HTTP協定詳解、http封包、請求與響應HTTP的請求與響應用戶端HTTP請求

HTTP??璁?锛?HyperText Transfer Protocol锛?瓒?????浼?杈???璁?锛?锛???涓?绉???甯????ユ??HTML椤甸?㈢???規???

HTTPS锛?Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer锛?绠???璁叉??HTTP??瀹??ㄧ??锛???TTP涓?????SL灞???

SSL锛?Secure Sockets Layer 瀹??ㄥ??ュ?锛?涓昏??ㄤ?Web??瀹??ㄤ?杈???璁?锛??ㄤ?杈?灞?瀵圭?缁?杩??ヨ?琛???瀵?锛?淇?????nternet涓??版??浼?杈???瀹??ㄣ??

• HTTP

  ??绔??ｅ?蜂負

  80

  锛?

• HTTPS

  ??绔??ｅ?蜂負

  443

HTTP宸ヤ?????

娴?瑙??ㄧ??涓昏????芥???????″?ㄥ???鴻?鋒?锛??ㄦ?瑙??ㄧ???ｄ腑灞?绀烘?ㄩ???╃??缃?缁?璧?婧?锛?HTTP??涓?濂?璁＄???洪??杩?缃?缁?杩?琛???淇＄??瑙?????

HTTP??璇鋒?涓???搴?

HTTP??淇＄?變袱?ㄥ??缁???锛??瀹㈡?風??璇鋒?娑????涓?????″?ㄥ??搴?娑???

娴?瑙??ㄥ????HTTP璇鋒???杩?绋?锛?

1. 褰??ㄦ?峰?ㄦ?瑙??ㄧ???闆????涓?杈??ヤ?涓?URL骞舵????杞???涔???锛?娴?瑙??ㄤ???HTTP???″?ㄥ????HTTP璇鋒???HTTP璇鋒?涓昏???涓衡??Get??????Post??涓ょ??規???
2. 褰???浠??ㄦ?瑙??ㄨ???RL?http://www.baidu.com????跺??锛?娴?瑙??ㄥ????涓?涓?Request璇鋒??昏?峰???http://www.baidu.com???html??浠訛????″?ㄦ??Response??浠跺?矽薄??????缁?娴?瑙??ㄣ??
3. 娴?瑙??ㄥ????Response涓??? HTML锛????闆?朵腑寮??ㄤ?寰?澶??朵???浠訛?姣?濡?Images??浠訛?CSS??浠訛?JS??浠躲?? 娴?瑙??ㄤ????ㄥ??娆″????Request?昏?峰???劇??锛?CSS??浠訛?????JS??浠躲??
4. 褰?????????浠堕?戒?杞芥??????锛?缃?椤典??規??HTML璇?娉?缁???锛?瀹??寸???劇ず?烘?ヤ???

URL锛?Uniform / Universal Resource Locator??缂╁??锛?锛?缁?涓?璧?婧?瀹?浣?绗?????ㄤ?瀹??村?版??杩?nternet涓?缃?椤靛???朵?璧?婧????闆????涓?绉???璇??規???

?烘???煎?锛?

scheme://host[:port#]/path/??[?query-string][#anchor]

• scheme锛???璁?(渚?濡?锛?http, https, ftp)
• host锛????″?ㄧ??IP?闆??????????
• port#锛????″?ㄧ??绔??ｏ?濡?????璧闆??璁?榛?璁ょ???ｏ?缂虹??绔???0锛?
• path锛?璁塊??璧?婧???璺?寰?
• query-string锛????幫?????缁?http???″?ㄧ???版??
• anchor锛???锛?璺寵漿?扮?椤電????瀹????逛?缃?锛?

渚?濡?锛?

• ftp://192.168.0.116:8080/index
• http://www.baidu.com
• http://item.jd.com/11936238.html#product-detail

瀹㈡?風??HTTP璇鋒?

URL??????璇?璧?婧???浣?缃?锛???HTTP???ㄦ?ユ??浜ゅ???峰??璧?婧???瀹㈡?風??????涓?涓?HTTP璇鋒??版???″?ㄧ??璇鋒?娑???锛?????浠ヤ??煎?锛?

璇鋒?琛?

??

璇鋒?澶撮??/code>??

