely rounded, and the rules are intricate, which has the so-called "cloud cranes swimming in the sky" and "the crowd plays the sea".
During the Three Kingdoms period, the famous great calligrapher of the State of Wei, Zhong Xuanxingcao, appreciated the "DechangFeng Ti"
Zhong Xuan's "Dechang Wind Post", which is a very rare divine product of Zhong Xuan's Kaixing grass integration, "Dechang Wind Thesis" is cursive. The original handwriting of Zhong Xuan's calligraphy was lost by the time of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the existing inkblots were originally copied by later generations. The Southern Dynasty Liu Song Dynasty people Yang Xin's "Directory of Cai Gu Lai Neng Shu" said: "The bell has three bodies, one is the book of inscription stones, the most wonderful one; the second is the charter book, the secretary teaches the primary scholar also; the third day is the book of the book, and the acquaintance is also." The so-called "Inscription Stone Book" refers to the correct letter, the "Statute Book" refers to the Book of Affiliation (Eight Points Book), and the "Book of Letters of Conduct" refers to the Book of Conduct. By the time of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the authentic calligraphy of Zhong Xuan was extinct, and what people see today is either a copy or a forgery book. It is generally believed that there are "five tables", "six posts", and "three steles".
"Five Tables" refers to the "Declaration Table", "Recommended Season Straight Table", "He Jie Table", "Adjustment Table", and "Force Life Table". This is the most artistic work of Zhong Xuan's calligraphy in existence, but it is not the original work of Zhong Xuan. Chu Suiliang's "Bibliography of Wang Xi of the Right Army of the Jin Dynasty" says that the "Declaration Table" is the Linben of Wang Xi transmitted in the Tang Dynasty. Because Wang Xizhi is also a calligrapher, he copied Zhong Xuan's authentic handwriting very successfully, from which we can see the situation of Zhong Xuan's calligraphy.
The six posts are "Tomb Field Bingshe" (hereinafter referred to as "Bingshe Ti"), "Yesterday's Evacuation And Return Post" (referred to as "Also Ti Ti"), "White Riding Post", "Frequent Suffering Post", "Snow Cold Post", and "Changfeng Post" (the second half of which is also known as "An Cuo Ti"). The "Six Posts" are all provisional texts, and the "PropheTi" and "Also Show The" have higher achievements and are closer to the bell body. It's a masterpiece. As for the four types of "White Riding Thesis", they have been copied by many people and have moved away from the bell body.
The "Three Steles" are the "Han Yiying Hundred Stones Rate Historical Stele" (referred to as the "Yi Ying Stele"), the "Wei Shangzun Monument", and the "Zen Stele", all of which are engraved. The "Yi Ying Stele" has the Song Dynasty Zhang Zhigui stone inscription Cloud: "Later Han Zhong Tai Wei Shu", but this stele was erected in the first year of the Eastern Han Dynasty Yongxing (153), and this time bell was only 3 years old, which is obviously misrepresented. The Wei "Shangzun Trumpet Stele" and the "Zen Stele" also have accurate records of "Wang Langwen, Liang Hushu, and Zhong Xuan carved stones". The reason for the choice of Liang Hushu here involves that Cao Cao's admiration for Liang Hu is obviously higher than that of Zhong Xuan. But it is Zhong Xuan who can stand the test of history.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the famous great calligrapher of the State of Wei, Zhong Xuanxingcao, appreciated the "Snow Cold Thesis"
Zhong Xuan's "Snow Cold Post" Interpretation: Twelve Days of White: Snow Cold Wants to Win. The book of Zhang Hou, the mourning of the sage from the tent, was very sad and indescribable. The disease should be measured by one's own strength and should not be repeated. White. The above post is found in the Chunhua Pavilion and is now in the Forbidden City in Beijing.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the famous great calligrapher of the State of Wei, Zhong Xuankai, wrote the "White Riding Thesis" and analyzed it
