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Episode 3955: Centennial Quest for the Top of the Earth, British Triangulation Plan
3956th: Extracted by the father of China's rare earths, Xu Guangxian peach and plum are all over the world
Episode 3957: Elvis Presley, the father of the Chinese gut machine, once woke up an antique radio
Episode 3958: Annexation and migration to the west, widening the territory and slaughtering and suppressing
"Huang Jian Bo Collects Wind and Shadows" public welfare science education article, any form of reprint please contact the author (Jumboheritagelist, Huang_Jumbo )
Without the westward expansion movement, there would be no American country today.
The westward expansion movement of the United States is in the context of a free market economy and territorial expansion, based on large-scale population migration, with transportation as the forerunner, agriculture and animal husbandry as the main industry as the direction, and the growth center to drive regional development of the social and economic development process.
As a result of the westward expansion movement of the United States, the integration of the economy between the eastern and western regions of the United States has been completed, the industrialization of the capitalists has been promoted, the modern agricultural innovation, industrial innovation and knowledge innovation of the United States have been promoted, and the pioneering spirit of the American people has been cultivated.
In particular, the cowboy spirit and frontier spirit embodied by the United States in the large-scale development of the western region, which are not afraid of hardships, are not afraid of sacrifice, are full of vigor, and constantly seek new land and new wealth, have later become the spirit of the entire nation of the United States that is indomitable, heroic and optimistic, courageous in pioneering, and constantly exploring.
Through the westward expansion movement, the United States has developed millions of square kilometers of land in more than two hundred years. And the establishment of modern agriculture, animal husbandry and industry on these lands has had a decisive impact on the growth of the United States into the world's number one economic power.
As early as the Colonial Period in North America, the activity of westward migration began. Slave owners in the south, land speculators and industrial richmen in the north, usurers and ordinary people all wanted land in the west.
In order to confine the colony to places under their control, the British issued a proclamation in 1763 prohibiting immigrants from crossing west of the Appalachian Mountains. The U.S. War of Independence shattered this rule.
The United States implements a gradient development strategy in the westward expansion movement, that is, according to its own resource advantages, gradually implements the upgrading and deepening of development. For example, in the first stage, the main thing is to make full use of the vast and fertile land resources in the west, vigorously develop planting and animal husbandry through the establishment of a large number of family farms and pastures, and develop the wasteland around the Appalachian Mountains and the Great Lakes region into grain and cotton bases and animal husbandry bases.
In 1850, the grain planting area of the United States was 62.8 million mu, and the output was 32 million tons, making the United States at that time a major agricultural country in the world and a major exporter of grain and cotton.
In the second stage, with the discovery of the western gold mine and the application of the first industrial innovation scientific and technological achievements, it triggered a frenzy of mining development, and established a number of mineral resources processing industry and manufacturing enterprises. After the development of this period, the industrial center of gravity of the United States shifted from the northeast to the central and western regions, making the central and western regions become the center of heavy industry, and finally realizing the industrialization of the United States.
In 1894, the industrial production of the United States had jumped to the first place in the world, and the production volume was equal to half of the total production of European countries. At the beginning of the 20th century, the advantages of the United States in industry were more prominent. In 1913, industrial products accounted for 33% of the world's total industrial products, more than the total industrial products of Britain, Germany, France and Japan.
In the third stage, with the rise of the third scientific and technological innovation, the high-tech industry in the United States has developed by leaps and bounds, and the industrial structure of the United States has been transformed into the tertiary industry, and the softening and upgrading of the industrial structure has finally been realized. Therefore, the process of implementing the gradient strategy in the development of the western region of the United States is also a process of continuous adjustment, deepening and upgrading of the economic structure of the United States.
From the end of the American War of Independence to the period of the American Civil War, it was the first period of the Westward Expansion Movement of the United States, mainly the initial development period of agriculture. The western land is of particular significance to the economic development of the United States after independence, and without the development of the western region, there would be no United States today. After the end of the Anglo-French War of seven years, Britain acquired from France Canada and a vast area west of the Appalachian Mountains up to the east bank of the Mississippi River; at the same time, Britain declared the land west of the Appalachian Mountains to the British Crown.