绌鴻?

??

璇鋒??版??

??涓??ㄥ??缁???锛?涓??劇??轟?璇鋒??ユ????涓????煎???

涓?涓??稿????HTTP璇鋒?绀轟?

GET https://www.baidu.com/ HTTP/1.1
Host: www.baidu.com
Connection: keep-alive
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.99 Safari/537.36
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
Referer: http://www.baidu.com/
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, sdch, br
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,en;q=0.6
Cookie: BAIDUID=04E4001F34EA74AD4601512DD3C41A7B:FG=1; BIDUPSID=04E4001F34EA74AD4601512DD3C41A7B; PSTM=1470329258; MCITY=-343%3A340%3A; BDUSS=nF0MVFiMTVLcUh-Q2MxQ0M3STZGQUZ4N2hBa1FFRkIzUDI3QlBCZjg5cFdOd1pZQVFBQUFBJCQAAAAAAAAAAAEAAADpLvgG0KGyvLrcyfrG-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFaq3ldWqt5XN; H_PS_PSSID=1447_18240_21105_21386_21454_21409_21554; BD_UPN=12314753; sug=3; sugstore=0; ORIGIN=0; bdime=0; H_PS_645EC=7e2ad3QHl181NSPbFbd7PRUCE1LlufzxrcFmwYin0E6b%2BW8bbTMKHZbDP0g; BDSVRTM=0
           

璇鋒??規?

GET https://www.baidu.com/ HTTP/1.1

?規??HTTP????锛?HTTP璇鋒???浠ヤ嬌?ㄥ?绉?璇鋒??規??? HTTP 0.9锛??????烘???????? GET ???姐?? HTTP 1.0锛?瀹?????璇鋒?/??搴?妯″??锛?骞跺???璁?琛ュ??瀹??達?瀹?涔?浜?涓?绉?璇鋒??規?锛? GET, POST ?? HEAD?規??? HTTP 1.1锛???1.0 ?虹?涓?杩?琛??存?幫??闆?浜?浜?绉?璇鋒??規?锛?OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE, TRACE ?? CONNECT ?規??? HTTP 2.0锛???????锛?锛?璇鋒?/??搴?棣??ㄧ??瀹?涔??烘??娌℃???瑰??锛?????????棣??ㄩ??蹇?椤誨?ㄩ?ㄥ???锛???涓?璇鋒?琛?瑕???绔?涓?:method??:scheme??:host??:path杩?浜????煎?廣??

搴???/th>	?規?	??杩?/th>
1	GET	璇鋒???瀹???椤甸??俊??锛?骞惰???瀹?浣?涓諱???
2	HEAD	绫諱技浜?get璇鋒?锛???涓?杩?杩???????搴?涓?娌℃???蜂?????瀹癸??ㄤ??峰???ュご
3	POST	????瀹?璧?婧???浜ゆ?版??杩?琛?澶???璇鋒?锛?渚?濡???浜よ〃??????涓?浼???浠訛?锛??版??琚??????ㄨ?鋒?浣?涓???POST璇鋒????戒?瀵艱?存?扮??璧?婧???寤虹????/??宸叉??璧?婧???淇??廣??
4	PUT	浠?瀹㈡?風???????″?ㄤ??????版????浠ｆ??瀹?????妗ｇ????瀹廣??
5	DELETE	璇鋒????″?ㄥ???ゆ??瀹???椤甸????
6	CONNECT	HTTP/1.1??璁?涓?棰???缁??藉?灏?杩??ユ?逛負绠￠???瑰???浠ｇ?????″?ㄣ??
7	OPTIONS	??璁稿?㈡?風???ョ?????″?ㄧ???ц?姐??
8	TRACE	???炬???″?ㄦ?跺?扮??璇鋒?锛?涓昏??ㄤ?娴?璇???璇?????

HTTP璇鋒?涓昏???涓?code>Get

??

Post

涓ょ??規?

