In World War I and World War II, Germany's marshals performed outstandingly and won the praise of the military community all over the world, if you leave aside politics and morality, and do not talk about heroes based on success or failure, these Germans are almost like the myth of the god of war. "Historical Pulse" once released an album - Blood Debt - 27 Monsters in the Nazi Devil's Cave, introducing each of the 27 marshals during World War II.
In contrast, Germany's "pig teammates", the marshals of Italy, do not have the reputation of the Germans. The reason for this may not be determined by a single factor, but in terms of Italy's performance in the war, it is basically deserved. "Historical Pulse" once released a living treasure on the line of life and death - the hilarious show of the Italian army during World War II, although the content may not be completely in line with historical facts, but even if these situations occur, it is completely credible.
Italy's marshal system is also dwarfed by Germany. This time, "Historical Pulse" will be an album that provides a brief review of the relatively inferior Marshals of Italy.
The overall feeling of Italy's military standard is that it is a nest of rats, muddy, and it is not a problem of a few people at all
On 30 October 1922, King Emanuele III of Italy appointed Mussolini as Prime Minister of the government. During Mussolini's three-year campaign, Italy awarded a total of 15 generals the rank of marshal, and 5 marshals participated in world war II military operations. thereinto:
Of the 8 generals who were awarded the rank of marshal in the 1920s, only 1 was Bardolio;
Of the three generals who were awarded the rank of marshal in the 1930s, only 1 Graziani was awarded the rank of marshal;
Among the four generals who were awarded the rank of field marshal in the 1940s were Caballero, Bastico and Messe.
The order of the list is: name, rank, time of award, highest position
<h1>2 Supreme Imperial Marshals</h1>
The Supreme Marshal of the Italian Empire, to celebrate the victory in the Second Italian-Ethiopian War, was formulated on March 30, 1938, and awarded only to the then Prime Minister Mussolini and King Vittorio Emanuele III. Strictly speaking, these two men are not military figures, and the king's military talent is unknown, but Mussolini's military talent is not flattering.
Vittorio Emanuele III, Supreme Marshal of the Empire 1869.11.11-1947.12.28 1938.03.30 King of the Italian Empire
Vittorio Emanuele III
He ascended the throne after the assassination of Umberto I in 1900. He accepted the liberal cabinet in favor of the War of Italy and Turkey (1911-1912), in which he advocated Italy's participation in the War on the side of the Allies and went to the front as nominal Supreme Commander until the end of the war. After the fascists marched into Rome in 1922, he commissioned Mussolini to form a cabinet. In 1935, he supported the invasion of Ethiopia and conquered Addis Ababa and declared himself Emperor of Ethiopia. He intervened in the Spanish Civil War in 1936, invaded Albania in 1939, and served as King of Albania after invading the country.
War was declared on Britain and France in June 1940, and on 6 July 1943, in view of the unfavorable situation, mussolini was relieved of one of his posts and Marshal Badoglio was appointed to form a government. On 8 September, a ceasefire was reached with the Allies, and as the Germans approached Rome, they fled with the government to the allied south. In 1944, he appointed Crown Prince Marshal Umberto II (i.e. Umberto II) as regent, giving up all power himself but maintaining the title of King. After his abdication in 1946, Italy adopted a republican system and went into exile with his sons.
2. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, Supreme Marshal of the Empire, 29 July 1883 – Prime Minister of the Italian Empire
Mussolini
It was this Italian politician, dictator, and founder of fascism who was not Hitler. He was Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 to 1943. He was awarded the title of "Il Duce" (Leader) in 1925, ruled as a dictatorship from January 1925 to July 25, 1943, and died on 28 April 1945 in Dango, Como Province, Italy.
Born on 29 July 1883 in Dovyatti Predappio, forelli, Italy, to a blacksmith family, Mussolini embraced socialism and atheism in his early years and joined the Socialist Party. The outbreak of the First World War drastically changed Mussolini, turning his thinking from the ultra-left to the extreme right, to war fanaticism and to withdraw from the Italian Socialist Party.
In 1921, Mussolini founded the National Fascist Party. Mussolini staged a coup d'état on 28 October 1922 and was appointed Prime Minister by King Emanuele III of Italy on 30 October. Mussolini declared in January 1925 that the National Fascist Party was the only legitimate political party in Italy, thus establishing the rule of the Italian fascist dictatorship.
Benito Mussolini sent troops to invade Ethiopia in October 1935. When the League of Nations imposed sanctions, he led Italy to withdraw from the League in December 1937. In May 1936, it was announced that Ethiopia would be incorporated into Italy. In July of the same year, together with the German armed intervention in the Spanish Civil War, he assisted General Francisco Franco. Over the next 3 years, tens of thousands of Italian troops and large numbers of aircraft were sent to fight in Spain. Beginning in 1933, Mussolini became increasingly unable to deny the connection between his Italy and the new Nazi Germany.
