3、非谓语动词
绝对不能作谓语的动词；由动词衍生出来的，且不能作谓语；
1、包括动词不定式、动名词和分词3种形式；
2、分词包含现在分词和过去分词；
3、在句子中不作谓语；
to do|ing|ed；
动词与非谓语动词：1有相通的地方，有时态和语态；2非谓语动词除了不能作谓语，其他成分都能作，如主语|表语|宾语|宾补|定语|状语；
1）动词不定式
肯定，分为带to和不带to的；
否定，not + 不定式；
省略to的谓语动词是使役动词和感官动词，除此之外其他的都不能省to（被动语态不能省to），无论肯定还是否定；
I let you clean the classroom.
I let you not clean the classroom.
I decide to study hard.
| 时态 | 主动 | 被动 |
| 一般式 | to do | to be done |
| 完成式 | to have done | to have been done |
| 进行式 | to be doing | |
| 完成进行式 | to have been doing |
不定式的一般式：
表示不定式的动作与谓语动词动作几乎同时发生；
The news will not failto surprisehim.
I helped to repairthe car.
不定式的完成式：
通常表示动作发生在谓语动词之前；
I am sorry not to have come to your party last night.
He seemsto have finishedhis homework.
I am very happy to have helpedyou.
不定式的进行式：
表示不定式的动作正在进行，持续之中；
The boys were discoveredto be hidingbehind the door.
It's nice to be lyingon the beach.
The boss doesn't like youto be always cominglate for work.
不定式的完成进行式：
表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前；到谓语动作发生时可能停止，也可能继续下去；
Tom seemedto have been reading a novel.
He is found to have been working for 4 hours.
不定式语态：
逻辑主语是动作的发出者，用主动；反之，用被动；
She asked you to close the door.
She asked the door to be closed.
I have some clothes to wash.自己洗
I have some clothes to be washedtoday.让别人帮忙洗
不定式的主动表被动：
There is still a lot of work to do(to be done).
The stone is too heavy to move(be moved).
The stone is too heavy for me to move.
The pencil is easy to write with.
The coffee is bitter to taste.
不定式的句法功能：
不定式作主语时，表示一个具体的，特定的行为；
谓语动词用第三人称单数形式；
动词不定式作主语可位于句首；当作主语的不定式是较长的短语时，通常使用it作形式主语，动词不定式置于句末；
To livemeans to create.
It is stupid to dothat sort of thing.
To do that sort of thingis stupid.
It is very important for everyoneto learna skill in society.
To learn a skill is very important for everyone in society.
It is necessary for young students to learna foreign language.
To learn a foreign language is necessary for young students.
it作形式主语句型：
It is + adj. (+ for sb.|sth.) + to do sth.
It's + adj. + of + sb. + 不定式
It + be + 名词 + 不定式
It takes sb. + some time + to do sth.
It is interesting to playthis game.
It is necessary for you to changeyour job.
How rude it was of the boyto jump the queue!
It is friendly of the familyto try to make me feel at home in their house.
How silly it was of you to give upsuch a good chance!
It's our duty to take good care ofthe old.
What a pity it is for youto have missedsuch a wonderful film.
It is good manners for the youngto givetheir seats to the old.
It's a shame for youto dosuch kind of thing.
It took us half an hourto ride to the town by bike.
不定式作表语：
主语和表语同为不定式时，通常主语表示条件，表语表示结果；
To see is to believe.
作表语常用于以下结构：
my wish|job|aim goal is + 不定式；
The next step|important thing|problem|measure is + 不定式等
My wishis to bea teacher.
My goalis to passthe college entrance examination.
Your jobis to typethe papers in the coffee.
The next measure is to stop the river from being polluted.
不定式作宾语：
常见的使用动词不定式作宾语的动词有：agree|choose|decide|hope|fail|wish|refuse|expect|manage|plan|intend|pretend|promise|offer|afford|demand|arrange等；
常接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语的动词有：decide|know|learn|remember|see|settle|think等；
They decided to builda highway between these two cities.
She offered to helpme when I was in trouble.
He promised not to tellanyone about it.
当作宾语的不定式是较长的短语时，常常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的不定式（宾语）放到句末去；
常用动词有believe|think|consider|find|feel|make等；
构成句型“动词 + it + adj.|n. + to do sth.”，其中使用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语动词不定式置于句末；
I think it necessary for usto have a good rest after the long work.
I find it difficult to understand him.
不定式作宾补：
The doctor advised her not to eat too much sugar. # advise|wish|persuade|ask sb to do sth.
I wish you to go to the meeting with me.
I persuaded him to give up smoking.
She asked me to stay here.
有一类表见解、看法的动词，后常接to be型不定式作宾补，to be可以省略；
He declared himself (to be) a college student.
The police proved him (to be) a thief.
hope|demand|suggest等动词不能后接不定式作宾补，而要接从句；
I hope (that) my son will be back soon.
I hope my son to be back soon. # 错误
She suggests us to have a discussion about it. # 错误
She suggests that we (should) have a discussion about it.
She advises us to have a discussion about it.
在主动结构中，下列动词后作宾补的动词不定式应省略to（但在被动句中应补充to）：
“五看”，see|watch|notice|observer|look at；
“三使”，make|let|have；
“两听”，hear|listen to；
“一感觉”，feel；
His boss made|have|let him work all day long.
I heard him sing in her bedroom.
I saw him play basketball on the playground.
He was seen to breakthe window.
不定式作定语：
应位于所修饰词语之后，即作后置定语；
被修饰的名词和用作定语的不定式之间可能是逻辑主语，也可以是逻辑宾语的关系；
Have you got anythingto eat? # to eat修饰anything位于其后
Do you have anything to say|declare?
下列名词后常接动词不定式作定语：ability|attempt|chance|courage|decision|effort|evidence|failure|means|measure|reason|refusal|promise|right|way|wish等；
I have the ability to speakEnglish.
But she gave upthe chance to go abroad.
You have no right to speak.
He hasthe ability to work out the math question.
I have the courage to inviteher for dinner.
不定式作状语：
作目的状语，不定式的动作稍晚于谓语动词的动作；
in order to既可以放在句首表目的，亦可以放在句中；
so as to只能放在句中；
I must leave nowto getthere on time.
I am saying thisto encourageyou.
I store the food in the fridge to keepit fresh.
We went thereto see our grandparents.
In order tocatch the early bus, I get up early every day.
=
![主语，宾语，表语的变化[图]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)