The Three Kingdoms Zhong Shu Kai book "White Riding Thesis" appreciation, Zhong Sui is in the era of the misguided change of Li Kai, just as Yuan Yuan Pei's "General Treatise on the Scholar" so-called: "Although the books of the Han and Wei Dynasties are different, most of them have a subordination and residual wind, so their physique is high and ancient." Therefore, in his true books, there is also a strong sense of subordination. His small italic body is slightly flat, the rows are dense, the dot painting is thick, the brushwork is clear, the mellow is simple and quiet, and it is rich in a natural and simple meaning. Interpretation: White Riding Sui Neishu, not driving a car, Counting Wu Human Rights, feelings of eagerness. When the time comes to take the words of the sin, Gai does not swallow it with a suspicious little edge. The above post is found in the Chunhua Pavilion and is now in the Forbidden City in Beijing.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the famous great calligrapher of the State of Wei, Zhong Xuankai, appreciated the book "Chang Yu Ti"
Zhong Xuan's "Chang Affliction Thesis" Appreciate Zhong Xuan's "Chang Affliction Thesis" (selected from Chunhua Ge Ti - The Second Famous Minister Fa Ti of the Past Dynasties) Interpretation of the "Chang Shu Ti": The brother often suffers from the cold, and how much imported in the cold. The bride moved and looked up to the man. The above post is found in the Chunhua Pavilion and is now in the Forbidden City in Beijing.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the famous great calligrapher of the State of Wei, Zhong Xuankai, wrote the "Table of Adjustments" and analyzed it
Zhong Xuan's "Tuning Table" is one of the "five tables" of Zhong Xuan. The book was written in the first year of the Huang Dynasty (220), and the authentic manuscript has been visible for a long time, and only the re-engraved version is visible. It is included in the series of posts such as "Pseudo Star Fenglou" and "Splash Ink Zhai".
Generally, the publication of Zhong Xuan Xiaokai character posters is rarely selected for inclusion in the "Table of Adjustments", which may be relatively rare because of the controversial reasons for authenticity.
Some commentators said, "Although the pen used in this facsimile is not as delicate and introverted as the "Declaration", it is quite interesting and interesting, and it is also a good post." ”
One of Zhong Xuan's "Tuning Table"
In December of the first year of the Great Wei Dynasty, The Marquis Zhong of The Eastern Wu Pavilion of Dali sat on the Yuanhua Zeng He Li, and the branches and leaves were rooted in the roots.
Zhong Xuan's "Table of Tuning Elements" No. 2
Hour tycoon, not a statement. In the grass of Jiangnan today, Is Xi enough to insult Wang Shihu? Because the people could not bear it, they committed the crime, but also. And medium
Zhong Xuan's "Table of Tuning Elements" No. 3
Will the Master of the Nation fight with the islands? Once the prestige is restored, it is not enough to Fu Nanxiaye. Subjects and deeds are also dangerous. Subjects are incompetent
Zhong Xuan's "Table of Tuning Elements" No. 4
Unannounced. Has surrendered. Rumors: Rong Lu Shu Cong.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the famous great calligrapher of the State of Wei, Zhong Xuankai, wrote the "Shangzun Trumpet Song" and analyzed it
The full name is "Wei Gongqing General Shangzun Trumpet", also known as "Hundred Officials Persuasion Table", "Persuasion Monument", "Shangzun Trumpet Song". Remembering that in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Hua Xin, Jia Xu, Wang Lang, and others advised Cao Pi to advance, which was actually a political trick played by Cao Pi, and he then formally assumed the throne as emperor, and was called Cao Wei in history. The stele does not stand stone year and month, 32 lines, 49 words.
Pei Song's notes on the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Zhi, and Emperor Wen record his text, which is slightly different from this stele. Gu Nanyuan's "Li Debate" determines the first year of the Eastern Han Dynasty Emperor Yan kang (220). Gu Yanwu's "Records of the Golden Stone Script" believes that this inscription was written in the first year of Yankang, but was carved after the beginning of Wei Huangchu.
This stele has always been called together with another Wei Chu monument, the Zen Table. The two monuments are in the ancient city village of Cao Wei in Xuchangnan, Henan, in the ancient city of Cao Wei, both facing south, one east and one west, standing majestically. According to the reasoning, first persuade, then be zen, or both. Since the "Zen" was erected in the first year of the Huang Dynasty, the erection of this monument should not be too late or at the same time as the "Zen".