In a world outside of these two fascist regimes, it is almost natural for contemporaries to think that the fascist and Nazi systems were similar. Politically and militarily, Mussolini actively cooperated with Nazi Germany led by Adolf Hitler. In October 1936, the Berlin Agreement with Hitler was signed in Berlin, stipulating a common approach on important international issues, and the Roman-Berlin axis was formed. In November 1936, it acceded to the Anti-Comintern Agreement between Germany, Italy and Japan. In 1938, Mussolini ordered the abolition of Parliament, completely establishing his personal dictatorship in the country. To further consolidate his personal rule, the dictator has been holding several cabinet ministers. Italy annexed Albania in April 1939. On June 10, 1940, Italy officially joined the Axis powers and entered World War II, and on September 27 of the same year, Italy, Germany, and Japan signed the Triple Alliance Treaty.
Mussolini became Supreme Commander of the Italian War Command in May 1940 and declared war on Britain and France on 10 June of the same year, sending troops to southern France and launching attacks on British Somalia, Kenya, Sudan and Egypt in an attempt to establish the Mediterranean Empire. In October, troops were sent to invade Greece. In April 1941, troops were sent to cooperate with the German army in attacking Yugoslavia. On 22 June, war was declared on the Soviet Union and troops were sent to cooperate with the Germans in attacking the Soviet Union. In July 1943, the Anglo-American landings in Sicily were successful. After a series of military defeats in Italy, the Grand Fascist Parliament passed a motion of no confidence in Mussolini on 24 July 1943, and the next day Mussolini was dismissed and arrested by King Emanuele III and imprisoned on the island of Poncha, then transferred to La Madarena, not far from the coast of Sardinia, where he was transferred to Ponza on 27 July, to the naval base in Maddalena on 7 August, and finally to a villa in the Imperial Terrace of the Grand Sassalle on 27 August. On September 12 of the same year, Germany launched Operation Oak, the boldest "masterpiece of the devil" in German military history, and carried out a raid operation to successfully rescue Mussolini, who was under house arrest, by glider. On 17 September, he became Prime Minister of the puppet government of the "Italian Social Republic" in Salou, northern Italy. Fight against the Kingdom of Italy, which has been occupied by the Allies in the south.
On 27 April 1945, Mussolini was found and captured by guerrillas on his way to escape, and the next day Mussolini and his lover Clara Betasi were shot in Mezegra, como province. After being brutalized by the angry crowd.
<h1>Field Marshal: 13
</h1>
During the First World War, Italy had two commanders-in-chief, Cadorna and Díaz, the former a capable and very arbitrary soldier who was treated unfairly for the defeat at the Battle of the Issonne, and the latter was not as capable as Cadorna, but he was always able to carefully plan operations and carefully distinguish the use of troops, it can be said that these two people were the first heroes of the Italian War I, and were first awarded the rank of marshal in 1924.
Luigi Cadorna (4.9.1850 – 23.12.1928): 24.11.1924, Field Marshal
Luigi Cadorna
Luigi Cadorna, commander-in-chief of the Army of the Kingdom of Italy during World War I, field marshal, was a capable but not particularly imaginative general who was blamed for the disaster of the Italian army in Capoleto.
Born on September 4, 1851 in Palanza, Italy. The son of General Rafaele Cadorna Sr., he joined the Army of the Kingdom of Italy in 1866 and served in the Staff Headquarters headed by his father in 1870. He was promoted to colonel in 1892, to the General Staff in 1896, to major general in 1910, to commander of the Seventh Army in Genoa in 1910, and to lieutenant general the following year. On July 10, 1914, when he died of illness in his predecessor, he was the chief of the general staff of the Arbitrary Army, the commander-in-chief of the army, and faced with the extremely poor state of the Italian Army, he worked hard to strengthen the combat effectiveness of the army and prepare for Italy's expected entry into the war, and in May 1915 commanded the Italian army to participate in the First World War. His strategy was to defend the Trentino area to the north and to break through the Austrian defenses northeast along the Isson River.
From 15 May to 17 June 1916, he successfully stopped the Austrian Trentino Offensive, and at the Sixth Battle of the Isson River from 6 to 17 August, he captured Gorizia; however, in the subsequent Issonne Offensives, he received little but heavy casualties on both sides. From 24 October to 12 November 1917, the German-Austrian coalition launched the Battle of Capoleto, which crushed the Italian army in one fell swoop, forcing the Italian army to retreat 104 kilometers, retreating to the piave river line, losing 350,000 people, this defeat led to his dismissal, and subsequent investigations put most of the blame on him, forcing him to retire on December 2, 1918.