• GET??浠????″?ㄤ??峰???版??锛?POST???????″?ㄤ????版??
• GET璇鋒????版?劇ず锛??芥?劇ず?ㄦ?瑙??ㄧ???涓?锛?HTTP???″?ㄦ?規??璇ヨ?鋒???????URL涓??????版?ヤ駭????搴???瀹癸??斥??Get??璇鋒??????版??URL??涓??ㄥ???? 渚?濡?锛??

  http://www.baidu.com/s?wd=Chinese

• POST璇鋒????闆?ㄨ?鋒?浣?褰?涓?锛?娑????垮害娌℃?????惰??涓?浠ラ??寮????瑰?杩?琛?????锛???甯哥?ㄦ?ュ??HTTP???″?ㄦ??浜ら??姣?杈?澶х???版??锛?姣?濡?璇鋒?涓?????璁稿????版??????浠朵?浼???浣?绛?锛?锛?璇鋒??????闆?????ㄢ??Content-Type??娑???澶撮??锛?????璇ユ???浣???濯?浣?绫誨????缂???锛?

娉ㄦ??锛??垮??浣跨??et?瑰???浜よ〃??锛???涓烘?????戒?瀵艱?村???ㄩ??棰??? 姣?濡?璇村?ㄧ?婚??琛ㄥ??涓???et?瑰?锛??ㄦ?瘋??ョ???ㄦ?峰????瀵???灏??ㄥ?闆????涓??撮?叉??????

甯哥?ㄧ??璇鋒??ュご

1. Host (涓繪?哄??绔??ｅ??

Host锛?瀵瑰?缃???URL涓???Web??绉闆??绔??ｅ?鳳??ㄤ???瀹?琚?璇鋒?璧?婧???Internet涓繪?哄??绔??ｅ?鳳???甯稿?浜?URL??涓??ㄥ????

2. Connection (?炬?ョ被??)

Connection锛?琛ㄧず瀹㈡?風??涓????¤??ョ被??

1. Client ??璧蜂?涓??????

   Connection:keep-alive

   ???璇鋒?锛?HTTP/1.1浣跨???

   keep-alive

   ?涓洪?璁ゅ?箋??
2. Server?跺?拌?鋒???锛?
   • 濡??? Server ???? keep-alive锛???澶?涓?涓????? Connection:keep-alive ????搴?锛?涓??抽??杩??ワ?
   • 濡??? Server 涓????? keep-alive锛???澶?涓?涓????? Connection:close ????搴?锛??抽??杩??ャ??
3. 濡???client?跺?闆?????

   Connection:keep-alive

   ?????搴?锛?????涓?涓?杩??ュ????涓?涓?涓?璇鋒?锛??村?頒??逛富?ㄥ?抽??杩??ャ??

keep-alive?ㄥ?澶????典??藉????ㄨ??ワ???灏?璧?婧?娑???锛?缂╃????搴??堕?達?姣?濡?褰?娴?瑙??ㄩ??瑕?澶?涓???浠舵??姣?濡?涓?涓?HTML??浠跺???稿?崇???懼艦??浠?锛?涓???瑕?姣?娆￠?藉?昏?鋒?寤虹??杩??ャ??

3. Upgrade-Insecure-Requests (??绾т負HTTPS璇鋒?)

Upgrade-Insecure-Requests锛???绾т?瀹??ㄧ??璇鋒?锛???????浼??ㄥ??杞?http 璧?婧??惰???ㄦ?挎?㈡?? https 璇鋒?锛?璁╂?瑙??ㄤ????劇ずhttps椤甸??腑??http璇鋒?璀??ャ??

HTTPS ??浠ュ???ㄤ負?????? HTTP ????锛???浠ュ??HTTPS ?胯澆??椤甸???涓???璁稿?虹??HTTP 璇鋒?锛?涓????虹?闆氨????绀烘???ラ????

4. User-Agent (娴?瑙??ㄥ??绉?

User-Agent锛???瀹㈡?鋒?瑙??ㄧ????绉幫?浠ュ??浼?璇??璁層??

5. Accept (浼?杈???浠剁被??)

Accept锛???娴?瑙??ㄦ???朵?瀹㈡?風????浠ユ?ュ????MIME锛?Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions锛?澶??ㄩ??浜???缃???浠舵?╁?锛?锛???浠剁被??锛????″?ㄥ??浠ユ?規??瀹??ゆ??骞惰?????褰?????浠舵?煎???

涓句?锛?

Accept: */*

锛?琛ㄧず浠?涔??藉??浠ユ?ユ?躲??

