"Inheritance of Style, Rank and Order: A Study on the Garrison System of the Liao Dynasty"
|Wu Wenjun, Chen Junda|
Shanghai Joint Bookstore, April 2024
ISBN：978-7-5426-8445-5
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Introduction
This book is the first academic work to systematically study the garrison system of the Liao Dynasty, including the garrison mechanism of the various armies, the peacetime operation of the garrison system, and the wartime cooperation. The overall garrison system of the Liao Dynasty was different from the inner layer and the outer layer. The inner garrison was centered on the Liao Emperor and the central government, and was responsible for protecting the Liao Emperor and the central government, and also had the function of supervising the localities. The outer garrison is stationed in the local and frontier, showing the characteristics of hierarchy and regionalization. Its hierarchical is reflected in the existence of high-level, intermediate, and low-level military roads/military institutions, and its regionalization is reflected in the formation of a regional garrison system dominated by high-level military divisions. The garrison of the Liao Dynasty was mainly collected from the three systems of palace tents, tribes, and Jingzhou, and although the grassroots construction was divided into Khitan (Xi) and Han (Bohai), in its actual management and operation, it had gone beyond the distinction between the Khitan and the Han, and paid more attention to the military and political aspects. In the operation of the Liao Dynasty, the military and political operations were emphasized, rather than the dual track of the Khan and the Khan.
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About the Author
Wu Wenjun
Wu Wenjun
Wu Wenjun, a native of Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, was born in 1991. In 2020, he graduated from the College of Liberal Arts of Jilin University with a doctorate degree in history. From 2020 to 2023, he was a postdoctoral fellow and assistant researcher at the School of History, Beijing Normal University. He is currently an assistant researcher at the College of Liberal Arts, Jilin University. He has published more than 10 papers in journals such as Journal of Minzu University of China, Ancient Civilization, and Journal of Historical Theory and Historiography. Published a monograph "Research on the Tribal Army of the Liao Dynasty". He has presided over 1 youth project of the National Social Science Fund, 1 youth social science fund of the Ministry of Education, and 3 other projects at all levels.
Chen Junda
Chen Junda
Chen Junda, a native of Xuzhou, Jiangsu, was born in 1991. In 2013, he graduated from the Department of Japanese Language of Northeast Normal University with a bachelor's degree in literature. In 2016 and 2019, he graduated from the Department of Chinese History, College of Liberal Arts, Jilin University, with a master's degree and a doctorate degree in history, under the supervision of Professor Yang Jun. He is currently an associate professor in the Department of Chinese History, College of Liberal Arts, Jilin University. He has published more than 20 papers in journals such as Journal of Minzu University of China, Collected Journals of History, and Ancient Civilization. He has published four monographs, including "Research on the System of Jiezhen in the Liao Dynasty" and "From "Neighbors" to "Tribute": A Study on the Interaction between Goryeo and the Liao Dynasty. He has presided over 1 late-stage funded project of the National Social Science Fund, 1 sub-project of the major project of the National Social Science Fund, and more than 10 other projects at all levels.