In 1921 she published a book entitled "Operations on the Battlefield of Italy" to justify his actions. He was promoted to Field Marshal in 1923. He died on 23 December 1928 at Bodighera. His son, Rafaele Cadorna Jr., was also chief of the Italian General Staff after World War II.
4. Armando Diaz (5 December 1861 – 29.29.1928): 1924.11.24, Field Marshal, In 1926, Italy promoted a second batch of marshals, a total of 5, all of whom were generals at the rank of legion during World War I.
Armando Díaz
Armando Díaz, Italian Minister of Defense, Field Marshal. He graduated from the Military Academy of Naples and the Military Academy of Turin and participated in the Ituso-Turkish War. After the outbreak of the First World War, the Chief of The Operations Division of the Arbitrary Army, later the Chief of the General Staff, repelled the Austrian offensive in 1918 and launched a powerful counteroffensive, and in 1921 was awarded the title of "Duke of Victory". After Mussolini came to power, he became Minister of Defence in 1922 and promoted to Field Marshal in 1924. Resigned in the same year for health reasons.
Díaz received many honors, being made duke in 1921, appointed Minister of War of Mussolini's fascist regime in 1922, resigning in April 1924 due to his health, and on November 4 of the same year the Italian ad hoc field marshal awarded him to Cadorna and him. It is generally considered that Díaz was not as capable as Cardorna, but he was always able to plan battles carefully and carefully distinguish the use of troops.
Emanuel Philibert (13.1.1869 – 4.7.1931): 25.6.1926, Field Marshal
Prince Emmanuel Filiberto Savoy
Prince Emmanuel Filiberto Savoy was born in Genoa, son of Victor Emmanuel II, joined the Italian Army in Naples in 1905, in the First World War the Prince participated in several battles of the Isonzo River, was responsible for commanding the Third Army, because this legion was far from the first line, so the losses have been very small, in the Sixth Battle of the Isonzo River, participated in the capture of Gorizia, in the 12th Battle of the Isonzo River, the Third Army due to its distance from the front line, He also commanded his own legions to carry out the operation of straightening the front. In the final counter-offensive, he recaptured many strongholds with the advancing Italian army. On June 26, 1926, the uncle was awarded the title of Marshal along with four other Italian heroes of the First World War. He died in Turin in 1931.
Pietro Badoglio (28.9.1871 – 1.11.1956): 25.6.1926, Field Marshal
Pietro Badoglio
Badoglio was born in the province of Asti in the Piedmont region of northern Italy. After graduating from the Army Academy in Turin, Badoglio joined the Italian Army and was promoted to lieutenant in 1892. He then garrisoned Eritrea in 1896 and in Libya in 1912 took part in the Italian campaign to seize Tripoli, a territory of north Africa of the Ottoman Empire, where he was promoted to major. After the outbreak of World War I, Badoglio, who had the rank of lieutenant colonel, joined the army. Badoglio was constantly promoted during the war, but in 1917 he ran into his first big trouble. In 1917, Badoglio became the commander of the 27th Army of the Italian 2nd Corps, and in the Battle of Capo formto, the 2nd Corps lost face to the Italian army, and although the entire corps suffered only 40,000 casualties under the attack of the Austrian-German army, as many as 265,000 soldiers were captured.
Badoglio, though responsible, was not punished in any way, but was promoted to lieutenant general in the same year. In November 1918, taking advantage of the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, on November 4, with the support of British and French troops, the Italian army defeated the Austrian occupation forces in northeast Italy, forcing the Austrian army to surrender unconditionally, signing the Italian-Austrian armistice agreement, and recovering the Occupied Transnino, South Tyrol region, and the Borenna Pass on the Italian-Austrian border occupied by Austria. This day became the founding day of Italy. Badoglio, then deputy chief of the Italian Army's general staff, was seen as the founder of this victory and was directly promoted to army general.
After the war, Petro Badoglio became a member of parliament and retained his military position. At first, Badoglio did not accept the fascist government of Benito Mussolini, and was ostracized by all sides, and in 1922 he was demoted to italian ambassador to Brazil. But a series of political changes that followed were with Badoglio's return to the military hierarchy. On 4 May 1924, Badoglio was appointed new Chief of the Italian General Staff. On 26 May 1926 he was awarded the rank of Field Marshal of the Italian Army. In 1929, Badoglio was transferred to the Italian governorate of Libya.
After the outbreak of World War II, Badoglio served as Chief of the Italian General Staff for the third time. Badoglio was well aware of the low combat effectiveness of the Italian army and repeatedly persuaded Mussolini not to fight the Allies easily. The ambitious Mussolini turned a deaf ear to Badoglio's advice. At the end of October 1940, Mussolini, bent on showing his strength in front of Hitler, brazenly ordered an invasion of Greece. Prior to this, Marshal Badoglio had repeatedly expressed his unequivocal opposition. He believed that in the unlikely event that the Italian army could not win the offensive quickly, the war would be prolonged, and the resources that Italy already felt scarce would be wiped out. Unsurprisingly, after the attack on Greece began, the Italian army was overwhelmed by the stubborn resistance of the Greek army, and suffered one defeat after another. It's not clear what role Badoglio played in this process, but in December of that year, Badoglio was kicked out of the General Staff by Mussolini as a scapegoat.