Accept锛?image/gif

锛?琛ㄦ??瀹㈡?風??甯????ュ??GIF?懼???煎???璧?婧?锛?

Accept锛?text/html

锛?琛ㄦ??瀹㈡?風??甯????ュ??html??????

Accept: text/html, application/xhtml+xml;q=0.9, image/*;q=0.8

锛?琛ㄧず娴?瑙??ㄦ?????? MIME 绫誨???????? html??????xhtml??xml??妗ｃ?????????懼???煎?璧?婧???

q??????绯繪?幫?????0 =< q <= 1锛?q ?艱?澶э?璇鋒?瓒??懼??浜??峰??垛??;??涔?????绫誨??琛ㄧず????瀹廣???ユ病????瀹?q?鹼???榛?璁や負1锛???浠?宸??闆?蟲??搴?椤哄?锛??ヨ?璧??間負0锛????ㄤ?琛ㄧず娴?瑙??ㄤ??ュ??姝ゅ??瀹圭被????

Text锛??ㄤ????????拌〃绀虹??????淇℃??锛?????娑?????浠ユ??澶?绉?瀛?绗?????????澶?绉??煎???锛?Application锛??ㄤ?浼?杈?搴??ㄧ?搴??版??????浜?杩??舵?版????

6. Referer (椤甸?㈣煩杞?澶?)

Referer锛?琛ㄦ??浜х??璇鋒???缃?椤墊?ヨ??浜???涓?URL锛??ㄦ?鋒??浠?璇?Referer椤甸?㈣?塊???闆???璇鋒???椤甸????杩?涓?灞??у??浠ョ?ㄦ?ヨ?韪?Web璇鋒??ヨ????涓?椤甸?????浠?浠?涔?缃?绔??ョ??绛???

???跺?????頒?杞芥??缃?绔??劇??锛???瑕?瀵瑰???referer锛???????娉?涓?杞藉?劇??锛??ｆ????涓轟漢瀹跺??浜??茬???撅?????灏辨???規??referer?誨?ゆ??????????缃?绔????闆??锛?濡???涓???锛?????缁?锛?濡?????锛?灏卞??浠ヤ?杞斤?

7. Accept-Encoding锛???浠剁?瑙ｇ???煎?锛?

Accept-Encoding锛????烘?瑙??ㄥ??浠ユ?ュ????缂????瑰???缂????瑰?涓???浜???浠舵?煎?锛?瀹???涓轟???缂╂??浠跺苟??????浠朵?????搴???娴?瑙??ㄥ?ㄦ?ユ?跺??eb??搴?涔?????瑙ｇ??锛??跺????妫??ユ??浠舵?煎?锛?璁稿???褰??杩???浠ュ??灏?澶ч????涓?杞芥?堕?淬??

涓句?锛?Accept-Encoding:gzip;q=1.0, identity; q=0.5, *;q=0

濡?????澶?涓?Encoding???跺?歸??, ?????奸『搴?????锛???渚?涓???椤哄????? gzip, identity??缂╃???锛?????gzip??娴?瑙??ㄤ?杩???缁?杩?gzip缂?????HTML椤甸?????濡???璇鋒?娑???涓?娌℃??璁劇疆杩?涓??????″?ㄥ??瀹?瀹㈡?風??瀵瑰??绉???瀹圭????藉??浠ユ?ュ????

8. Accept-Language锛?璇?瑷?绉?绫夥?

Accept-Langeuage锛????烘?瑙??ㄥ??浠ユ?ュ????璇?瑷?绉?绫夥?濡?en??en-us???辮??锛?zh????zh-cn??涓???锛?褰????″?ㄨ?藉???渚?涓?绉?浠ヤ???璇?瑷??????惰??ㄥ?般??

9. Accept-Charset锛?瀛?绗????锛?

Accept-Charset锛????烘?瑙??ㄥ??浠ユ?ュ????瀛?绗??????

涓句?锛?Accept-Charset:iso-8859-1,gb2312,utf-8

• ISO8859-1锛???甯稿????Latin-1??Latin-1????浜?涔???????瑗挎?規?ф床璇?瑷?涓???缂哄???????瀛?绗???辨??娴?瑙??ㄧ??榛?璁ゅ?兼??ISO-8859-1.
• gb2312锛?????绠?浣?涓???瀛?绗???;
• utf-8锛?UNICODE ??涓?绉????垮??绗????锛???浠ヨВ?沖?绉?璇?瑷??????劇ず??棰?锛?浠???瀹??闆??ㄥ?介?????????闆????

