#历史开讲 #
"The four suburbs of Luodu, the victory of mountains and rivers, the head of the dragon gate." Bai Juyi of the Tang Dynasty praised the Dragon Gate.
Longmen Grottoes, located in the southern suburbs of the ancient capital Luoyang (Luoyang City, Henan Province), are the world's largest treasure trove of stone carving art, and have been rated by UNESCO as "the highest peak of Chinese stone carving art", ranking first among China's major grottoes. Here the two mountains face each other, the Yishui stream, the Foguang mountains, and the beautiful scenery is the wonders of the sky depicted by Su Guo in the Song Dynasty.
Gantry
Dongshan Grottoes
Hole in the drum platform
After seeing the Xishan Grottoes, we crossed the Manshui Bridge to Dongshan Grottoes. Before the road at the foot of Higashayama was opened, there was a platform above the boulder. Legend has it that when the Fengxian Temple was completed, Wu Zetian personally led hundreds of officials to the dragon gate to preside over this grand opening ceremony, and a huge band beat drums on this platform, so later generations called this place the drum platform. The three caves adjacent to the drum platform are called "Three Caves of the Drum Platform", also known as the "Dawanwu Buddha Cave". It is a Wuzhou Zen cave, and the Zen Buddhism of Chinese Buddhism is a sect that specializes in meditation. "Meditation" means to settle down and stop killing. The dome-shaped roof of the cave and the richly decorated lotus algae well are made of one Buddha and two bodhisattvas, the main Buddha is Maitreya Buddha sitting with his knees down, and there are 25 high-relief Arhat group statues at the base, from the west of the south wall to the west of the north wall. The group of arhats forms a semi-circular decorative band, and the group of arhats are all engraved with a scripture excerpted from the "Fu Fa Zang Karma Biography" to introduce the life and characteristics of the arhat. Many of the published texts are mixed with the new characters of Wu Zhou, which is a cave operated by Zen Buddhism during the Wu Zhou period.
Hole in the drum platform
Beat the drum Taipei Cave
Pinggu Taipei Cave is the earliest excavation of the Longmen Grottoes, the largest tantric statue grotto, tantra belongs to one of the schools of Chinese Buddhism, it originated in India after the seventh century AD, Buddhist esotericism is the last sect of Buddhism, esotericism introduced to China and spread in China and even spread to Japan, during Korea, as well as tantric leaders and their religious activities, are very closely related to Luoyang and Longmen Grottoes.
Pinggu Taipei Cave is a dome with a horseshoe-shaped plan, 4 meters high and 4.9 meters wide, and the roof of the cave is a lotus algae well, surrounded by four flying bodies. It is no longer clear due to weathering and ablation. It is said that the main statue of the North Cave, the three Buddha statues in the Middle Cave, and the one Buddha statue in the South Cave were all moved in from other places during the Republican period. Among the three seated Buddhas in the cave, the main Buddha on the east wall is Pirujana Buddha which means day, that is, to remove darkness and light, so it is also called "Great Sun Rulai", it has a bodhisattva-like image with a crown on its head and an arm on its arms, like a 2.45 meters high, and Yuka sits on a 0.9-meter-high Meru platform.
On the south side of the front wall of the north cave, there is a statue of Guanyin with eight arms, 1.83 meters high, sitting barefoot on a circular platform, and on the north side of the front wall, there is also a statue of four-armed and eleven-faced Guanyin, 1.9 meters high, standing barefoot on a circular platform.
Beat the drum Taipei Cave
See the temple
Kanjing Temple is carved in the Wu Zetian period, double-chamber structure, the front room cliff wall has dozens of small niche statues, the main chamber depth is 1170 cm, width 1116 cm, height 825 cm, flat roof, square plan, four walls vertical, the lower part of the three walls carved 180 cm high Chuanfa Arhat 29 ancestors (11 bodies on the main wall, 9 bodies on each of the two walls), is the most exquisite Arhat group portrait in the mainland Tang Dynasty, is engraved according to the Sui Dynasty Fei Changfang "Records of the Magic Treasures of the Past Dynasties". This kind of large cave without carving Buddha statues but only arhats seems to be a large Zen hall, which may have been excavated under the auspices of Zen Buddhism. Kanjing Temple is the largest cave in Longmen Dongshan, and 29 Chuanfa Arhats are well preserved.
See the temple
Four Goose Cave
Siyan Cave is a medium-sized cave from the High Tang Dynasty. The roof of the cave is a lotus algae well, surrounded by four flying geese, strangely enough, the legs of these four geese are very slender, similar to crane legs, the name of the four geese cave is derived from this. In the Buddhist scriptures, five hundred geese are used as a metaphor for the story of five hundred arhats. The carving of the four geese here may be an allegorical technique, using the goose as a metaphor for arhats. This is also the only place in the Longmen Grottoes.
Four Goose Cave
Two Lotus Caves
Two Lotus Cave is located in the south of Siyan Cave, which is a group of twin caves with the same pattern, so it is called Erlianhua Cave. The two lotus caves were hewn around the time of Wuzhou to Emperor Xuanzong of Tang. The statue carvings and layout of the two caves are the same. The algae wells at the top of the cave are covered with lotus motifs. One Buddha, two disciples, two bodhisattvas, two heavenly kings, and two lux are made in the cave. The main Buddha in the middle is Amitabha Buddha, who casts the magic seal with his hand.
The size of the caves ranges between large and medium-sized caves. From the perspective of the technique of the statue, it is more mature, and it is also quite Tang style, which has certain artistic value.
Two Lotus Caves
White Garden
Baiyuan, located on the Pipa Peak of Dongshan in Luoyang Longmen Scenic Area, is the cemetery of the Tang Dynasty poet Bai Juyi, covering an area of 30,000 square meters, and was announced by the State Council as a national key cultural relic protection unit in 1961.
