In 1869, the Russian chemist Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev discovered the periodic table. This is one of the most important contributions to date in the field of chemistry.
The Mendeleev Periodic Table, published in 1869, is a vertical chart of 63 known elements arranged by atomic weight, which places elements of similar properties on the same horizontal row. The name of the diagram means "sketch of an elemental system based on atomic weight and chemical properties".
With the development of the field of chemistry, new elements are constantly being discovered, the periodic table continues to grow, Marie Curie, Julia Lermontova, Lise Meitner, Otto Hahn, etc. are all great contributors we know, and now the periodic table has developed as follows:
Basic knowledge of the periodic table
The periodic table has 7 cycles and 16 families. Each rampage is called a cycle, and each column is called a family. These 7 cycles can be divided into short cycles (1, 2, 3) and long cycles (4, 5, 6, 7). There are 16 families, which are divided into 7 main families (I.A-VII.A), 7 sub-families (I.B-VII .B), one VIII.B, and one zero.
The position of the elements in the periodic table reflects not only the atomic structure of the elements, but also the changing laws of the properties of the elements and the intrinsic relationships between the elements.
In the same period, from left to right, the number of electron layers outside the element's nucleus is the same, the number of electrons in the outermost layer increases sequentially, and the atomic radius decreases (except for the zero group elements). The ability to lose electrons gradually weakens, the ability to obtain electrons gradually increases, the metalliness gradually weakens, and the non-metallicity gradually increases. The maximum positive oxidation number of the element increases from left to right (except for those without positive valence), and the minimum negative oxidation number increases from left to right (except for the first cycle, except for the O and F elements in the second cycle).
In the same family, from top to bottom, the number of outermost electrons is the same, the number of extranuclear electron layers gradually increases, the atomic number increases, the metalliness of the elements increases, and the non-metallicity decreases.
The periodic table is of great significance, and scientists use it to find new elements and compounds. Starting from the hydrogen element with a proton number of 1, the element shows a periodic change law of chemical and physical properties as the atomic number increases, which is the periodic law of elements. The periodic table shows a periodic change in the nature of the elements, and the naming of the elements is closely related to the properties of the elements, which is intuitively reflected in the periodic table.
The naming of chemical elements varied, so in the early 19th century, the Swedish chemist Zirius proposed to unify the naming of elements in the Latin language common to European countries at that time. as follows:
Many elements are associated with place names:
镁-Mg-Magnesium
Transliterated as "Megrisia", is a Greek city
钪-Sc-Scandium
Translated as "Scandinavian", it is a Greek city
锶-Sr-Strontium
Translated as "Trontian", it is a Scottish place name
镓-Ga-Gallium
Translated as "Jería", it is an ancient French name
铪-Hf-Hafnium
Translated as "Hafnia", it is the ancient name of Copenhagen
铼-Re-Rhenium
Translated as "Rhine", a famous river in Europe
镅-Am-Americium
Translated as "Americas"
钫-Fr-Francium
Translated as "France"
锎-Cf-Californium
Translated as "California", the name of a U.S. state
锗-Ge-Germanium
Translated as "Germany"
铕-Eu-Europium
Translated as "Europe"
Many elements are related to personal names:
钐-Sm-Samarium
Translated as "Shanmarsky", Russian mineralogist
镄-Fm-Fremium
Translated as "Fermi", american physicist
钔-Md-Mendelevium
Translated as "Mendeleev"
锘-No-Nobelium
Translated as "Nobel"
铹-Lr-Lawrencium
Translated as "Lawrence", inventor of the cyclotron
锔-Cm-Curium
Translated as "Curie", in honor of The Curie and his wife
锿-Es-Einsteinium
Translated as "Einstein"
Ylen-Rg-Roentgenium
Translated as "Roentgen"
Madame curie
Many elements are associated with the name of god:
钒-V-Vandium
Translated as "Vanadis", a goddess in Greek mythology
钷-Pm-Promethium
Translated as "Prometheus", the hero of Greek mythology who stole the tinder
钍-Th-Thorium
Transliterated as "Dur", the norse legendary god of thunder
钽-Ta-Tantalum
Translated as "Dantales", a hero in Greek mythology
铌-Nb-Niobium
Translated as "Neo", the daughter of Dantales
钯-Pd-Palladium
Translated as "Baras", the goddess of wisdom in Greek mythology
Prometheus
Many elements are associated with astral-celestial bodies:
碲-Te-Tellurium
Translated as "Earth"
硒-Selenium
Translated as "Moon"
氦-He-Helium
Translated as "Sun"
铈-Ce-Cerium