濡????ㄨ?鋒?娑???涓?娌℃??璁劇疆杩?涓???锛?缂虹????浠諱?瀛?绗????藉??浠ユ?ュ????

10. Cookie 锛?Cookie锛?

Cookie锛?娴?瑙??ㄧ?ㄨ?涓?灞??у?????″?ㄥ????Cookie??Cookie???ㄦ?瑙??ㄤ腑瀵?瀛???灏????版??浣?锛?瀹???浠ヨ?拌澆?????″?ㄧ?稿?崇???ㄦ?蜂俊??锛?涔???浠ョ?ㄦ?ュ???頒?璇????斤?浠ュ??浼?璇??璁層??

11. Content-Type (POST?版??绫誨??)

Content-Type锛?POST璇鋒????ㄦ?ヨ〃绀虹????瀹圭被????

涓句?锛?Content-Type = Text/XML; charset=gb2312锛?

????璇ヨ?鋒???娑???浣?涓?????????绾???????XML绫誨?????版??锛?瀛?绗???????ㄢ??gb2312????

???＄??HTTP??搴?

HTTP??搴?涔??卞??涓??ㄥ??缁???锛???????锛??

?舵??琛?

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娑????ュご

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绌鴻?

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??搴?姝ｆ??

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: Tengine
Connection: keep-alive
Date: Wed, 30 Nov 2016 07:58:21 GMT
Cache-Control: no-cache
Content-Type: text/html;charset=UTF-8
Keep-Alive: timeout=20
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Pragma: no-cache
X-NWS-LOG-UUID: bd27210a-24e5-4740-8f6c-25dbafa9c395
Content-Length: 180945

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" ....
           

甯哥?ㄧ????搴??ュご

??璁轟?????????搴?澶翠俊???藉?璇ユ????搴?璇鋒?澶寸????浣??????＄??涓轟?????锛?瀹????杩????朵??歸?㈢??????锛?浼?娣誨???稿?瑰?????搴?澶翠俊??锛?浠?涓??懼??浠ョ???幫?

1. Cache-Control锛?must-revalidate, no-cache, private??

杩?涓??煎??璇?瀹㈡?風??锛????＄??涓?甯???瀹㈡?風??缂?瀛?璧?婧?锛??ㄤ?娆¤?鋒?璧?婧??訛?蹇?椤昏?浠??拌?鋒????″???涓??戒?缂?瀛?????涓??峰??璧?婧???

• Cache-Control????搴?澶翠腑寰???瑕???淇℃??锛?褰?瀹㈡?風??璇鋒?澶翠腑????Cache-Control:max-age=0璇鋒?锛???纭?琛ㄧず涓?浼?缂?瀛????″?ㄨ?婧???Cache-Control浣?涓轟?涓哄??搴?淇℃??锛???甯鎬?杩???no-cache锛?????灏辨??璇達?"?ｅ氨涓?缂?瀛???"??
• 褰?瀹㈡?風???ㄨ?鋒?澶翠腑娌℃??????Cache-Control?訛????＄??寰?寰?浼?瀹?,涓?????璧?婧?涓?????缂?瀛?绛??ワ?姣?濡?璇?schina?ㄧ?瀛??劇??璧?婧???绛??ュ氨??Cache-Control锛?max-age=86400,杩?涓???????锛?浠?褰????堕?村?濮?锛???6400绉????堕?村??锛?瀹㈡?風????浠ョ?存?ヤ?缂?瀛?????涓?璇誨??璧?婧?锛???涓???瑕??????″?ㄨ?鋒???

2. Connection锛?keep-alive

杩?涓?瀛?娈典?涓哄??搴?瀹㈡?風????Connection锛?keep-alive锛???璇?瀹㈡?風?????″?ㄧ??tcp杩??ヤ???涓?涓??胯??ワ?瀹㈡?風????浠ョ戶缁?浣跨?ㄨ?涓?tcp杩??ュ????http璇鋒???

3. Content-Encoding:gzip

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