This became one of the factors that triggered the anti-British people of the North American colonies, because the western lands had a fascinating charm for all classes of North American people. The bourgeoisie were eager to enlarge the country's territory, the land speculators were trying to reap huge profits, and the peasants, craftsmen, and immigrants were using the western lands as the only hope for a new life to escape from oppression.
After the independence of the United States, according to the Treaty of Paris in 1783, the territory of the United States has been expanded to the east bank of the Mississippi River. Later, with the quiet start of industrial innovation in the north, the "cotton kingdom" in the south also rose suddenly, and the new west continued to open up.
The westward expansion movement of this period took the land issue as the core and agricultural development as the main body. Mainly because: objectively, at that time, there was a vast land in the western part of the United States that had not yet been cultivated, which was the basic premise of the westward expansion movement of the United States; subjectively, after the American War of Independence, a large area of land west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River was acquired, and a new view was formed in the minds of the People of the United States: the newly acquired land was exchanged for the lives and wealth of the thirteen states of North America, so these lands should belong to the people, and the people have the right to reclaim, plant and develop.
The westward expansion movement of the United States is an economic development process that accompanies industrial innovation and coordinates the development of industry and agriculture. The vast western region is rich in mineral resources, water conservancy resources and forest resources, with a long coastline and excellent harbors, a suitable climate, suitable for agriculture and animal husbandry. It provides superior conditions and broad market prospects for the industrialization of the United States.
It also provides a broad world for the development of agriculture in the United States. By the 1860s, the Ohio and Mississippi rivers north had developed into the "Wheat Kingdom," and the lower Mississippi River had become the "Cotton Kingdom." The prosperity of agriculture has provided a good foundation for the economic prosperity of the United States, and has provided sufficient raw materials and grain for the industrial and urban populations in the east.
In 1779, When Instructing Major General John Sullivan to attack the indigenous population, George Watson said: "[If] waste is placed near all settlements, then the whole country will not just be flooded, but destroyed." In the process of massacring and exterminating the Indians, Hua Shengtong also instructed his generals: "Do not listen to any advice for peace talks until all Indian settlements have been effectively destroyed." ”
In 1783, in his comparison of Indians and wolves, his anti-Indian sentiment was exposed: "Both are predatory beasts, only different in shape. Hua Sheng ton's extermination was carried out after his troops slaughtered the Indians again and again. The sergeants skinned the corpses of the Iroquois and "skinned them from the hips down so that they could make boots that were tall or leg-length." ”
The Indians who survived that attack renamed the first U.S. state "town destroyers." Most Seneca towns were extinct within five years.
One of the "many outstanding civil leaders of the United States at that time" who actively participated in and promoted this "brutal expulsion of Indians" was Thomas Jefferson, the main drafter of the Declaration of Independence of the United States and the third commander of the United States, who put forward the theory that "all the masses are born equal" and the main drafter of the Declaration of Independence of the United States.
After the Purchase of Louisiana (the vast area from the west bank of the Mississippi River to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains) from Napoleon in 1803, a series of events of mass expulsion and massacre of Indians as the territory advanced westward began during Jefferson's reign.
In 1783, the British and Americans agreed on a peace settlement in which the British opened up a large area of Indian-owned land west of the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River.
In 1807, Thomas Jefferson instructed his war department, saying, "If the Indians rebel against the Americans to gain their land, then the resistance to the Indians will be fought back with a short-handled axe," Jefferson continued, "If we restrain ourselves from raising our guns to these tribes, we will not lie quietly until these tribes are extinct, or driven out of the Mississippi River." ”
Jefferson continued: "In war, they will also kill some of us, but we will kill them all!" The Americans must "pursue the extermination of Indians or drive them to places where we do not go." ”
The lands of the "Old Southwest" (including present-day Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Missouri, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana) were largely occupied by plantation slave owners and became the main producers of cotton.
The colonial development of the "Old Northwest" was carried out rapidly as a result of the Land Ordinance of 1785 (sale of publicly owned land at a low price) and the Statute of the Northwest Quasi-Cantonal Region of 1787.
The independence revolution began with only a few thousand Frenchmen, more than 270,000 immigrants in 1810, increased to 6.93 million in 1860, and the population of Chicago alone was 1 million. This is an area rich in cereals and well-developed upbringing.