In 1943, the Axis war situation deteriorated sharply, and after the Allied landings in Sicily, Italy, in July, the Italian concept of defeat was high. At the July 24 meeting of the Great Council of the Sith of Italy, Badoglio's proposal to launch a war and an allied peace was widely supported by the participants. On The second day, 25 July, King Vittorio Emmanuel III of Italy stepped forward to remove Mussolini from his post and placed Mussolini under house arrest at Bartorio's suggestion. Immediately afterwards, Italy established a military dictatorship with Badoglio at its core. On the one hand, it ordered "maintaining an alliance with Germany and continuing to fight", and on the other hand, it began negotiations with the United States and Britain on the conditions for withdrawing from the war. At the same time, Mussolini's overthrow became a signal of action by anti-fascist forces in the country, and a powerful wave of strikes swept through the industrial regions of the north. Beginning on 5 August, Badoglio's representatives secretly negotiated the terms of the armistice with the Allies in Sicily.
The Italians wanted the Allies to land in northern Rome and sent an airborne division to occupy Rome. In early August, Erwin Rommel crossed the border into northern Italy to support the eight German divisions of Marshal Albert Kesselring stationed in southern Italy. The Germans disarmed 800,000 Italian troops and arrested a large number of Italian officers. On 31 August, the Allies issued an armistice agreement to the Italians by means of an ultimatum: the immediate and unconditional surrender of all armed forces; Either accept or pull down. Since the Allied high command did not trust Badoglio very much, the Badoglio government was treated no better than the Mussolini government. On 3 September, representatives of badoglio's government signed an armistice drafted by the Allies, and Italy surrendered to the Allies.
At 6:30 p.m. on September 8, Eisenhower read the armistice declaration on the radio. An hour and a half later, Bardolio also read the armistice declaration. At this point, the Germans began to encircle Rome. Badoglio took the royals and cabinet members, took 5 cars, escaped from Rome in the dark of night, ran to the Adriatic coast, and then fled to the south in 2 Allied speedboats. On 13 October, the Badolio government officially withdrew from the Axis Alliance and declared war on Germany. At the same time, the British, American and Soviet governments also issued a declaration recognizing Italy as a joint fighter. However, the military junta of Badoglio, which fled with the king to southern Italy, was not supported by the people. On the contrary, the position of the king who supported Mussolini in the war was extremely unstable due to the growing questioning. On June 4, 1944, the Allies broke through the heavily defended Gustav Line across central Italy and liberated the capital, Rome, and 10 days later Badoglio resigned. After the war, Badolio returned to his hometown of Piemonte, where he died in 1956.
7 Enrico Caviglia (4.5.1862 – 22.3.1945): 25.6.1926, Field Marshal
Enrico Caviglia
Cavillia fought in World War I. He was promoted to marshal in 1926. Because of his negative attitude towards the fascist system, he was dismissed from military power and turned to the study of military history. In 1935, he tried to persuade King Emmanuel III to abandon his plan to invade Ethiopia. Oppose allies with Germany.
After the outbreak of The Second World War, he opposed participation in the war; Italy entered the war and advocated neutrality and withdrawal from the war. He was the candidate for the new prime minister within Mussolini's opposition. After Italy surrendered to the Allies in 1943, the Germans invaded Italy and were stationed in Rome to resist the German invasion, but failed and were captured. He later withdrew from the military.
8. Gaetano Giardino (24.1.1864 – 21.11.1935): 25.6.1926, Field Marshal
Gaetano Giardino
Gaetano Giaartino was born in Montemario in 1864, graduated from the Royal Military Academy of Turin in his early years, entered active service in 1881, was promoted to lieutenant in 1884, transferred to Eritrea in February 1889 to participate in the First Invasion of Ethiopia, promoted to captain in 1894, served in the 6th Army after returning home, served in the 6th Army in 1898, was promoted to major in 1904, promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1906, and fought in Libya after the outbreak of the Italian-Turkish War. He was promoted to colonel in 1914. After Italy's entry into World War I in 1915, he served as chief of staff of the 2nd Army and was promoted to major general in August.
