當我們想在原檔案和新檔案之間生成patch，并用這個patch檔案，應用在原檔案上快速完成更新時，可以使用以下步驟：
- 用diff生成patch
$ echo "12345\ntesting"> old_file $ echo "125testing\ntesting1234"> new_file $ # We have 2 common ways to get the patch $ # The first way is : $ diff old_file new_file > file_patch $ # We can see the patch are generated by lines $ cat file_patch 1c1 < 12345\ntesting --- > 125testing\ntesting1234 $ # The second way is : $ diff -c old_file new_file > c_file_patch $ # Then we can see the patch are generated by contents $ cat c_file_patch *** old_file 2018-12-27 21:06:57.922518425 +0800 --- new_file 2018-12-27 21:07:11.551401751 +0800 *************** *** 1 *** ! 12345\ntesting --- 1 ---- ! 125testing\ntesting1234 $ # We also can get one whole patch for files of the whole directories $ mkdir -p new_dir old_dir $ echo "123" > new_dir/test_1.txt $ echo "789testing" > new_dir/test_2.txt $ echo "356" > old_dir/test_1.txt $ echo "35678" > old_dir/test_2.txt $ diff -c -r old_dir/ new_dir > dir_patch $ # let use the output $ cat dir_patch diff -c -r old_dir/test_1.txt new_dir/test_1.txt *** old_dir/test_1.txt 2018-12-27 21:55:38.654094697 +0800 --- new_dir/test_1.txt 2018-12-27 21:55:18.719294247 +0800 *************** *** 1 **** ! 356 --- 1 ---- ! 123 diff -c -r old_dir/test_2.txt new_dir/test_2.txt *** old_dir/test_2.txt 2018-12-27 21:55:48.594995187 +0800 --- new_dir/test_2.txt 2018-12-27 21:55:29.630185028 +0800 *************** *** 1 **** ! 35678 --- 1 ---- ! 789testing diff -c -r old_dir/test_1.txt new_dir/test_1.txt *** old_dir/test_1.txt 2018-12-27 21:55:38.654094697 +0800 --- new_dir/test_1.txt 2018-12-27 21:55:18.719294247 +0800 *************** *** 1 **** ! 356 --- 1 ---- ! 123 diff -c -r old_dir/test_2.txt new_dir/test_2.txt *** old_dir/test_2.txt 2018-12-27 21:55:48.594995187 +0800 --- new_dir/test_2.txt 2018-12-27 21:55:29.630185028 +0800 *************** *** 1 **** ! 35678 --- 1 ---- ! 789testing - 應用patch改變原來的檔案
$ # patch single file $ patch old_file -i c_file_patch patching file old_file $ diff old_file new_file $ # No difference $ # patch multiple files for directories $ patch -i dir_patch -p0 patching file old_dir/test_1.txt patching file old_dir/test_2.txt $ diff -c -r old_dir/ new_dir/ $ # No difference $ # Let us see how the '-p' means here $ # Let us prepare one directoy $ tree old_dir/ old_dir/ |-- sub_1 | |-- sub_2 | | `-- sub_4 | | `-- test_4.txt | |-- sub_3 | | `-- test_3.txt | `-- test_2.txt `-- test_1.txt 4 directories, 4 files $ tree new_dir/ new_dir/ |-- sub_1 | |-- sub_2 | | |-- sub_4 | | | `-- test_4.txt | | `-- test_5.txt | |-- sub_3 | | `-- test_3.txt | `-- test_2.txt `-- test_1.txt 4 directories, 5 files $ # get the patch $ diff -c -r old_dir/ new_dir/ diff -c -r old_dir/sub_1/sub_2/sub_4/test_4.txt new_dir/sub_1/sub_2/sub_4/test_4.txt *** old_dir/sub_1/sub_2/sub_4/test_4.txt 2018-12-27 22:19:20.479215655 +0800 --- new_dir/sub_1/sub_2/sub_4/test_4.txt 2018-12-27 22:21:53.496338977 +0800 *************** *** 1 **** ! 123457878786dddddd --- 1 ---- ! 12d3457878786dddddd Only in new_dir/sub_1/sub_2: test_5.txt diff -c -r old_dir/sub_1/test_2.txt new_dir/sub_1/test_2.txt *** old_dir/sub_1/test_2.txt 2018-12-27 22:18:15.191596826 +0800 --- new_dir/sub_1/test_2.txt 2018-12-27 22:21:26.359494452 +0800 *************** *** 1 **** --- 1,2 ---- 123456 + helloworld diff -c -r old_dir/test_1.txt new_dir/test_1.txt *** old_dir/test_1.txt 2018-12-27 22:17:45.537770449 +0800 --- new_dir/test_1.txt 2018-12-27 22:21:14.283563638 +0800 *************** *** 1 **** ! 123 --- 1 ---- ! 123dddd $ # Let us see without the '-p' parameter $ patch -i dir_patch can not find file to patch at input line 4 Perhaps you should have used the -p or --strip option? The text leading up to this was: -------------------------- |diff -c -r old_dir/sub_1/sub_2/sub_4/test_4.txt new_dir/sub_1/sub_2/sub_4/test_4.txt |*** old_dir/sub_1/sub_2/sub_4/test_4.txt 2018-12-27 22:19:20.479215655 +0800 |--- new_dir/sub_1/sub_2/sub_4/test_4.txt 2018-12-27 22:21:53.496338977 +0800 -------------------------- File to patch: $ # It shows us to use the '-p' parameter $ patch -i dir_patch -p0 patching file old_dir/sub_1/sub_2/sub_4/test_4.txt patching file old_dir/sub_1/test_2.txt patching file old_dir/test_1.txt $ # Let us confirm the result $ diff -c -r old_dir/ new_dir/ Only in new_dir/sub_1/sub_2: test_5.txt $ # We can see the existing files are patched. Patch does not create new files $ # Why we use 'p0' here? $ # Because we create patches and apply patches under the same path $ # If we do not do all thing under the same path, we need to specify the '-p' parameters. Let us see the following example $ diff -r -c hello/old_dir/sub_1/test_2.txt hello/new_dir/sub_1/test_2.txt *** hello/old_dir/sub_1/test_2.txt 2018-12-27 22:33:01.610511164 +0800 --- hello/new_dir/sub_1/test_2.txt 2018-12-27 22:21:26.359494452 +0800 *************** *** 1 **** --- 1,2 ---- 123456 + helloworld $ diff -r -c hello/old_dir/sub_1/test_2.txt hello/new_dir/sub_1/test_2.txt > p_dir_patch $ cp p_dir_patch hello $ cd hello $ patch -i p_dir_patch -p1 patching file old_dir/sub_1/sub_2/sub_4/test_4.txt patching file old_dir/sub_1/test_2.txt $ # Here we use the 'p1', because we need to omit the first slash 'hello'. We have been on the 'hello' directory
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