In 1803, while Napoleon was busy dealing with the wars in Europe, the United States purchased a vast area called Louisiana (an area of about 830,000 square miles) from France for $15 million.
In 1810 and 1819 the United States took Florida from Spain; in 1814, james Madison of the United States of America re-enacted the provisions of the North American colonial councils in 1703 to reward the massacre of Indians. The decree stipulated that for every Indian (men, women, children and even infants) who handed over the skullpile, the Mikota Government would pay a prize of 50 to 100 US dollars (50 US dollars for killing Indian infants and young children under 12 years old and killing female Indians, and 100 US dollars for killing young Indian men over 12 years old).
In May 1830, Andrew Jefferson, the seventh governor of the United States, passed the Indian Migration Act, which moved Indians west of the Mississippi River. After that, troops were sent to escort the Indians out of the area east of the Mississippi River, where the colonial cause developed rapidly.
In 1832, george trinity was a well-known portrait painter in pennsylvania. He suddenly decided to go deep into the wild west. By visiting the local Indian tribes, large and small, portraits of important people are painted. Then put on indigenous costumes, collect Indian-style weapons and agricultural tools, and carefully record each other's personalities and lives.
In the 1860s and 1890s, especially after 1864 (after the end of the American beatings), the massacre of Indians by the Americans under the Homestead Law promulgated by Lin Ni reached its climax, and many Indian villages became ghost areas overnight. With the cooperation of local militias, the regular army of the United States federation adopted tactics such as separate attacks and combined attacks, and concentrated on launching more than 1,000 military operations of different sizes, and by the 1890s, the combat task of exterminating Indians was basically completed.
In 1846, the British forced a contract to extend the border of the northern United States at 49 degrees north latitude to the Atlantic coast, excluding the British in this area. In 1846 and 1853, the Mexican-American War broke out, and after the victory, a large part of Mexico was purchased, totaling about 950,000 square miles.
By 1853, the United States had pushed its borders to the Pacific coast, covering an area of 3.03 million square miles (about 7.85 million square kilometers), more than seven times more than when independence was declared.
The population west of the Mississippi River was extremely sparse before 1840, and immigrants began to increase in the 1940s, especially the discovery of gold in California in 1848, which was a major boost to the development of the west. After 1850, the immigration and economic development of this region occupied an important position in the development of the United States.
In 1862, Lin ordered the hanging of 38 chiefs of the Dakota-speaking Sioux tribe in the Mankato region of Minnesota. Most of these hanged men were clerics and chief priests of their tribe. None of these chiefs had ever committed the crimes they had been accused of by the Miguo Dynasty, and the infamous Lin Nichi commander had deliberately created the largest unjust death sentence in the history of the MI kingdom.
Abraham Lin Nibble had been wearing a halo before, and was even deified by the local people, and also placed sculptures in Washington City to worship, his abolitionist movement and the image of the savior of color deceived many ignorant people, and even had a universal sacred aura, becoming a banner of the African and black mass rights movements.
Completely ignoring his acts of mass genocide against the indigenous peoples of North America during his tenure, the three-light encirclement and suppression of the Confederacy during the Civil War, the war crimes of slaughtering and burning cities during the war, and the racial segregation after the abolition of slavery, the Gettysburg Speech, which he considered a failure, was enshrined as an unprecedented Hong Zhong Dalu, and his wrist of The Ruler who intensified the dispute between the North and the South was whitewashed as a visionary and clever operation, and even his stabbing was framed to death. Woohoo!
In addition, the United States continued to expand westward into areas that were not contiguous to its homeland. Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million, an area equal to twice that of the original 13 states; in 1894, the United States overthrew the Kingdom of Hawaii in Honolulu, and after the Spanish-American War in 1898, annexed the Hawaiian Islands.
The territory of the United States is constantly expanding, attracting a torrent of foreign immigrants. There were more than 5 million foreign immigrants between 1790 and 1860 and 27 million from 1861 to 1913. The population west of the Appalachian Mountains, which in 1790 was only 3% of the country's population, had grown to 49% by the 19th century. Immigrants from abroad have played a tremendous role in the development of the western region and the rapid development of the entire economy of the United States. Immigration enabled the United States to carry out large-scale agricultural production, to develop its rich industrial resources with great power and scale, and soon destroyed Britain's industrial monopoly.