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Table of Contents
Introduction/001
Preface II/001
Introduction/001
Chapter 1 Nothing is Unguarded: The Liao Dynasty Palace Guards Garrison/039
Section 1 Inside and outside the large and small forbidden enclosures: the spatial pattern of the Liao Emperor's palace/040
Section 2 From the special leader to the person in charge: Liao Emperor Quadruple Palace Guard/047
Section 3 The Operational Mechanism of the Liao Dynasty Palace Guards/058
Aftermath/066
Chapter 2 The Duality of Military and Government: The Tribal Management Model of the Liao Dynasty/071
Section 1 Military Roads and Tribal Barracks: Tribal Military Command System/072
Section 2 The Battalion Army and the Battalion Headquarters: The Dual Nature of Shi Lie and Its Evolution/080
Section 3 Tribal Military and Civil Affairs Subordinate Mechanism/088
Afterword/095
Chapter 3 Sub-town Frontier: Liao Dynasty Tribal Army Garrison/097
Section 1 Soldiers and Military Service in the Tribal Army/097
Section 2 Tribal Army Garrisons and Defense Areas/113
Section 3 Pastures and Tribal Army Garrisons/123
Afterword/129
Chapter 4 Guarding the Frontier: The Garrison of the Jingzhou Army of the Liao Dynasty/133
Section 1 Garrison of the Beijing Army/134
Section 2 Garrison of the Zhenzhen Army/169
Section 3 Garrisons of other prefecture and state armies/193
Afterword/204
Chapter 5 Divisionalization and Hierarchicalization: Military Divisions and Garrison Operations in the Liao Dynasty/208
Section 1 Interpretation of "Liao History: Geographical Chronicles" "Military Affairs/Subordination"/210
Section 2 The Governor of the Left Behind and the Wujing "Military Road"/215
Section III Other Military Divisions/227
Section 4 The Liao Dynasty's Three-Level Military Divisional System/248
Afterword/255
Chapter VI Gathering Troops and Generals: The Marching System of the Liao Dynasty/258
Section 1 Soldiers on the march of the Liao Dynasty/259
Section 2 The Establishment of the Liao Dynasty's March/267
Section 3 The Commander of the Liao Dynasty's March/273
Afterword/281
Epilogue/284
Addendum: Integration of Shanxi Prefectures in the Liao Dynasty/289
Document Ref./307
Postscript/326
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Yang Jun's preface
Mr. Zhang Boquan attached great importance to the study of the history of the Liaojin Dynasty because the Liaojin and Jin dynasties were the beginning of the northern ethnic regime with a "self-cultivation" consciousness, not only because they re-established the Northern Dynasties and created the second era of the Northern and Southern Dynasties in Chinese history, but without an in-depth understanding of the Liaojin Dynasty, it is impossible to truly understand the era of great unification of Chinese history in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, nor can we truly understand the historical characteristics and laws of China as a unified multi-ethnic country. Under the guidance of my husband, I have also been engaged in the study of Liao history for many years, and although I have done nothing, I have some ideas of my own.
Whether there was a transition during the Tang and Song dynasties has been discussed by scholars in the academic circles, but the existence of obvious differences between Chinese history after the Tang Dynasty and the previous period seems to be conclusive. It is also an indisputable fact that the Liao Dynasty established by the Khitans was groundbreaking in many aspects. However, due to the limited data, many issues in the study of Liao history have not yet been deepened. From this point of view, institutional history has irreplaceable special significance, and at a time when historical research has made great progress in both breadth and depth, the study of institutional history makes people feel a little lagging behind, which cannot but be said to be a pity. In my opinion, the understanding of the dualistic system of the Liao Dynasty that is popular in academic circles is that in the initial stage of the study of Liao history, when the specific research has not yet been carried out, the previous scholars put forward an unsubstantiated view on the macro understanding of Liao history, and with the deepening of the study of Liao history, it can be found that the explanatory power of this view is declining. This problem is the cornerstone of the study of the history of the Liao Dynasty system, and if this problem is not solved, the edifice of the Liao Dynasty system cannot be built, or in other words, no matter how hard you try to build it, there is a possibility of collapse.
Out of this consideration, I personally wanted to engage in the study of this problem, but in the process of thinking, I found that the final solution of this problem may involve all aspects of the Liao Dynasty system, without the support of specific research, any discussion is still superficial, not helpful to solve the problem, and my personal ability is really limited, so I have to put this grand idea aside for the time being. In summary, I don't think the specific research has been carried out to the extent that it can support the macro conclusions. Therefore, on the one hand, I continue to think in related fields, and on the other hand, I am also guiding my students to engage in specific research on issues related to the institutional history of the Liao Dynasty.