In May 1916 he was transferred to the chief of staff of the 5th Army, fought on the front line of the Goriazi, was promoted to lieutenant general in April 1917, nominated by Luigi Cadorna as Minister of War, suppressed the anti-war uprising in Turin, returned to the front after the defeat of the 12th Battle of the Isonzo, and served with Bagdolio as deputy chief of the general staff, assisting Armando Díaz, and later transferred from Dias's operational policy, and in February 1918 went to Versailles to be responsible for liaison with the Allies. In April, he became commander of the 4th Army, responsible for the defense of the Grappa Mountains, he was very concerned about the lives of soldiers, but also attached importance to the role of artillery, so in the Battle of the Piavi River and the Battle of Vittorio Veneto at the end of World War I, his 4th Army had a good performance, on December 21, 1919, he was promoted to the rank of general, on June 25, 1926, he became the second batch of promoted field marshals, and unlike several others, he supported Mussolini, and in 1927 he retired from active service. Settled in Turin, where he died in 1935.
Guglielmo Pecori Giraldi (18.5.18.1856 – 15.1.1941): 25.6.1926, Field Marshal, promoted to two marshals after the victory in the 1935 war of aggression against Ethiopia.
Guglielmo Picori Giralti
Born in Florence, Guglielmo Picori Gilarti graduated from the Royal Military Academy of Turin, transferred to Eritrea in 1887 to participate in the First Invasion of Ethiopia, became chief of staff of the 8th Army in 1900, participated in the Italian-Turkish War, retired after the war, and made a comeback in World War I.
Serving on the Isonzo River at the beginning of the war, in May 1916, he was transferred to Trentino as commander of the First Army, crushed the Austrian offensive several times, and participated in the great counteroffensive against the Austro-Hungarian Empire. After the war, he served as military commander of the Trentino-Alger Autonomous Region, was promoted to field marshal in 1926 with four others, served as a life senator in 1929, and died of illness in his hometown in 1941.
Emilio De Bono (March 19, 1866 – January 11, 1944): 16 November 1935, Field Marshal
Emilio de Bono
In the early 1820s he helped Mussolini organize the fascist party, and in 1922 he was one of four organizers. March signaled in Rome the beginning of a fascist regime. During this period Bono served as police chief, fascist militiaman and governor, at a time when Bono tried to assassinate leftist italian officials, but was surprisingly pardoned after failing.
In 1925 Bono became commander of the Libyan Legion. In 1929 he was appointed Minister of Colonial Affairs, but was soon removed from office, and in 1935 Bono was appointed Supreme Commander of Italy. Although he was a fanatical expansionist soldier, his ability was too limited to be up to the role of commander-in-chief, so he was replaced by Badoglio early. Although not brilliant in the war against Ethiopia, he was promoted to marshal.
Bono opposed Italy's entry into World War II. In 1942, he was appointed Minister of War. On 24–25 July 1943, Emilio de Bono joined the Grand Council of Fascism and voted against Mussolini. This led to the fall of the latter. When Mussolini took control of northern Italy as head of the Republic of Salò, he arrested Bono. He was executed by order of Mussolini in 1944.
Rodolfo Graziani (11.8.1882 –11.1.1955): 9.5.1936, Field Marshal
Rudolf Graziani
Graziani began serving in the colonial army in 1908 and fought in World War I. From 1927, he served in the Italian Army in Libya. He was promoted to major general in 1930 and lieutenant general in 1932. From 1930 to 1934, he served as commander-in-chief of the Italian colonial army in Libya, and repeatedly commanded the colonial army to fight against the resistance of the Libyan Arab nation. Known as the "butcher". Libyan national hero Omar Mukhtar was also hanged.
Rudolf Graziani was promoted to general in 1935 as governor of Somalia. During the Italian-Ethiopian War from 1935 to 1936, he was the commander of Army Group South, leading his troops to invade Ethiopia from the south. In the battle of Abyssinia, he organized his army into four mobile units, which he trusted to his four trusted commanders, namely the Mareti Cluster, the Bergonzzoli Cluster, the Agostini Cluster, and the Frogsky Cluster. The first two were dominated by panzer units, while the other two were dominated by infantry, similar to the relationship between panzer divisions and panzergrenadier divisions in the German army in the future. Throughout the campaign, the Graziani Army from Somalia was a supporting role, and its strength was far inferior to that of Marshal Emilio de Bono, who had departed from Eritrea, but his highly mobile unit was always different from other fronts and always had the initiative and advantage. The above-mentioned Bergonzoli group, whose commander has the alias of "electric beard", is also famous in the Spanish Civil War. He was promoted to Field Marshal in May 1936 and succeeded Marshal Badoglio as Governor of Ethiopia. He was assassinated in February 1937 and ordered to return to Italy in December. In 1938 he was arbitrarily made the Honorary Governor of East Africa.