From the day of the official establishment of the army, the Mikoku Province ordered the army to march westward immediately. From the day of its establishment, the first regiment of the U.S. Army has become its basic task of suppressing Indians. This brutal massacre and conquest carried out by the regular army and militia of the United States of America lasted for almost a full century from 1803 (1811, when the regular army officially began fighting) to 1892 (see Massacre of the United States for more details).
In the history of North American colonization, the term "Indian massacre" is often used to describe Indians who were mass-killed by Europeans. Theoretically, the term "massacre" should be used for the killing of non-combat civilians or prisoners of war. In practice, however, the term is used more casually, sometimes to describe an overwhelming military defeat. Therefore, many times "slaughter" and "fighting" are easily confused.
It is very difficult to determine how many people have been killed in these massacres. In The Barbarian Frontier: From the Jamestown Colony to the Atrocities of the 'Knee-Wounded' American-Indian Wars, amateur historian William M. Osborn attempts to document every atrocity committed before the final formation of the Border, from the first contact (1511) to the formation of the border (1890), with about 7,193 people dying at the hands of whites.
But other historians have different statistics, and the most reliable figure today is that 21,586 people on both sides were killed, wounded, and captured between 1850 and 1890. Other scholars believe that 45,000 Indians were killed during this period, including women and children killed on both sides. Other figures ranged from 5,000 to 500,000. But one thing that needs no question is the barbaric atrocities committed by both sides in the war: the destructive military operations launched by the Americans.
General William Sherman of the Union Army, who had implemented the "three-light strategy" against the southern states of the United States rebels, commented: "If we kill a little more this year, then there will be fewer people to be killed next year - anyway, they will have to be killed, or they will be preserved as poor eggs." ”
In his relevant writings, American historians wrote: "When the United States pushed vigorously in three directions, west, south, and north, it not only crowded out the countries that prevented it from advancing, but also brutally crushed the resistance of the original owners of these lands, the Indians. This brutal expulsion of Indians was one of the most shameful stains in the history of the United States, and many of its illustrious governors at the time were actively involved in such actions. ”
According to the reckoning of some honest and rigorous scholars in the United States in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when Columbus "discovered" the New World in the Americas in 1492, the total Indian population living in the present-day United States was between 30 million and 100 million. By the 1970s, how much of the total Indian population remained in the "reservations" that the United States had been forced to disperse in the backcountry of the country's poor villages? According to official statistics in the United States, there are less than 800,000 people. And the much smaller mexico still has more than 10 million indigenous people...
Don't mention the past again.
In May 1862, Lin Ni signed the Homestead Law, which stipulated that each Citizen of the United States could receive 160 acres of land in the west after paying only a registration fee of $10, and after five years of continuous cultivation, he became the legal owner of the land. To this end, the Americans carried out a century-long westward expansion campaign.
Some people may know about this in middle school history textbooks, and the Mikoyans have developed a video game called "Oregon Trail", but most may not know what everyday life looks like on the Oregon Trail. The Oregon Trail stretches from Missouri to Oregon for 2,170 miles and is full of danger and boredom. It is conservative to say that everyday life on the Oregon Trail is difficult.
It's a tough one that requires your whole family to leave home and decide to venture west in search of new opportunities. But that didn't stop thousands of people from jumping into the wagons and migrating into the vast unknown world. Whatever the reason, people have a goal in mind when they migrate on the Oregon Trail, and that is not to die on the road.
At the time of independence, the United States had only 13 colonies, mainly concentrated on the east coast. The process of westward expansion is also a process of territorial expansion and land development in the United States. The time is from 1763 to 1850, known as the "Westward Movement", when the People of the United States were mainly panning for gold, herding cattle and planting cotton flowers.
The Midwest was predominantly Indian territory, and in 1783 the British gave the United States land west of the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River. In 1787, the U.S. Congress enacted the Northwest Land Ordinance, which stipulated that as long as there were enough people living in the northwest land, the people there could form their own provinces and apply to join the Federal Republic at any time.