Chen Junda's doctoral dissertation is entitled "Research on the System of Jiezhen in the Liao Dynasty", and Wu Wenjun's doctoral dissertation is entitled "Research on the Tribal Army of the Liao Dynasty", both of which are in-depth studies of the specific military and political system of the Liao Dynasty, and the ultimate point is to understand the operation mechanism of the Liao Dynasty state. The publication of this book is another masterpiece of the two in this field. It was gratifying to see their progress in related research, and I felt that I didn't need to think about related issues anymore. reminds me of a couplet of the ancients: "Coarse tea and light rice cloth clothes, this blessing makes the old man suffer; The Qi family rules the country and the world, and the children are responsible for those things. "In order to shirk responsibility and spur students.
Both authors are my students, and their works have asked me to write a preface, and I really can't find an excuse to prevaricate, and a few digressions will be counted as a preface.
Yang Jun
February 21, 2024 at Idle Fasting
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Wu Fengxia's preface
Wu Wenjun and Chen Junda co-authored the book "Inheritance of Systems, Scores and Ranks: A Study of the Garrison System of the Liao Dynasty" is about to be published, which is gratifying. I was fortunate to be one of the first readers, two young talents asked me to write a preface to the book, I know that I have a shallow knowledge, limited knowledge, however, can not shirk, but also appreciate the talent and down-to-earth attitude of the two, on the study of the feelings, a little has seen. Or if there is a mistake in understanding and evaluation, I hope that readers will criticize.
The military system is undoubtedly a very difficult topic, especially the military system of the Liao Dynasty, the Liao Dynasty itself left too few words, and the accounts of the Song and Yuan dynasties are indirect and fragmentary, so the military system of the Liao Dynasty has been covered with a layer of fog, which makes people unable to see clearly and have all kinds of doubts. Relevant research has always been a difficult problem in the study of Liao history, and of course, it is also an extremely important issue to understand and recognize the Liao Dynasty's military establishment and why it lasted for a long time. Modern scholars have touched on the military system of the Liao Dynasty from multiple perspectives such as the war, military institutions, and military divisions of the Liao Dynasty, but they have not yet comprehensively and systematically investigated the composition and operation of its military garrison system. The research content of this book clarifies a series of important issues in the military garrison system of the Liao Dynasty, and its achievements mainly lie in the following three points:
First, it reveals the composition of the military garrison system of the Liao Dynasty. The Liao Dynasty marched and fought wars and participated in the army often belonged to four systems: the palace tent army (palace guard army), the tribal army, the Jingzhou army, and the subordinate national army, the author believes that the first three constitute the cornerstone of the Liao Dynasty's garrison system, and the subordinate national army is not completely under the control of the Liao Dynasty, and is only requisitioned and deployed when necessary in wartime, and is not listed.
Because the palace guards are closely related to the operation of the Huluduo system and the four-hour bowl system, it is not easy to sort it out. Starting from the spatial layout of the Liao Emperor's "Imperial Palace", and through the comparison of Song and Yuan Dynasty documents, the author determines that the guards of the Liao Dynasty can be divided into three areas (small forbidden enclosure, large forbidden enclosure, and large and small forbidden enclosures) and four palace guards (the hard village army and other guards form two palace guards with a small forbidden encirclement, the directly subordinate army under the deployment of all the palaces is the large forbidden palace guards, and the palace guards led by the palace are outside the large and small forbidden enclosures). As for the operation mechanism of the palace guard system, the author emphasizes that the palace guards in the three regions are the same in terms of functional scope, and they are all responsible for protecting the safety of the emperor, maintaining the operation of the bowl, and of course, as an important military force, they will be sent out to suppress important places. Special armies with different names (such as the Eagle Army, the Phoenix Army, the Dragon Army, the Iron Harrier Army, etc.) may all be the Forbidden Army of the Son of Heaven. The palace guards subordinate to different institutions have different division of labor, and in the process of development, their management institutions have shifted from a single military to a dual military and political nature.