In September 1939, he was appointed commander of the Italian Home Army. In October 1939, he was appointed Chief of Staff of the Italian Army. After Italy's participation in the Second World War, in July 1940, after the suspicious death of the legendary Air Marshal Itano Balbo from his own anti-aircraft fire, he was then the governor of Libya and the commander-in-chief of the Italian Army in North Africa, commanding 250,000 troops to fight against the British. The self-absorbed Benito Mussolini forced the attack, which was ridiculed by the British as "a million Italian unwieldy divisions under Graziani, with a snail-like mighty power, as far as 80 kilometers away from Egypt!" It was impossible to penetrate, and the British counter-attack led by Archibald Percival Wavell was defeated and collapsed within a few months. In March 1941, he was dismissed from all military duties due to the defeat at The Port of Matruh, recalled to Italy and relieved of his command duties.
In 1943-1945, during the German fascist occupation of northern Italy, Graziani was used again. In 1943, he served as Minister of Defence in the so-called "Republic of Salou", which was founded after Mussolini was rescued by the German army, and during this term he actively organized the liquidation of guerrillas and the suppression of the peaceful population. At the same time, he also vigorously organized mass migration to Germany, sending a large number of laborers to a collapsed Germany. On April 28, 1945, he was captured by Italian partisans. He was tried twice in 1948 and 1950 and sentenced to 19 years in prison, but was released with amnesty in August of the same year. After his release, he actively participated in the activities of the neo-fascist party and wrote a memoir, "I Defended the Motherland". On January 11, 1955, at the age of 73, Graziani died in Rome.
Marshal Graziani was a tragic figure who knew and used armored warfare earlier than Guderian. In Libya in 1930 and Abyssinia in 1935, he organized and used mechanized combined arms and services in actual combat. But Italy's weak national strength made his efforts a dream.
<h1>During World War II Italy promoted 4 marshals:</h1>
Ugo Cavallero (20 September 1880 – 14 September 1943): 1942.7.1, Field Marshal
Hugo Caballero
Chief of the General Staff of Italy, Marshal. He studied at the Military Academy of Modena. Fought in World War I. He was granted the rank of general in 1918. He was a member of the Italian delegation to the 1919 Versailles Peace Conference. From 1925 to 1928 he was Deputy Secretary of State for the Army. He was promoted to lieutenant general in 1936. In 1937, he was commander of the Italian Expeditionary Force for East Africa, brutally suppressing the local national liberation struggle. In 1940, he returned to China and was awarded the rank of general, and in December of the same year he replaced Badoglio as chief of the general staff of the Arbitrary Army.
During his tenure, he participated in the command of the war against Greece, and tried to strengthen the military cooperation between Italy and Germany, and tried to coordinate the operational plans of the Italian and German armies in North Africa, but was unsuccessful, and was promoted to marshal in January 1943, but was immediately dismissed from the post of chief of the general staff. Mussolini was arrested by the Bardolio government after his ouster in July 1943. He was released on September 8, and on the 10th, he was summoned by Kesselring, the commander-in-chief of the German army in Italy, and died on the 14th.
13 Ettore Bastico (9 April 1876 – 2 December 1972): 12 August 1942, Field Marshal
Ettorio Bastico
Bastico studied at the Military Academy of Modena. He fought in the Italian-Turkish War of 1911-1912 and world war I. After the war, he commanded the 1st Mechanized Division and the 1st Blackshirt Division, and was promoted to brigadier general and major general. In 1935, he became commander of the Second and Third Armies and participated in the war against Ethiopia. In April 1937, he was transferred to the commander of the Italian Expeditionary Force, commanding armed intervention in Spain. He was promoted to general in 1938 and successively served as commander of the Second Army and then the Sixth Army.
After the outbreak of World War II, in December 1940 he was arbitrarily the Governor of the Aegean Islands. In June 1941, he was appointed Governor-General of Libya and Commander of the Italian Army in North Africa, fighting with the German Army. Due to discord with Rommel and occasional fierce conflicts, he was dismissed in August 1942. At the same time, he was promoted to field marshal and transferred to the commander of the Italian army in Libya. In November of the same year, he was reinstated as the commander of the Italian Army in North Africa, but he fought many battles and returned to China shortly after. He was awarded the honorary governorship of Libya, but the rank of marshal was removed. After the war, the rank of marshal was restored in 1947. He is the author of "The Evolution of the Art of War" and other works.
Umberto II. von Savoyen (15.9.1904 – 18.3.1983): 29.10.1942, Field Marshal
Umberto II
Prince Umberto II Savoy, once King of Italy (1946). He was the son of Vittorio Emmanuel III (reigned 1900-1947). Graduated from the Royal Military Academy of Turin. He was made a general in 1931 and promoted to general in 1933.
After Italy entered the war, in June 1940, he was appointed commander of the Western Front Army Group, and the command post invaded France, without significant results. In 1942, he was transferred to the commander of the Southern Front Army Group and promoted to marshal in the same year. On 5 June 1944, he became regent and took over the kingdom. He was crowned king on 9 May 1946 after his father abdicated. On June 13 of the same year, a referendum to abolish the monarchy and abdicate the throne. The savoy dynasty's rule in Italy came to an end. He and his family were permanently expelled from Italy and settled in Portugal.