The original text of the Shangzun Title Stele: Hou Chenxin of Xiangguo Anle Township, Hou Chenxu of Taiwei Duting, Hou Chenlang of Yushi Dafu Anlingting, □□ Chenren of the Governor of the Imperial Guard, Hou Chenruo of Qingyuan Township of the Auxiliary State, Hou Chenruo of Huya General Nanchangting, Hou Chenzhong of the Light Car General Duting, and General Champion. Xiang Hou Chenqiu, Du Liao General Duting Hou Chenrou, Wei General Guomingting Hou Chenhong, Envoy Holding JieXing Governor Zhen Zhen Zhen Dongxiang Hou Chenzhen, Envoy Holding Jie Xing Du Governor Yang Zhou Thorn Shi Zhengdong General Anyang Xiang Hou Chenxiu, Envoy Holding Jie Xing Du Governor Zheng Nan General Pingling Pavilion Hou Chenshang, Envoy Holding Jie Xing Du Governor Xuzhou Thorn Shi Zhen Dong General Wu'an Xiang Hou Chenba, Envoy Holding Jie Xing Du Governor Xuzhou Thorn Shi Zhen Dong General Wu'an Township Hou Chenba? , The Right General of the Envoy Holding Festival, the Marquis of Jianxiang, the General of the Former General of the Festival, the General of the Post-Envoy Of the Festival, the General of Huaxiang, the Houchen Ling of Huaxiang, the Xiongnu Nandan Yuchenquan, the FengchangChenzhen, the Langzhong Lingchen, the Wei Wei An Guoting Hou Chenyu, the Tai Servant Chen, the Marquis of Dali Dongwuting, the Great Nongchen Ba, the Shaofu Chenlin, the Overseer Yushi will be the Great Master Qianqiuting Marquis Chenzhao, and the Zhongling ZhongyangXiang Marquis? , Zhonghu Military Minister, Tun Riding School Lieutenant Duting Hou Chenzu, Changshui School Lieutenant Guannei Houchen ling, Infantry School Lieutenant Guannei Houchenfu, Shooting Sound School Lieutenant Guannei Houchenqing, Zhenwei General Nexiangting Houchenti, Zhengyu General Duting Houchen Touch, Zhenwu General Wei Mengting Houchendang, Zhongyi General Lexiangting Houchensheng, Jianjie General Pingle Ting Houchenpu, Anzhong General Yuan yiting Houchen Shen, Wing Guard General Duting Houchen Qu, Yiyi General Chengqianting Houchen Shen, Huaiyuan General Guannei Houchenxun, Suibian General Changleting Houchenjun, Anyi General Gaoliangting Houchenchen? , Fenwu General Chang'an Ting Hou Chenfeng, Wu Wei General An Chang Ting Hou Chen Chu and other auditors said:
The ministers and other ministers said before, the Han Emperor obeyed the Mandate of Heaven to solidify Zen, the courtiers were fixed because of the Mandate of Heaven, His Majesty violated the Mandate of Heaven to fix the words, the ministers and other stubborn fools, still know that they cannot do it, and the gods are only in their hearts! Yi Monashi, with the hope of Fuhai Nei. And Ding Jiao's edicts and courtiers said: "Virtue is lonely and insufficient, and when the time comes, it is not destroyed, if with the spirit of the sages, the leader is protected, and the kingdom of Wei will eventually be king, and it will be enough to be alone." If you are alone, is Hu enough to insult the world? As for the personnel of Tianrui, all the ancestors of the king Shengde were celebrated, why should they be lonely? It's not known for not daring." The courtiers read the edict and benefited yu yi. The "Yi" said that "the saints were in heaven," while the "Treatise" said: "Gentlemen fear the Mandate of Heaven." The Mandate of Heaven has to go, and then the emperor has the Zen Dynasty. It is the Zen Yu of Tang, the fate of Zai'er, and the Shun of Yu of Tang, which is said to be the end of suffering. Yao knew that the Mandate of Heaven was gone, so he had to meditate; Shun knew that the calendar was in the bow, so he did not dare not accept it. I had to meditate, and I also did not dare to be obeyed, and I was afraid of the mandate of heaven. Although the Han Dynasty undertook the commission of the last tomb for the rest of the time, Yu Wu obeyed the Mandate of Heaven to give up the second daughter in the way of Wishing for the throne of Zen. At the beginning of Great Wei's appointment, His Majesty suppressed the Xia ZhiDa Festival, Shang Yanling's concessions, and those who were wronged were great, those who were straight were small, those who were detailed were light, and those who were omitted were heavy. If the chinese people are ugly, and the martyrs have a spirit, then Chonghua will be indignant at the tomb of the god of Cangwu, the great xia will be depressed in the mountain yin of Huiji, and the king of Wu will be displeased with the Xuan palace