The westward advance of the Americans first reached the Mississippi River Valley, and then began to develop west of the Mississippi River. In 1803, the United States purchased Louisiana from France for $5.77 per square kilometer, expanding its territory by 2.6 million square kilometers; from 1810 to 1819, it took Florida from Spain; from 1846 to 1853, through war, it forcibly purchased nearly 2.5 million square kilometers from Mexican hands;
By 1853, the borders of the United States had been pushed to the Pacific coast, with a land area of 7.75 million square kilometers, more than seven times more than the territory of independence. In 1867, the United States purchased Alaska and the Aleutian Islands from Russia for another $7.2 million, with a total area of 1.55 million square kilometers, expanding the territory of the United States to 9.3 million square kilometers.
In the west, there is the Mississippi River, which runs through the north and south of the United States, the Rocky Mountains that stretch for thousands of miles, the vast and dense forests, the endless grasslands, the mineral-rich hills, or the deep-water coast that facilitates fishing and shipping, and this rich land is also the cradle that shapes the national spirit of the United States.
The so-called "westward expansion" is basically by walking and driving ox carts, along the way are deserted, there are no trains, cars, the pioneer of this movement is Reed, he is known as the founder of the "westward movement", is the epitome of the pioneering spirit of the United States.
The genocide of the poor and backward and vulnerable ethnic groups in the United States has enabled the United States to shake off the heavy burdens and responsibilities that should have been borne in one fell swoop, and has been able to expropriate millions of square kilometers of their real estate and countless natural resources without compensation, so that the United States can develop its economy without any burden.
It is a regrettable historical fact that the embryonic Civilization of the Americas was destroyed, and the Indians, as one of the several human races, were basically extinct as a whole. (See Chronicle of massacres of Indians.)
After the independence of the United States, a century-long westward expansion movement was set off, and in the process of the westward expansion, a large number of immigrants moved to the west for different reasons, objectively alleviating the internal contradictions of the bourgeoisie, expanding the domestic market, undermining the balance between the free states and the slave-owning states, and laying the foundation for the victory of the Civil War. Some scholars, when studying the westward expansion movement, have downplayed the other aspect, that is, the barbaric massacre of indigenous Indians.
The westward expansion movement was an aggressive act of the United States to expand its territory and annex the land, it developed the western part of the United States today, eliminated many Indian civilizations, and the land in the west at that time was owned by Indian tribes. A group of pioneers explored the west and established good relations with Indian tribes, all the way to the Pacific Ocean, which is the area around Mexico. Later, a large number of people, including the Province of Zhaofu and bandits, poured into the west and developed the western region by plundering, inducing, deceiving, and slaughtering Indians.
The land plot of the United States of America accelerated the development of the western region. The territorial expansion and development of the United States to the west has had a major impact on the country's rule and economic life. It has greatly expanded the area of cultivated land, and it is located in the climate zone suitable for farming, which has enabled agriculture to develop rapidly; the development of the western region has led to the construction of large-scale railways and the influx of a large number of immigrants, so that the United States has formed a vast domestic market.
After the independence of the United States, the edict issued by the British Dynasty prohibiting immigrants from moving westward was abolished, and many immigrants from the eastern coast and Europe rushed across the Appalachian Mountains to the west. According to statistics, the population west of Appalachia accounted for only 1/7 of the total population of the United States in 1810, and grew to 1/4 after 10 years. Among these immigrants were both slave owners in the south and land speculators in the north; but the largest number were among the generally poor pioneers—hunters, miners, herders, and peasants, who came to the west to earn a living, and who became the main body of early immigrants in the west.
Reed was an Irish immigrant who was destitute when he first arrived in the United States, and later lived a middle-class life with carpentry skills. When the United States issued a call to "march to California and Oregon", he decided to go to the west to show his skills, and the other three families decided to go with him.
In April 1846, Reed led his family and companions (12 caravans of 31 people) from Spunfield, the capital of Illinois, to independence city in Missouri, the starting point of the "Oregon Trail", where about 7,000 caravans were ready to "go west", and Reed's team expanded all the way to 300 people and more than 100 vehicles.
