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JOH丨TIPS術後肝性腦病是否增加肝硬化患者的死亡率?

作者:國際肝病

編者按:近日,意大利學者Silvia Nardelli教授等一項發表在Journal of Hepatology雜志上的研究發現,肝硬化患者在接受經頸靜脈肝内門體分流術(TIPS)後,即使發生顯性肝性腦病(OHE),其死亡率并未顯著增加。這一結論颠覆了既往人們對非TIPS背景下OHE負面影響的認識,為肝硬化患者提供了新的治療希望和管理政策。

JOH丨TIPS術後肝性腦病是否增加肝硬化患者的死亡率?

圖1. 文章重要圖表摘要 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2023.11.033)

經頸靜脈肝内門體分流術(TIPS)是一種越來越廣泛使用的非手術放射學介入治療門脈高壓并發症的方法。TIPS在門靜脈和肝靜脈之間建立連通,将血流直接從門靜脈循環轉移到全身血管床,通過降低門體壓力梯度有效地減壓門靜脈系統。自20世紀80年代末推出以來,TIPS已成為門脈高壓并發症患者的一種既定治療方法,主要用于治療靜脈曲張再出血和複發性或難治性腹水[1-3]。在這些情況下,TIPS被證明可以提高患者的生存率,但研究表明存在一些差異[4-9]。

顯性肝性腦病(OHE)是TIPS置入術後與分流相關的主要并發症。據報道,肝硬化患者TIPS術後OHE的發生率在術後第一年内高達35%-50%,接受TIPS治療的患者中高達8%可能會出現持續性OHE[10-14],在標明的病例中,需要通過減少支架直徑來控制[14,15]。這些發現促使了許多研究,旨在确定TIPS後OHE發展的風險因素,以改善患者的選擇,以及探索預防TIPS術前OHE的藥理學政策的研究。年齡較大、終末期肝病(MELD)或Child-Pugh評分較高、既往有明顯或輕微HE病史、少肌症、腎功能受損、大分流直徑和較低的衍生後門體壓力梯度已被證明會增加發生TIPS後OHE的可能性[14,16-22]。是以,現有指南鼓勵盡可能根據上述報告的因素選擇TIPS患者[1-3]。預防TIPS後OHE的藥物管理仍存在争議[23,24]。

在TIPS之外的肝硬化患者中,無論肝硬化的嚴重程度或是否存在急性或慢性肝功能衰竭,OHE的發展都會對生存産生不良影響[25]。在等待肝移植(LT)的患者中,至少發生一次OHE會增加6個月的死亡率,并顯著提高MELD評分的預測值[26]。然而,在TIPS後發展為OHE的患者中是否也觀察到死亡率增加,尚未具體解決。現有的幾種評分,如Child-Pugh評分、MELD評分、FIPS(TIPS後生存的弗賴堡指數)評分和最近發表的ExPeCT評分,有助于确定TIPS後預後不良的高風險患者[27-30]。然而,這些評分并不認為TIPS後OHE是影響生存的潛在因素,并且尚未在大量人群中研究TIPS後OHE對死亡率的影響[31]。TIPS後OHE的發生是否會增加TIPS患者的死亡率仍不确定。

鑒于此,意大利學者Silvia Nardelli教授等設計了一項多中心、非劣效性的觀察性研究[32],以比較根據TIPS後OHE發生率劃分的TIPS患者的死亡率。該研究由意大利多家醫療中心聯合開展,對614名接受TIPS治療的肝硬化患者進行了長達30個月的跟蹤觀察。結果顯示,盡管47%的患者在術後出現了至少一次OHE,但多因素分析表明,年齡和MELD評分才是影響死亡率的獨立因素,而OHE并未增加患者的死亡風險。這一發現打破了傳統觀念,即在非TIPS治療的肝硬化患者中,OHE常被視為預後不良的強烈名額。

然而,該研究團隊同時也指出,TIPS術後患者可能經曆了更嚴格的篩選和更密切的監測,這可能是導緻OHE不增加死亡率的原因之一。此外,雖然陣發性OHE不增加死亡率,但其對患者生活品質和發病率的影響仍不容忽視,特别是持續性OHE患者,其死亡率顯著高于未發生OHE的患者。

這項研究不僅為肝硬化患者的管理提供了重要依據,還強調了個性化治療和患者選擇的重要性。研究人員建議,對于潛在的高風險患者,應采取更嚴格的術前評估、術中操作及術後管理政策,以減少OHE的發生,并特别關注持續性OHE的預防和治療。

在此之後,奧地利維也納大學Lukas Hartl教授基于這篇文章的成果,進一步分析和探讨了TIPS後早期出現腦病是否影響患者的死亡率[33]。他們通過回顧性研究,分析了維也納2000年9月至2022年11月間接受TIPS治療的237名患者,排除了具有血管性肝病、肝細胞癌、先前肝移植或預防性TIPS植入的患者。主要終點是30個月死亡率,并設定了1、3和6個月後的裡程碑來分析OHE對死亡率的影響。

結果發現,在TIPS後3個月和6個月出現OHE的患者在死亡率方面并未顯示出顯著差異,支援了Silvia Nardelli教授的研究結果。然而,該項研究發現在TIPS後1個月即出現OHE的患者顯示出了顯著更高的死亡率。累積發病率分析顯示,這些患者1年和2年的死亡率分别為43.6%和48.1%,而未出現OHE的患者分别為13.9%和20.2%(P=0.004,圖2)。

JOH丨TIPS術後肝性腦病是否增加肝硬化患者的死亡率?

圖2. TIPS後1個月即出現OHE的患者的累積發病率 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2024.05.035)

盡管TIPS後3個月和6個月出現的OHE對死亡率無顯著影響,但早期(1個月内)出現的OHE與顯著增加的死亡率相關。這表明早期出現OHE的患者可能面臨更高的死亡風險,值得進一步研究和關注。

Lukas Hartl教授的這項研究為了解TIPS後OHE對死亡率的影響提供了新的見解,并強調了早期識别和幹預OHE的重要性。同時,該研究結果也提醒醫生在TIPS術後應密切監測患者,以便及時發現并處理OHE。

綜上所述,目前基于TIPS後OHE對死亡率影響的研究成果對于改善肝硬化患者的預後、提高生活品質具有重要意義,也為未來的臨床研究和治療提供了新的方向。随着研究的深入,我們有理由相信,更多有效的管理和治療政策将被發現,為肝硬化患者帶來更好的健康前景。

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