Bai Juyi, character Lotte, lived in Luoyang for 18 years in his later years. Although he is respected as "Young Fu", he has been poor all his life, loves wine and poetry, repairs Xiangshan Temple in Longmen, opens Bajie Beach, is very attached to Longmen landscapes, and is buried here after his death.
White Garden
There are more than 10 main attractions in the White Garden, including Qinggu District, Paradise, Poetry Gallery, Tomb Area, Japanese Calligraphy Gallery, and Taoist Poetry Library.
Qinggu District is located between two mountains and has Hakuchi, Tingyitei, Shibanqiao, Songchiku and White Lotus. Entering the waterfall of Qinggu District, the pool water is rippling, the bamboo forest is breezy, and the white lotus is fragrant, which makes people's hearts pleasant; Surrounded by mountains and waters, facing the Qinggu, Paradise is a place where poets meet their friends in poetry, with exposed natural mountain stones indoors, white jade statues dashing and natural, and quiet sitting on mountain stones, giving people a deep sense of contemplation. Standing in front of Paradise, you can deeply recall the connotation of the poet's original work "water often flows in front of the door, how tall trees are on the wall, bamboo paths go around the lotus pond, and return more than 100 steps"; There are 38 standing stones in the poetry gallery, written by famous domestic artists, with complete lines, grass, seals and subordinates, which can not only appreciate Bai Juyi's masterpieces, but also appreciate the beauty of calligraphy art. The Japanese Calligraphy Gallery was built for the exchange of calligraphy between China and Japan, mostly by contemporary Japanese calligraphy masters, and was opened to the public in March 2000. The tomb area is located at the top of Pipa Peak, which can be reached by climbing the steps from the peony altar. There are Bai Juyi's tomb, lying stone stele, aconitum gate and standing stones for Chinese and foreign guests and ethnic groups who admire Bai Juyi. The stone floor in front of the tomb, the lawn behind the tomb is like a blanket, surrounded by green cypresses, giving people a solemn and solemn feeling.
Baiyuan is a monumental garden, the architecture in the garden is simple and elegant, there are flowers in three seasons, evergreen in all seasons, winding paths, is a good place to visit.
Fragrant Mountain Temple
Xiangshan Temple is located in Xiangshan West Col, 13 kilometers south of Luoyang City, the ancient capital of the 13th Dynasty, and is connected to the Longmen Grottoes West Mountain Cave Area and Baiyuan Yuan, a world cultural heritage site, across the river, and connected to the Longmen Grottoes Dongshan Cave Area and Baiyuan.
Panorama of Xiangshan Temple
Xiangshan got its name because of the abundance of kudzu. Xiangshan Temple was built in the first year of the Northern Wei dynasty (516 AD) and the third year of the Tang dynasty (687 AD), where the Indian monk Di Bhara (Rizhao) was buried here, and the Buddhist temple was rebuilt to house his remains.
In the first year of Tianfu (690 AD), Wu Zetian proclaimed himself emperor in Luoyang and established the Wuzhou Dynasty, and King Wu of Liang was invited by Wu Sansi, named "Xiangshan Temple", and rebuilt the temple, at that time, Xiangshan Temple was dangerous and cut Han, Feige Lingyun, majestic, Wu Zetian often drove to travel in person, and the stone building in Yuxiangshan Temple sat in the dynasty. Left behind the good story of "fragrant mountain poetry wins the brocade robe".
Daeungho Hall
In the sixth year of Tang Dahe (832 AD), Henan Yin Baijuyi donated 6.7 million guan to rebuild Xiangshan Temple, and wrote "Records of Xiuxiangshan Temple", the name of the temple is greatly Zhen, the first sentence of this article is the praise of Xiangshan Temple "Luodu four suburbs of landscape victory, Longmen Shouyan, Longmen Ten Temples, Victory of Tours, Xiangshan Shouyan", Bai Juyi called himself "Xiangshan Jushi" and Ruman monks and others formed the "Xiangshan Nine Elders" chanted in the hall of the temple, Huichang sixth year (846 AD) Bai Juyi died, He was buried next to the Ruman Pagoda of Xiangshan Temple.
Xiangshan Temple still existed in the Song and Jin Dynasty, abandoned at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and rebuilt during the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, the Qianlong Emperor once visited Xiangshan Temple, praising "Longmen Fan Ten Temples, the first number of fragrant mountains", this poem is excerpted from his poem "Two Pieces of Xiangshan Temple", which was engraved on the stone stele, and the Qianlong Imperial Stele Pavilion located in Xiangshan Temple has stood this stone stele for more than two hundred years.
In the late Qing Dynasty and the early years of the Republic of China, Xiangshan Temple was gradually deserted, and after the reconstruction of Xiangshan Temple in 1936, a two-story small building was built in the temple to celebrate Chiang Kai-shek's 50th birthday. Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Meiling spent their summers here many times, and this small building is located on the southeast side of Xiangshan Temple and is known as the "Chiang and Song Villa".
Chiang Kai-shek came to Luoyang on October 29, 1936, and although he used the name of "avoiding life", he actually deployed the plan of "suppressing the communists in the northwest". He celebrated his 50th birthday at the villa on October 31, attended by Zhang Xueliang, Yan Xishan and others; After that, he inspected the Luoyang Military Academy and Luoyang Power Plant, inspected the heavy artillery units, and returned to Luoyang three times with his wife Song Meiling to appease the warlords of non-concubine troops. He left Luo for Xi'an in early December and stayed in Luoyang for a total of 36 days, basically living in the Jiang Song Villa of Xiangshan Temple.
Jiang Song villa