On July 27, 1846, it took them only 76 days to reach the Fortress of Brezhe in the southwestern tip of Wyoming, covering 2,800 kilometers, two-thirds of the journey. If this continues, in mid-September Dian can reach the gold-rich GarniVonia.
At that time, the team was divided into two parts, one part of the people continued to walk the Oregon Trail, and the other part of the people led by Reed took the "Hastings Shortcut". However, the shortcut almost led Reed into a desperate situation, full of sand dunes, saline land and swamps, and in the end, they had to abandon the caravan and most of their belongings, but soon encountered a depression known as "Death Valley". It was not until October 20 that he was led out of Death Valley by two Indian guides, many of whom lost loved ones on the journey and Reed was kicked out of the procession.
The team continued to move forward, due to the heavy snow sealing the mountain, they were trapped on the nevada mountainside, spent the whole winter in hardship, and even the tragedy of cannibalism, and finally Li De asked the military for help, and finally escaped danger.
This was the most tragic scene in the history of the "westward expansion" of the United States, and Li De later commented: The development of the western region itself is a manifestation of patriotism, and those who are not patriotic not only lie in their nests of comfort, but also talk nonsense to the pioneers, and these people are not worthy of living in the new continent full of vitality in the United States.
Although the pioneer team led by Li De suffered heavy losses, Li De's spirit inspired groups of people to continue to flock to the west along the road he had traveled. By 1869, the Pacific Railway, which crossed the american continent from east to west, was built along the road opened by Reed, and in the past 20 years, at least 350,000 people have moved from the east to the west, and one out of every 12 eastern residents has moved to the west.
The road to the west is full of hardships and hardships, and it is boring and tedious, and in order to survive and develop in the western wilderness where "except for the sound of one's own footsteps, no sound can be heard", it is impossible to achieve without the tenacious spirit and firm belief support, which is where the spirit of the United States lies.
The biggest event in the "Westward Journey" was the discovery of gold in California, where people flocked to San Francisco in a flood of dreams of getting rich overnight. It was on January 24, 1848, when a young carpenter named Marshall in New Jersey found a thick layer of placer gold on the bottom of a valley on the banks of the Américan River in California, and the "gold rush" began.
In Oregon, in the summer of 1848 alone, half of the adult men, about 3,000, left their upcoming grain to go south to California. At the same time, more than 4,000 Mexicans have also moved north to California. By 1849, gold diggers from North America and Europe had boosted California's population from 26,000 to more than 110,000. Gold mining points are dotted from San Francisco to the fan-shaped strip of the Sacramento River to the north and the San Okeun River to the south, and further east to the Sierra Nevada.
At first, since the sand was on the surface, it was possible to wash gold out of the sand with just an ordinary washbasin. At that time, the average person could earn $20 a day, which was equivalent to 20 times the daily wage of workers in the eastern part of the United States at that time, and if it was in a rich mining area, the per capita daily income was $2,000, which was 2,000 times that of the east.
In 1853, the "gold rush" reached its peak, The gold output value of Garnifonia soared from 500 US dollars in 1848 to 65 million US dollars in 1853, and the gold production of the United States accounted for almost 45% of the world's gold production from 1851 to 1855, and the United States soon became the world's largest gold producer.
Since 1858, California's "gold rush" has cooled down, and the output of gold has dropped to $60 million, and the following year to $55 million. However, the entire gold began to develop in depth and breadth, the scope of gold mining spread throughout the western region, and the new gold boom re-emerged after 1859 and lasted until the late 1870s.
In order to encourage the westward march, the Miguo Province also implemented the "first-to-come" strategy, and whoever went everywhere first sold the land first. Through the Homestead Law, the meritorious people in the civil war were also granted land, which led to a large-scale westward expansion movement, and after development, a large number of family farms and pastures were established in the western part of the United States, which is still the breadbasket of the United States, and the economy of the United States also took off from here.
Between 1841 and 1869, thousands of people traveled west along this road, many of them traveling in large wagon trains, transporting their belongings in tented wagons. The Oregon Trail, which starts in The Independent City of Missouri and ends in Oregon, Oregon, stretches for about 2,000 miles and passes through six different states, including Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho, and Oregon.