of Gaoling. Yes, the courtiers dare to die please. And Han Zheng was in the eunuch, and Lu went to the imperial chamber to be the seventh emperor. The Yashi was then gathered in his palace, and The Second Capital was humbled. At this time, the four seas are overturned, and the world is falling apart. The prince of Wu is clothed with armor and crowned, bathed in rain and wind, and asks for the people's life, then lives all nations; for the chaos of the world, it will lead to ascension and peace. The dove people stand tall, build officials and place officials, Yuan Yuan has no fault in the front leaf, and the beginning was created in the Chinese. His Majesty is on the throne, Guangzhao Wende, yi wu gong; diligent and compassionate to the people, and regard it as a wound: the fearful are rather than the cold, and the hungry are filled; the distant are served with virtue, and the enemy is surrendered by grace. Meien planted virtue, and the light was four tables. Ji Gu Du Mu, Mao Yu Fangxun; net leakage swallowing boat, Yu Yu Zhou Wen. It is the untimely period of the administration of the government, and the harmony of man and God. The Emperor Heaven descended on manna and perfected the four spirits, and the back soil was straight with grass and spit li springs. Tiger leopard deer, salty and plain color; pheasant dove swallow, also white its feathers. The wood of lianli, the melon of the same heart, the fish of the five harvests, the treasures and auspicious things, and the miscellaneous things in between, all of them are prepared. The ancients had a saying: "Wei Yu, my fish!" Wei Da Wei, then the white bones of the ministers and so on are crossed in the wilderness. The fu province of the group of ministers before and after the chapter, so Chen Shu's majesty's runes, the books of Mo Bu Heluo, the Ruiying of heaven and earth, because of the sincerity of the Han Dynasty, the scenery of Xuan Wanfang, can be described as the letter of the book, the □ of Yuyi, Gao Yiqiu, the three kings and nothing, the five emperors can not be added, the people's lives are hanging in wei state, the people's hearts are in Wei Zheng, and there are more than thirty years. This is the meeting of a thousand lifetimes, the autumn of a thousand lifetimes. The breadth of the festival should be shown in the world; the restraint is narrow, and it is not applied at this time. Jiu Ji Mandate of Heaven, Sin in the Courtiers, etc., The Altar Of the Camp, with Etiquette, Choosing an Auspicious Day, Telling the Hao Heavenly God with the Mouth, The Ritual of the Rank God, The Ritual of the Gods, Must? After the sacrifice is completed, the group will be in the court, and the year number is zhengshuo to serve the color when it is carried out, and the subjects pay homage to the court. Chenxin, Chenxu, Chenlang, Chenren, Chenruo, Chenfu, Chenzhong, Chenqiu, Chenrou, Chenhong, Chenzhen, Chenxiu, Chenshang, Chenba, Chen?, Chenhuang, Chenliao, Chenling, Chenquan, Chenzhen, Chenqia, Chenyu, Chenyu, Chenyu, Chenyu, Chenzhuo, Chenlin, Chenzhao, Chenzhao, Chen? , Chenzhi, Chenzu, Chenling, Chenfu, Chenqing, Chenti, Chentou, Chendang, Chensheng, Chenpu, Chenshen, Chenqu, Chenshen, Chenxun, Chenjun, Chenjun, Chen? , Chenfeng, Chenchu, sincere fear, the first time, the capital offense. (The stele "Li Shi" XIX, "Wei Zhi WenDi Ji" quotes "Xiandi Biography".) Case: "Gu Wen Yuan", Wenren Mou Zhun "Wei Jinghou Stele Yin", saying "Qun Shang Zun Trumpet, Wei Qi, Chung Shu Shu". ）
During the Three Kingdoms period, the famous calligrapher of the State of Wei, Zhong Xuankai, wrote the book "Zen Tablets" and analyzed it
Zhong Xuan's "Zen Stele" is a party inscription published in the first year of Cao Wei Huang's first year (220), the full name is "Zen Table", also known as "Zen Table", etc., without the name of the author, it is a calligraphy work, and is now located in Fancheng Town, Linying County, Henan. [1-2]
Zhong Xuan's "Zen Monument" is the Guishou Stele, 310 cm high, 110 cm wide, 30 cm thick, wearing, forehead seal book Yang text "Zen Table" 3 characters. The 22-line inscription, each with 49 characters, records the historical facts of the abdication of Emperor Xian of Han and cao Pi's acceptance of Zen concessions. In calligraphy, its strokes are steady and smooth, slightly italic and decorative, the structure is square, balanced and dynamic, and the rules and regulations are harmonious.