Translated as "Ceres"
铀-U-Uranium
Translated as "Uranus"
镎-Np-Neptunium
Translated as "Neptune"
钚-Pu-Plutonium
Translated as "Pluto"
Named according to the characteristics of the element:
金-Au-Gold
Translated as "Splendid"
银-Ag-Silver
Translated as "bright"
锡-Sn-Tin
Translated as 'hard'
硫-S-Sulfur
Translated as "bright yellow"
硼-B-Boron
Translated as "flux"
镤-Pa-Proactinium
Translated as "the original actinium"
铍-Be-Beryllium
Translated as "sweet"
铬-Cr-Chromium
Translated as "color"
钴-Co-Cobalt
Translated as "demon"
Cadmium-Cd-Cadmium
Translated as the name of a cadmium-containing mineral
铋-Bi-Bismuth
Translated as "white matter"
磷-P-Phosphorous
Translated as "Luminous Substance"
铷-Rb-Strontium
Translated as "Dark Red"
铯-Cs-Cesium
Translated as "Tianlan"
锌-Zn-Zinc
Translated as "thin white layer"
镭-Ra-Radium
Translated as "ray"
氩-Ar-Argon
Translated as "inactive"
碘-I-Iodine
Translated as "purple"
氮-N-Nitrogen
Translated as "inability to sustain life"
氯-Cl-Chlorine
Translated as "green"
氢-H-Hydrogen
Translated as "Source of Water"
氧-O-Oxygen
Translated as "Source of Acid"
钾-K-Potassium
Translated as "an alkaline substance in seagrass ash"
钨-W-Tungsten
Translated as "wolf foam"
碳-C-Carbon
Translated as "coal"
硅-Si-Silicon
Translated as "stone"
There are many rules for the naming of Chinese of the periodic table, such as gaseous elements at room temperature with the word "gas"; liquid elements "bromine" next to "argon", "mercury" also has "water"; most of the solid elements are metallic elements, represented by "gyne" (including gold), and non-metallic elements are represented by the word "stone". The IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) 2016 new version of the Element Nomenclature Guidelines states: "The naming of all new elements must reflect history and maintain chemical consistency, i.e. elements belonging to groups 1-16 end with '-ium'; elements belonging to group 17 end with '-ine'; elements belonging to group 18 ending with '-on'." There is also the following law, according to the number of elemental ordinals, the number corresponding to the Latin abbreviations are arranged in order and add ium, the first letter of each digital abbreviation in the element symbol head. The Latin abbreviations for 0-9 are as follows:
0 nil 1 un 2 bi 3 tri 4 quad 5 pent
6 hex 7 sept 8 oct 9 enn
For example, element 112 is ununbium (Un+un+bi+um), and element 127 is unbiseptium (un+bi+sept+ium).
Speaking of the naming of the periodic table, I have to mention one person, that is, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang (October 21, 1328 - June 24, 1398), Zhu Yuanzhang, as a great historical figure, what is his relationship with the periodic table? According to historical records, Zhu Yuanzhang is a very principled person, the names of future generations must be strict, Zhu Yuanzhang once made a stipulation for the names of future generations: the descendants of the Zhu family must take double names, and the upper characters must be completely inherited in accordance with the two crosses they give. Therefore, the talented Zhu Yuanzhang compiled the order of inheritance of the two crosses for each of his sons, for example, Zhu Biao's first line was: "Yunwen obeyed the ancestral precepts, Qinwu Dajunsheng, Shundao Yifeng, Shi Liangshan used Sheng"; Zhu Di's first line was: "Gao Zhan Qi see you, Hou Zai Yi Changyu, Cihe Yi Bozhong, Jian Jing Di Xianyou". Later, he also wrote it into the "Ancestral Precepts of the Emperor ming", warning future generations that they must strictly abide by the training. With the increase of children and grandchildren, Zhu Yuanzhang took the name according to the order of the five elements of wood, fire, earth, and gold and water, that is, the third word of the name of the descendants of the future generation must be in the order with five lines of side, such as the son's generation is next to the wooden word, then the grandson's generation is next to the fire word, and the generation of the heavy grandson is the earth word, and so on, and so on. Zhu Yuanzhang had countless children and grandchildren in his life, and even though he was talented, his name finally reached the point of poor words, and he began to create characters later! Such as Zhu Gongxi, Zhu Shenlei, Zhu Tong chrome, Zhu Tong niobium, Zhu Xiaoti, Zhu Mi cadmium and so on.
Eh? Wait, how do these names resemble elements so much? But the periodic table was only invented in the 19th century! In fact, this is just a coincidence, and later the famous Qing Dynasty scientist Xu Shou introduced and translated the periodic table of elements into Chinese characters using transliteration, which coincided with the names created by Zhu Yuanzhang's descendants.
The Chinese names of various elements of the periodic table are very complex, it is difficult to read correctly, and the class representatives come to help you summarize a wave!