The main vehicles transporting the precursors' goods were wagons with tents, sometimes called "prairie schooners" because they were like boats sailing on the vast prairies of the west, the wagons were made of wood, the wheels were surrounded by iron, like tires, the covers were made of waterproof cotton or linen canvas, and the typical covered wagons were about 10 feet long and 4 feet wide.
Most settlers used cattle to pull their wagons, which walked slowly but steadily, sometimes with mules, and a fully loaded wagon could weigh up to 2500 pounds, and many times the pioneers walked along the wagons, which were not a bad thing to drive on the flat prairie, but it was very difficult to get the wagons tossing up and down the steep trails when the colonists reached the Rocky Mountains.
Traveling along the Oregon Trail in the 19th century was a dangerous one, however, the danger did not come from Native Americans as you might think, in fact, many records show that the Indians helped many travelers on their journeys, the real danger came from a disease called cholera, which claimed the lives of many settlers, and other dangers included bad weather and accidents when trying to turn their heavy wagons over the mountains.
The pioneers brought very little, and when they left their homes in the east, they had to leave most of their possessions, the wagon covered with food, and on this trip to the west, a family of four needed more than 1,000 pounds of food, they ate pickled foods such as hard bread, coffee, bacon, rice, beans, and flour, and they also brought some basic cooking utensils such as coffee pots, buckets, and iron pots.
The pioneers didn't have enough room for many fancy items, they could only fit two or three sets of sturdy clothes, they carried candles, shotguns along the way, and other items included tents, bedding, and basic tools such as axes and shovels.
In 1849, a guide to overland travel in California was published, and it was reported that the trail was littered with items discarded along the way. The items included books, stoves, boxes and other heavy objects, a freight wagon that took about five months to complete, and the first large-scale migration took place in 1843, when there was only a large carriage of 120 cars and a large wagon of 500 people, and the railway has always been popular.
It wasn't until 1869 that the transcontinental railroad connected the east and west, and in 1978, the U.S. Congress officially named the trail the Oregon National Historical Trail. While much of the road was built over the years, about 300 miles have been preserved, and you can still see the ruts left behind by the wheels.
If you die while crossing the Oregon Trail, it's likely because of some kind of illness or serious illness. Smallpox, flu, measles, mumps and tuberculosis spread throughout the migration procession so fast you can't say "Yah", and the pioneers did little to prevent these diseases. Cholera was one of the most terrible diseases of the time.
Along the way, the animals they bring may start to get tired or injured, and sometimes they will turn into food as a result. If you're migrating along the Oregon Trail and find something broken, you can't keep it until you have a chance to fix it. Weight reduction is a long-term problem, so pioneers will throw broken supplies on the side of the road to reduce weight.
Among the pioneers of the Oregon Trail, human bodies and garbage were treated equally. That is, they were hurriedly thrown on the side of the road. While traversing the Oregon Trail, death is just a part of everyday life. Everywhere they went, darkness awaited them. People die of disease, crossing rivers, riding horses, or being run over by wheels, and gun killings are common on the go.
Other causes of death for pioneers include thunderstorms, grassland fires, hail, snake bites, gunpowder explosions, suicides and violent incidents. If someone died, the remaining pioneers would bury the body directly on the path so that animals and carriages could roll over it. This will help reduce the smell and reduce the chances of being targeted by wolves.
In the mid-19th century, traveling around the United States was not as easy as riding a Boeing 747 and chewing pretzels for hours. It was a long and boring road trip. Wealthier pioneers can avoid bumpy road trips by buying expensive steamships. But it will take a full year, however, there are still some people who choose a year of seasickness.
Traveling on the Oregon Trail, there are definitely right and wrong times of year. Like a trip to Arizona in mid-July, it makes the trip uninhabitable during certain seasons. The pioneers left too early this year, and the grass along the way did not grow long enough for the cattle to starve to death. Without cattle, the pioneers would be finished. If they leave too late in the year, travelers can be stranded in the brutal winter and have to deal with frostbite and frostbite.
During the migration, bulky carts are less suitable for driving on the rugged Oregon trails. Instead, most pioneers opted for minivans known as prairie schooners. But their small design makes them bumpy, which is why most people prefer to walk next to a carriage.