Giovanni Messe (10 December 1883 – 18 December 1968): 12 May 1943, Field Marshal
Giovanni Messer
An Italian general, statesman and field marshal, he served as commander of the German-Italian army in North Africa and the Italian-German War during World War II, and was one of the few Italian generals who made good use of armored forces. Giovanni Messe was born in Puglia, Italy, and began his military service in 1901. He was involved in the Italian conquest of Libya and World War I. During this conflict, he made an important contribution to the formation and training of an elite infantry unit, the "Braves", and commanded the 9th Paratrooper Turk Group to fight in the Vantega area as a major. Between 1923 and 1927, Messe became an officer under Vittorio Emanuele III, and by 1935 Messe was appointed to command a special infantry battalion and promoted to colonel in the army. In September 1935, Messer was commissioned to command a motorized brigade in Verona as a brigadier general. Later, because of his excellent performance in the Second Italian-Ethiopian War, Messer was promoted to general and commanded at least one Italian panzer division.
In April 1939, following the Italian invasion of Albania, Messe was appointed deputy to General Uvaldo Sodou, with whom he administered Albania as deputy governor. During the Greek-Italian War that broke out in late 1940, Messer commanded an army to attack Greece and won part of the victory over the Greek general Alessandro Papagos. However, with the onset of winter, the Italian army was forced to turn to the defensive, and the Greek army began to counterattack, and invaded part of the Albanian territory under Italian control, until April 1941, in order to help the Italian army and consolidate the security of the southern flank of the invading Soviet Union, the German army attacked Greece from the south, completely defeating the Greek army.
In 1942, when war broke out between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, Mussolini, italy as a member of the Axis powers, decided to send a force to the Soviet Union to support Germany in battle, and Messer was appointed commander-in-chief of the Italian army against Russia. The Italian Russian Army, a mobile force of infantry and cavalry, participated in the German invasion of the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa, which led to the operation when about 60,000 Italian soldiers fought in southern Russia. Messer never thought that the Italian military and supply capacity was enough to cope with the harsh conditions of the Eastern Front, but during this period, Messer was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in Germany due to his good combat performance.
By July 1942, Italo Garibaldi had replaced Messe with the leadership of the Italian Russian Army, which had been greatly increased in strength, the Italian Legion of Russia. On September 1 of the same year, Messer left Russia. The number of Italian soldiers fighting in the Soviet Union had increased to more than 200,000, and although the Italian army fought bravely on the Soviet battlefield, the Soviet Union began to counterattack the Axis powers after the Battle of Stalingrad; especially the Italian army, which was surrounded by Soviet attacks from both flanks during Operation Saturn, suffered heavy casualties, only 4,000 of the 30,000 people were surrounded by the encirclement, and the Soviets shot and killed all Italian prisoners of war.
At the end of February 1943, Messer was appointed new commander of the German-Italian Panzer Corps, replacing the original Erwin Rommel. The German-Italian Panzer Corps was later renamed the Italian First Army (the ratio of Italian and German troops at this time was 3:1), and Rommel was sent to command army group Africa. Messer fought a defensive battle in the Mares Line, blocking the Anglo-American allied offensive, but his delaying defensive tactics were still unable to withstand the massive and incessant allied attacks, and Messer was unable to change the outcome of the Axis powers losing control of North Africa. On 12 May 1943, Messer was awarded the rank of Field Marshal of italy. By 13 May, after the collapse of the German 5th Tank Army, the loss of the city of Tunis, and the siege of the Italian 1st Army in the "Amphidaville Line", Messer's army was no longer able to continue fighting, and finally surrendered to the Allies.
After the armistice, as some Italians were royalists, many Italian officers like Messe soon discovered that they could regain their robes, and when Italy ceased in September 1943, Messé served as chief of staff of the Italian United Belligerent Army, made up of Italian prisoners of war and Allied equipment, loyal to King Vittorio Emanuele III. He continued to serve in the unit until the end of the war, retiring in 1945, ending a 44-year military career.
Marshal Giovanni Messe died on 19 December 1968 at the age of 85.
<h1>Admiral: 1 person
16. Paolo Thaon di Revel (10.6.1859 – 24.3.1948) 11.4.1924, commander of the Italian Navy during world war I, together with two field marshals, became one of the first three marshals to be awarded the title.