Periodic table pronunciation of chemical elements
1 hydrogen (qīng), 2 helium (hài), 3 lithium (lǐ), 4 beryllium (pí), 5 boron (péng), 6 carbon (tàn), 7 nitrogen (dàn), 8 oxygen (yǎng), 9 fluorine (fú), 10 xenon (nǎi), 11 sodium (nà), 12 magnesium (měi), 13 aluminum (lǚ), 14 silicon (guī), 15 phosphorus (lín), 16 sulfur (liú), 17 chloro (lǜ), 18 argon (yà), 19 potassium (jiǎ), 20 calcium (gài) ,21 scandium(kàng), 22 titanium (tài), 23 vanadium (fán), 24 chromium (gè), 25 manganese (měng), 26 iron (tiě), 27 cobalt (gǔ), 28 nickel (niè), 29 copper (tóng), 30 zinc (xīn), 31 fetium (jiā), 32 betrontium (zhě), 33 thallium (shēn), 34 selenium (xī), 35 bromide (xiù), 36 xenon (kè), 37 fethium (rú), 38 strontium (sī), 39 ymutrium ( yǐ), 40 zirconium (gào), 41 niobium (ní), 42 molybdenum (mù), 43 technetium (dé), 44 kunium (liǎo), 45 pyllium (lǎo), 46 plutonium (bǎ), 47 silver (yín), 48 cadmium (gé), 48 9 Indium(yīn), 50 Tin (xī), 51 Antimonium (tī), 52 碲(dì), 53 iodine(diǎn), 54 Xenon (xiān), 55 Cymbidium (sè), 56 Barium (bèi), 57 Lanthanum (lán), 58 Strontium ( shì), 59 scythium(pǔ), 60 neodymium(nǚ), 61 pǒ(pǒ),62 钐(shān),63 铕(yǒu),64 钆(gá),65 铽(tè),66镝(dī),67 钬(huǒ),66 8 Erbium(ěr), 69 Thulium(diū), 70 ytterbium(yì), 71 y-obithium(lǔ), 72 Hafnium(hā), 73 Tantalum(tǎn), 74 Tungsten(wū), 75 Strontium(lái), 76 Osmium(é), 77 Y(yī), 78 Platinum (bó), 79 gold (jīn), 80 mercury (gǒng), 81 ytallium (tā), 82 lead (qiān), 83 bismuth (bì), 84 polonium (pō), 85 pyrene (ài), 86 radon (dōng), 87 plutonium (fāng), 88 Léi(léi), 89 actinium(ā), 90 tǔ(tǔ), 91 haup(pú), 92 uranium (yóu), 93 hauptium(ná), 94 plutonium (bù), 95 plutonium (méi), 96 curium (jú), 97 chains (jú), 97 chains (jú) péi), 98 californium (kāi), 99 cadmium (āi), 100 cadmium (fèi), 101 vanadium (mén), 102 plutonium (nuò), 103 polonium (láo), 104 yttrium lu (lú), 105 yttrium du (dù), 106 ytterbium喜(xǐ),107 钅波(bō), 108 钅黑(hēi), 109 yerium wheat (mài), 110 yerium da (dá), 111 yttrium lun (lún), 112 yttrium brothers (gē), 113 yttrium (nǐ), 114 鈇(fū), 115 镆 (mò), 116 鉝 (lì), 117 Ishida (tián), 118 Qi'ao (ào) (the words separated from the beginning can be seen in the figure below)
Image source: wikipedia
Although almost all the elements can be pronounced by reading the half side, there are still many strange words that are easy to make mistakes and confuse everyone, so here are some of the key points drawn by the class representatives for everyone, that is, the reading of the strange words in the periodic table:
noble gas:
2 helium (hài), 10 neon (nǎi), 18 argon (yà), 36 krypton (kè), 54 xenon (xiān), 86 radon (dōng)
Platinum group elements:
44 Ruthenium(liǎo)4,5 Rhodium(lǎo),46 Palladium(bǎ),76 Osmium(é),77 Iridium(yī),78 Platinum(bó)
Lanthanum:
57 Lanthanum(lán), 58 Scythium(shì), 59 Tyrup(pǔ), 60 Neodymium(nǚ), 61 Perish(pǒ), 62 Vanadium(shān),63 Osmium(yǒu),64 65 terbium (tè), 66 diethium (dī), 67 holmium (huǒ), 68 serpium (ěr), 69 thulium (diū), 70 yokes (yì), 71 yokes (lǔ)
Actinides:
89ium(ā), 90 hathenium(tǔ), 91 haup(pú), 92 uranium (yóu), 93 hafnium(ná), 94 plutonium(bù), 95 plutonium(méi), 96 hathenium(jú), 97 gonium(péi), 98 osmium(kāi), 99 cadmium(āi), 100 mothium(fèi), 101 vanadium(mén), 102ium(nuò), 103 铹(láo)
Editor: Ma Ruize
Proofreader: Qin Huaqing Jiang Shumin
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Original title: What is an element and how is it named?
Source: Institute of Geology and Geosciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Edit: Garrett