Walking through 2,000 miles of wilderness and keeping your mental health unaffected is no easy task. Sadly, for a lot of people, this is simply impossible. A tragic story happened to a woman named Elizabeth Markham. As she and her family walked to the Snake River district of the Oregon Trail, she announced that she would not go any further, no matter how much she was coaxed.
So her husband was forced to abandon her with a carriage and children. But her husband eventually asked their son to come back to pick her up, but unexpectedly, Elizabeth returned home and quickly informed them that she had beaten her son to death with a stick. Her husband ran back to save his son and found him alive. As they were preparing to return, they found Markham setting fire to one of their carriages.
Over time, the tendency to pack up and head west spread like wildfire.
If you were a pioneer in 1841, you'd travel to the Oregon Trail with 70 people. By 1843, however, a group of more than 1,000 people had left the Midwest, and by 1845, that number had soared to 3,000, becoming the hottest new trend in the United States.
The pioneers of the Oregon Trail may have left nearly 200 years ago, but that doesn't mean they didn't have the same boring habits as we do today. They kill time by graffiti, a favorite pastime of the Americans.
Many pioneers painted messages on their carriages, and many also carved their names, dates, and traditions of their hometowns into some of the huge stones they passed. A particular favorite of the pioneers was Wyoming's Independence Rock, a massive 128-foot-tall slate. It is called the Desert Register. Over the years, thousands of tourists have left their mark on this huge rock.
When pioneers passed by and settled on the land, the Indians were often kind and friendly, even exchanging goods and food with the land-hungry pioneers. But as more and more pioneers arrived, they became cruel and cold-blooded to the Indians. Large numbers of Indians were slaughtered, and survivors were forcibly driven to more desolate "reservations" in the west. The embryonic Civilization of the Americas was destroyed, and the Indians, as one of several human races, were basically extinct as a whole.
A number of painters in the United States portrayed the westward movement, represented by George Catlin (July 26, 1796 – December 23, 1872).
Catlin was a U.S. painter, writer, and traveler who specialized in portraitures of Old West Indians. In the 1830s, Catlin traveled to the west of the United States five times, and he was the first white man to depict plain Indians on the American mainland. Born in Pennsylvania, he spent a lot of time hunting, fishing, and searching for Amerindian handicrafts. He began by creating two major American Indian paintings and publishing a series of books documenting his travels between the indigenous peoples of North and Central and South America. Between 1830 and 1836, he traveled to St. Louis five times and finally visited 50 tribes.
Two years later, he boarded the Missouri River, more than 3,000 kilometers away, to a joint trading fortress near what is now the junction of North Dakota and Montana. He visited 18 tribes, including the Blackfoot. There, he gave the most vivid and profound depiction of his career. He created more than 500 oil paintings and collected a large number of artifacts. In 1839, he took his collection across the Atlantic Ocean on a tour of European capitals. He revived the proud and free characters of these chiefs, both noble and resolute. He spent another 20 years trying to recreate his collection and recreated more than 400 oil paintings.
In 1841, Catlin published two volumes of Customs, Customs, and Conditions of the North American Indians, with about 300 prints. Three years later, he published 25 works titled "The Collected Works of the North American Indians of Catlin" and in 1848 published Eight Years of European Journey. His handicrafts are now in the collection of the Department of Anthropology at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. The U.S. Museum of Natural History in New York City preserves about 700 of his drawings. The Huntington Library also houses 239 of his illustrations of American Indians.
Huang Jianbo References: Introduction to painter George Catlin . There is a painting network; the famous Oregon Trail in the Westward Expansion Movement of the United States: What kind of life do the migrants live in it? Massacre of Indians by the Westward Expansion Movement of the United States . CCTV; Academic Paper from He Yimin. The Wartime Population "Westward Movement" and the Development of Southwest cities. CNKI, 1996 Zhang Xiaolu. The Westward Expansion Movement of the United States and its Western Development Model. CNKI, 2002 Yao Yanmei. Comparison and enlightenment between the westward expansion movement of the United States and the large-scale development of China's western region. 《 CNKI; WanFang, 2011 Luo Xiaoyun. The Westward Movement of the United States and Western Literature. CNKI, 2003 Rong Xinfang. On the Driving Force of the Westward Expansion Movement of the United States. 《 CNKI 》 ， 2003。。。