Interpretation: In the winter of the first year of the Reign of Wei Huang, Xin Wei, the emperor was under the influence of the Han clan. Shang ji yi ji, lower exam pre-training, recorded in the book deed, the emperor's testament, righteousness is manifested in Zen virtue, and mei Mo sheng is in the end. Therefore, the "Book" "Chen Nayu [DaLu]", "[Chuan]" [called] "[Calendar] □□□". ┘It is two hundred, three thousand years, and the things of Yao Shun have been restored to the present. Emperor Yun is on top of the ceremony, and the emperor is high. Therefore, the table of Theos, in order to show virtue and righteousness. ┘Emperor Qiangang's Yizi, Shao Youyu's Yellow Descent. Nine virtues should be, Chin Ming Wen Sai. Qi guang sun and moon, material and three poles. and the heir, - the former emperor Long Xingguo, Fu Rou Yu people, into a mellow virtue. Reverence in the government of the wide, mai kai ti the religion. Xuan Chongguang to illuminate, to imitate the yang spring to sow. Open a forbidden position, scatter [stagnation]. [冡臣] □□, □□□┘ of tin; [Zhong] Zhaobeitai, the nourishment of the blessed. Succeed to the throne, succeed to the world. Waste the work of forgetting, get the reward of the golden lord, swaddling [lonely], food [old virtue of Lu]. [Good without] micro [but not Jing], [work without detail and not] □. □□┘ [Rong Shi], mourning and prison. Strike the war, burn the Dan book, imprison and be quiet, and there is no husband outside. Genzawa Yunxing, Gang Bu Bu Bu. Ruofu is covered with [蕳易], [Gang Rou Yunyi], [Qian Zhide], [Yin and Yang] □□□□□┘ □ breeding materials. The way of striving for the creation of the four times is also the work of the four hours. Tolerance, Grace Group. The quality of the imperial drama, the posture of Yao Shun. Zi Zi Ye Ye, Maide [Ji Min], [Bo Yu Zhi Lao], □□□□. □----------------------------------------------------------------- Yin Shang's strategy, Zhou Fa's Ming also. The vast number of heavens and earth, Maode buds all saints. Hong En qia in Ou Xia, Ren Sheng in [EIGHT] Huang. [Though like Xu Suo] □, □□□□□, and came to the king. It is repeatedly set by Hugh, and the smoke is simmering. Descend the dry post, and send jane down. Heavenly Pass Qi min, the four spirits are perfect, the gushing liquor is crossed, and the mountains see the yellow people. [Therefore, the manifest destiny] □□, and the □□□┘ of the fortune of the future. The rest of the nectar is zero in the toyo grass, and the wild silkworm cocoon is in the lush tree. Jiahe Shenzhi, Strange Bird Spirit Beast, Poor Xiang Extreme Rui, Between the Moon and the Moon, Cover Seven Hundred [Yu See]. [Since the Golden Heavens] □, □□□□, ┘ The descent of Jiaxiang, there is no such thing as the grandeur of the present. It is the number of Han's calendar, and it is known that the artifact has returned. Ji Tang Chan (虞), Shao Tian (眀命), 釐 (嫔二女), [Qin Tian's throne]. ┘ The emperor retreated, and let the virtue not be heirly, as for the second, as for the three. Therefore, the secretaries of state of the group said: - "Your Majesty's holy virtue, Yi Yu two yi." The Emperor was clear and ordered to be salty. And there are xiong zhixing, the earth out of the big scorpion; xia hou chengtong, Mu Rong dongshi; Yin Tang revolution, white wolf title [hook]; [Zhou Wuguan] □, □□□□. ┘Fang's today is not enough to describe, but it is like a celebration of one to the present, spoiling god at that time. Shao Tian is Zuo, and he rules by dependence. In the case of Great Wei, Lingrui Ruozi is the one who cares! Cover the Mandate of Heaven [no resignation], □□□□□ ┘ to the meaning of the distance. Great unity cannot be long-lasting, and all nations must not lack the Lord. It is advisable to obey the gods of the people and quickly inherit the order of heaven. "So the emperor was thinking about it, watching shuzheng, and going up to Xuanjie. Zhou Yi of 莁之, Bu Yi Shou Gui, Gui Zhi Ji, five anti-Jing violations. It is the discussion of the Secretary of State, the order of the Emperor, the □□□□ of [The Day of Practice] - The Ming Constitution of the Tang Dynasty, and the will of the Great Deer. So he built a spiritual altar in Fanchang, set up a palace, Guibi, and Saved Sacrifice. Marquis Qingshi of Yangong, Chang Bo (常伯) was a permanent official, and he was a