Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do

01

1)trolley car-driver

track a :five worker(default)

track b :one worker

turn or not?

2)trolley car-onlooker

track a :five worker(default)

track b :one worker

very fat man

push or not?

3)doctor

6people 1life vs 5lives

moral right thing to do

consequentialist and categorical moral principles

Bentham 功利主义（Utilitarianism）Kant

philosophy estranges us for the familiar

personal and political risks

02

功利主义

the right thing , the just thing to do is to maximize utility.--Bentham

He meant by utility the balance of pleasure and pain, happiness over suffering

英王真实故事

captain,first mate, sailor, orphan,海上遇难

基本权利、抽签、提前告知、同意、反悔、人吃人、掌控他人生命、murder、不情之举、牵涉的影响

03

Bentham. in a phrase, maximize utility

cost-benefit analysis成本效益分析

捷克吸烟分析

福特汽车油箱改进分析

开车使用手机分析

罗马斗兽场

人的价值，humanlife

充分尊重少数人的利益，如何加起来

1930, 5拔牙，小脚趾，2吃活蚯蚓，1农场度余生，溺死流浪猫

04

how to measure pleasure

恐怖袭击3000信息，嫌疑人，酷刑

objections to bentham

1/fail to respect individule rights

2/not possible to aggregate all values and preferences

男女学院，男生留夜。收费，限制天数，用水洗澡，换床垫。。。

The quantity of pleasure being equal, pushpin is as good as poetry.--Bentham

《功利主义》Mill

experience , prefer。区分更高的pleasure

三个短片，shakespeare，simpsons，fear factory

It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied;

Better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.

And if the fool, or the pig, are of a different opinion,

it is because they only know their side of the question.---Mill

边沁尸体 伦敦大学

05

Free to choose

libertarianism 自由主义

The libertarian view of government

1/ no paternalist legislation废除家长式立法

2/ no morals legislation废除道德立法

3/ no redistribution of income from rich to poor 收入再分配

公平获取公平竞争

actual example

bill gates比尔盖茨、乔丹

taxation=taking of earning=forcing labor=slavery

slef possession

06

who owns me

自由主义反对再分配的论点-我们支配自己

Objections to libertarianism

1/The poor need the money more

2/Taxation by consent of the governed is not coerced

3/The successful owe a debt to society

4/Weathy depends partly on luck so it isn't deserved

self possession

07

This land is my land

the law of nature

John Locke1.2.

08

consenting adults

Our incomes are like our shoes: if too small, they gall and pinch us; but if too large, they cause us to stumble and to trip. ----John Locks

what is the work of consent

the right to life, liberaty, property

09

Hired guns

ways to increase recruitment

1 increase pay and benefits

2 shift to military conscription

3 outsource - hire mercenaries

Civil war system

1 what inequalities undermine the freedom?

2 what are the obligations of citizenship?

10

For Sale: Motherhood

egg donors/sperm donors捐卵捐精

专业公司、商业代孕

代孕实例：生下孩子后改变主意要留下孩子

支持：  a deal is a deal. 一言既出驷马难追

              adoption 收养合法

反对：  不知道对孩子的感受，孩子有权拥有自己的生母，似乎是在卖孩子，情感纽带，法院不能强制执行

1 Tainted or flawed consent

  -coercion

  -lack of infomation

2 Dehumanizing

法院裁决合同无效

Perhaps certain goods are properly valued in a way higher than mere use.（20120808）

11

Mind Your Motive小心你的动机

康德反对功利主义

Kant:

We are all rational beings

When we, like animals, seek after pleasure or the satisfaction of our

desires or the avoidance of pain, we aren't really acting freely.

"Obey you thirst" --雪碧

Kant's conception of freedom:

To act freely

  =to act autonomously

    =to act according to a law that i give myself

Heternomy他律

  to act according to desires i have not chosen myself

The motive confers the moral worth on an action.

康德认为动机赋予了行为的道德价值

duty vs. inclination 职责vs偏好

店主例子 怕少着零钱影响声誉而不犯错 NO道德价值moral worth

自杀例子 、美国商业局、学校不作弊得折扣协议例子

百善孝为先，论心不论迹，论迹穷人无孝子；

万恶淫为首，论迹不论心，论心天下无完人。(20120809)

12

The supreme principle of mority