Paul Taunet di Lefer
Born in Turin to an aristocratic family, he joined the Navy in 1873. He was promoted to second lieutenant in 1877. In 1879 he served on the frigate Gallipoli and sailed around the world with the ship. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1880 and captain in 1886, respectively. In 1896 he was promoted to rear admiral and appointed aide-de-camp to King Umberto I. In 1906 he was promoted to captain and became president of the Naval Academy in Livorno. During the Italo-Turkish War of 1911-1912, he served as commander of the Aegean Fleet with the rank of rear admiral, completely annihilating the Ottoman Turkish Beirut squadron and securing The Italian shipping route to East Africa, laying the foundation for subsequent victories in the war. Later in the war, he also shelled Turkish ports in the Dardanelles. From 1913 to 1915 he was Chief of Staff of the Italian Navy, where he vigorously developed naval aviation.
After the start of World War I, he focused on the construction of Italian motorboats and participated in the planning of military operations to sink the battleships San István and the combined forces. After the defeat at the 12th Battle of the Isonzo, the Italian Army was in a very difficult position, and it was Di Lefer's fleet that secured the coastal areas, allowing the Italian army to stabilize the line at the Piave River and along the river to the Gulf of Venice. Before the end of the war, he also launched an artillery attack on Durazzo and quickly organized the occupation of the Istrian Peninsula and the annexes and coasts of Dalmatian. He was elected to the Italian Senate in 1917 and promoted to admiral in 1918. In 1922 he entered the Mussolini government as Minister of the Navy and concurrently served as Chief Military Adviser to King Vittorio Emanuele III. On 24 November 1924, he was promoted to field marshal along with Luigi Cadorna and Armando Diaz. and was awarded the Duke. He resigned in May 1925. After the fall of Mussolini's government, he served briefly as president of the Italian Senate from 1943 to 1944, died in 1948 and was buried next to the tomb of Armando Diaz.
<h1>Marshal of the Air Force: 1</h1>
17 Italo Balbo (06.06.1896 – 28.06.1940)
Itano Balbo
"Father of the Italian Air Force", general of the Italian Air Force, one of the fascist leaders. Pioneer aviator, leader of the Blackshirts, ruler of the colony, Mussolini's designated successor and personal friend. Exceptionally personal charm. Typical figures of Italian fascist ideals of the 20s and 30s.
Born in Ferrara, Italy, he graduated from florence university. Served as an officer in the Army of the Alps during World War I. A fascist from an early age, he led the Blackshirt militia into Rome (1922) and became the nucleus of four under Mussolini (Micheb Bianchi, Italo Balbo, General Emilio de Pinot, Dino Grandi). As a result of Mussolini's promotion, he was Minister of Aviation from 1929 to 1933, although he knew nothing about flying before. But he soon learned to fly and set about restructuring the Royal Italian Air Force. He worked hard to develop military and civil aviation. Make the Italian Air Force a most elite unit. He was a mercurial pilot who set a world record for the fastest flight.
In 1930, Balbo led a high-speed maritime squadron consisting of the Savior-Forwarder to the Americas, demonstrating the strength of the West's most intelligent country in front of the world. He single-handedly dropped bombs from the air, killing thousands of Ethiopians. In 1933, he led 24 Savoy-Marchetti SM.55X seaplanes on a transatlantic flight from Italy to Chicago. After his arrival, Chicago named a Balbo Street to commemorate it, and Franklin D. Roosevelt invited him to lunch.
Perhaps because of his high prestige, he was suspicious of Benito Mussolini. In November 1933 he was promoted to Marshal of the Air Force and dismissed from his position in the Air Force. He announced at the time of his dismissal that the Air Force already had 3,125 aircraft of various types. But this includes the factor that he deliberately exaggerated the numbers in order to show his merits. Mussolini's letter to Balbo said that from a war perspective, only 911 aircraft were really useful in total.
In any case, one thing is certain: during the period of fascist rule, especially between 1925 and 1935, Italian aviation technology developed by leaps and bounds. By the time it entered the war in 1940, it had 1,132 bombers (about 900 of which were operationally capable, of which 600 were more modern), 1,100 of which were fighters and 1,100 (700 of which were combat-capable, 221 of which were the latest MacohG200 and FiatG500s produced by March and Fiat). There are also hundreds of transport and reconnaissance aircraft, and 323 older aircraft in East Africa. The strength of the Italian Air Force has caught up with Britain and Germany, and its bombers and fighters have even surpassed those of Britain and Germany.
As the old Chinese saying goes: Soldiers bear one, and bear bears a nest.
Although there is no shortage of excellent marshals in Italy, soldiers, generals, marshals, and kings mix with each other and fall together, resulting in a history of hatred and shame in Italy.
The sources of this document are complex, and if cited, petition Haihan. Some of the information has not been found where the original citation is, because it does not want to plunder the beauty of people, such as copyright, intellectual property rights, etc., please correct, this number will be corrected in a timely manner.
If you feel that this article is interesting, please work your precious little fingers, or follow, or comment, mutual favorite, or forward, which will become a strong motivation for the firm "historical pulse" to provide you with an inexhaustible variety of action plans. Thank you!
"Historical Pulse" WeChat: spaseXsea