member of the Imperial Households of The Prince of Yan (延牧邦君). [Tiger] □□□□ - Xiongnu, Nandanyu, Dongyi, Nanman, Xirong, And Beidi, the group of princes and princes, entered the Qimen gate, and the Xian Brigade was on the throne. ┘ The Emperor is under the authority of the Son of Heaven, crowning the heavens and attacking the dragon. Emperor Mu Mu has his own appearance. Congratulations on public policy, burn the pillars, tell God, and look forward to the five peaks. Smoke in the Six Sects, 徧 [in the gods]. □□□┘ Yan, the auspicious wind comes to Zhen. It is the commandment to have a division, to grant amnesty to the world, and to change the beginning of the yuan. Kai Huang Gang, Emperor Zai, Special Emblem Banner, Leather Instrument, Repair and Abolition Official, Ban Rui Festival, Same Law Weighing, More Surname Change. [Le Chong-chui Hung], [Chuang] □┘ as an example. Eternal Treasure Tenroku, Passing on the Oka Pole. ┘ (Description: □, which means an unidentified word; [], indicates a complement; bold, indicates that the stele is a different body; ┘, indicates a branch. ）
Robust and smooth. The strokes of the Zen Tablets as a whole give people the first feeling of flatness, which is the result of the degree of calligraphy. However, a closer look will find that this kind of flatness is by no means a flat and straight statement when writing, but a line of writing that is forced on the calm end of the pen. Slightly iterative. The most obvious feature of the italicization of the "Zen Tablet" is the beginning of the meaning of "folding knife head". Decorative meaning. The modification techniques on the strokes of the "Zen Tablet" are very different from the pictographic modification techniques of the Jin Wen Da seal, and their decorative expressions are more subtle, which is reflected in the horizontal and vertical starting and closing points, the twisting of the short strokes, and the degree of bending of the skimming.
Zhong Xuan is the second generation of Cai Yong calligraphy. In fact, the reason why Zhong Xuan's calligraphy art has achieved great artistic achievements is not limited to the study of one family. According to the Song Dynasty Chen Si's "Shuyuan Jinghua", Zhong Xuan studied calligraphy with Liu Sheng for three years when he was a teenager, and later learned the calligraphy of Cao Xi, Liu Desheng and others. Therefore, Zhong Xuan, like any accomplished scholar, is the result of the achievements of his predecessors, hard work, and hard work.
The period in which Zhong Xuan lived was precisely the period when Chinese characters evolved from Lishu to Kaishu and were close to completion. In the process of completing this important evolution of Chinese characters, Zhong Xuan played a powerful role in promoting the future. On the one hand, he can adapt to the trend of the times and be good at learning the new book styles that appear in the folk; on the other hand, he is diligent in studying, good at thinking and studying.
From this, we can know why learning calligraphy should strengthen people's cultivation, because calligraphy is not only a question of whether the glyphs are good-looking, but the gold content behind the glyphs. Zhong Xuan's calligraphy, like his character, is strong and powerful, and has a tolerant attitude, and this tolerance is not reserved for those who cheat, but for those who are positive.
To study Zhong Xuan's calligraphy works, we must pay attention to doing a good job from three aspects: First, we must understand some seal calligraphy knowledge, because his calligraphy has rubbed some seal calligraphy meanings, and the pen is also mostly used in the seal pen, it can be said that the seal book is the foundation. The second is to pay attention to the change of the glyph, although its glyph is basically the same, but the change of the dot painting is very rich, and the dot painting cannot be missing a change because the glyph is the same. Third, it is necessary to grasp the use of the pen and gestures, and the use of the pen should be mainly centered, so as to achieve the principle of "reverse entry, astringency, and tight closing", pay attention to the "wave and three folds" writing method in some horizontal paintings and the gesture between the dot paintings, so that the characters have more vitality.