英语语法-Verb动词-动词的语法-时态

三、动词的语法

1、动词的时态（6（3+2+1）+10）

时间+状态，时间状语决定动词形式（3种）；

现在时	过去时	将来时	过去将来时
一般	ask/asked	asked	shall/will ask	should/would ask
进行	am/is/are	was/were asking	shall/will be asking	should/would be asking
完成	have/has asked	had asked	shall/will have asked	should/would have askied
完成进行	have/has been asking	had been asking	shall/will have been asking	should/would have been asking

基本的6个时态，其余的10个复杂时态由这6个衍生而来，如从这6个里分别拿出2个、3个、4个进行组合，最难的是“过去将来完成进行时”；

过去（3）	现在（2）	将来（1）
一般过去时（强调动作发生在过去的事实） 过去完成时（强调动作发生在过去的过去） 现在完成时（动作发生在过去但对现在有影响） The car arrived. The car has arrived.	一般现在时 现在进行时	一般将来时

1）一般现在时

经常或习惯发生的动作或状态；

They goto the Palace Museum once a year.

They oftendiscuss business in the evening.

表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态；

The earth turnsround the sun.  # 单三只在一般现在时中才有

Lighttravelsfaster than sound.

表十分确定会发生或按照时间表进行的事情；

The train for Haikouleavesat 8:00 in the morning.

时间状语从句和条件状语从句，一般现在时 代 一般将来时；

Please ring me upas soon asyou arrive in Germany.

If it rains tomorrow, we will have to stay at home.主将从现

2）一般过去时

常见时间状语；表过去的动作或状态；

Little Tom broke the window at half past time this morning.

Whenhe went into the room, he saw a stranger talking with his father.

He came to our city in the year 2000.

3）一般将来时

时间状语；将来某一时刻动作或状态；打算或准备要做的事情；主观判断即将要发生的事情；

形式有4种：

will + 动词原形；

am|is|are going to + 动词原形；

ar|is|are to + 动词原形；

be about to + 动词原形；

I will graduate from this school soon.

It 's going to rain soon.

4）现在进行时

be(am|is|are) + 现在分词；

I am writing a long novel.

表即将发生的动作，一般指近期安排好的事情；

What are you doing tomorrow?

I am leaving.

表频繁发生或反复进行的动作，常与always等频度副词连用，以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩；

Heis always borrowingmoney from me andforgettingall about it some time later.

5）过去进行时

was|were + 现在分词；

时间状语；用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中，表示与语句动作同时进行且是延续时间较长；

He was cooking supper this time yesterday.

The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.

She was it happend when she was walking past.

They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.

6）现在完成时

have|has + done，此处have是助动词，另have实意动词表示“有”；

表在过去开始一起延续到现在的动作或状态；

时间状语；状语从句；

I have never seen such fine pictures before.

He has just gone to England.

I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.

Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.

在完成时中，一个瞬间性动词（一次性动作）不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，此时须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词；

瞬间性动词的完成时	延续性动词或状态动词的完成时
have (already) gone to	have been in|at....for (two years)
has come to	has been here since (1990)

7）过去完成时

表示的时间是“过去的过去”；助动词had + 动词的过去分词；

时间状语；常用于宾语从句，after|before引导的从句中；

They had already finishedcleaning the classroom whentheir teacher came.

The woman had left beforehe realized she was a cheat.

AfterI had puton my shoes and hat, I walked into the darkness.

He said thathe had never seena kangaroo before.

8）过去将来时

should|would + 动词原形；

在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中不用过去将来时；

表打算或主观认为的用was|were going to+动词原形；

He promised that he would payme a lot if I helped him with the project.

Every time when he was free, he would sit down and readsome books.

She told me she would be18 the next month.

She told me that she was going tohave a walk with her pet dog.

9）现在完成进行时

have|has + been doing；

指一个从过去就开始一直延续到现在并有可能继续下去的动作，它具有现在完成时和现在进行时双重特征；

I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.

How long have you been waiting here?

10）时态扩展 - 将来进行时

shall|will + be + 现在分词；

表将来某一时间正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时间开始，并继续下去的动作；

Please don't call me between 8:00 and 10:00 tomorrow.I'll be havingmy classes them.我那时正在上课

特殊用法1，表示预定的将来动作或对将来的预测；

After you take the medicine, you will be feelingmuch better.服药之后，你会感觉好很多

特殊用法2，表示委婉的请求；

When shall we be meetingagain?我们什么时候再见面？

11）时态扩展 - 过去将来进行时

should|would + be + 现在分词；

表示在过去某一时间之后即将进行的动作；

He said that he could not come because hewould be havinga meeting.他说他不能来因为要开会

过去将来进行时主要用于宾语从句中，尤其多用于间接引语中；

They said they would be coming.他们说了他们将要来

12）将来完成时

shall|will have + done；

表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响；

Weshall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元

By the time you get home, I will have cleanedthe house from top to bottom.你到家之前，我将把房子彻底打扫一遍

表示推测，相当于must have done结构；

You will have heardof this, I guess.我猜你已经听说过这件事了

I am sure that he will have got the information.我相信他一定会得到这个信息

13）过去将来完成时

表示从过去某一时间来看，将来某时会已经完成的动作（would have gone多出现在虚拟语气中）；

He knew by the time he arrived shewould have gonehome.在他到时他才知道她已经回家了

14）过去完成进行时

had been doing；

表动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间；

They had been waitingfor the bus a few moments when it came.他们等了一会车才来

15）将来完成进行时

shall|will have been doing；

表示动作从将来的某一时间开始，一直延续到将来某一时间；

I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year.到今年年底，我将在这个工厂工作20年了

16）过去将来完成进行时

would|should have been + 现在分词；