As for the tribal army, the author starts from the management mode of the tribal army and government of the Liao Dynasty, and first clarifies the management and subordinate institutions of the tribal camp army, "led by the Jiedu envoy or Shi Lieyi Lijin and the capital supervisor, and is subordinate to the military institutions and the Great Wangfu". However, the military institutions were primarily responsible for the suppression of the tribal army, and the power to transfer troops of the tribal army was usually vested in the Northern Privy Council. Secondly, it clarifies the characteristics of the Liao Dynasty's tribal military composition changing with the tribal system, that is, only the Khitan people were included at first, and the non-Khitan nomads were later included one after another. The town of the tribal army also extended outward from the interior of the Liao Dynasty (located in the present-day Xilamulun River and Laoha River basins), which were subordinate to various military institutions, and the choice of their town and garrison was closely related to the pasture and formed a certain range of garrison areas.
Regarding the garrison of the Jingzhou army in the Liao Dynasty, the author uses a long space, among them, the combing of the garrison of the capital begins with the discussion of the military duties left in Wujing, and then involves the military setting and army management of Wujing, as well as the military officials left behind in Wujing, and the demonstration process makes full use of the stone carving data of the Liao Dynasty, and draws the schematic diagram of the garrison system of Nanjing, Xijing, Zhongjing and Tokyo one by one. Regarding the garrison of Jiezhen, it also starts with the analysis of the military duties of the Jiedu envoys, and discusses the military setup and army management of Jiezhen, the other military officials of the Jiedu envoys, and the garrison layout of Jiezhen as the administrative office of the military institution. The author's conclusive understanding is that in order to deal with the threat from the surrounding regimes and tribes, the Liao Dynasty further strengthened the military functions of Jiezhen and weakened the civil functions of Jiezhen, and at the same time, the Liao Dynasty did not ignore the garrisons of Dafan Prefecture (Huanglong Prefecture, Xingzhong Prefecture, etc.), Observation Prefecture, Defense Prefecture, and Assassin Prefecture, so that the Jingzhou garrison was spread all over the strategic places and transportation arteries.
The author also emphasizes that the garrison system composed of the armies of the above three systems can be divided into two layers: the inner layer is centered on the mobile bowl, which is responsible for the defense of the Liao Emperor and the imperial court, and can be regarded as the central garrison force, and the outer layer can be regarded as the local garrison force. The internal and external armies are controlled by the imperial court, and the forbidden army of the Son of Heaven can be stationed in the local area according to the matter, and the local garrison also has a person who is up to the bowl, and is temporarily under the command of the palace guard. From the perspective of the Liao Dynasty's military garrison system and operation mechanism, the Liao Dynasty's garrison army moved appropriately, which was the military support for the Liao Dynasty to maintain the "state" system, manage the prefectures and counties of Beijing, and suppress the surrounding areas.
Second, it summarizes the characteristics of the divisional and hierarchical military division and garrison operation of the Liao Dynasty.
Contrary to the understanding of previous scholars, the author of this book believes that the military garrison of the Liao Dynasty had the characteristics of regional distribution, which can be determined from the layout of high-level military divisions. Judging from the information reflected in the existing documents, there are mainly nine high-level military divisions of the Liao Dynasty, and their commanders are either for recruiting envoys, or for Zhujing to stay behind and unify the military envoys, or to stay and serve as marshals, governors, and deployments of the capital, etc., respectively, they are laid out in: "Shangjing Road" in the jurisdiction of Shangjing, "Zhongjing Road" in the jurisdiction of Zhongjing, "Tokyo Road" in the jurisdiction of Tokyo Terracotta and Horses Deployment (Tokyo Left-behind and concurrently), "Nanjing Road" in the jurisdiction of Marshal Nanjing (Nanjing Left-behind and concurrently), "Xijing Road" in the jurisdiction of Xijing Soldiers and Horses (Xijing Left-behind and concurrently), "Northwest Road" under the jurisdiction of the Northwest Road Recruitment Division, "Southwest Road" under the jurisdiction of the Southwest Recruitment Division, "Northeast Road" under the jurisdiction of the Northeast Road and the "Liaoxi Road" under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Xingzhong Prefecture. By the end of the Liao Dynasty, eleven high-level military divisions were finally formed, namely Huanglongfu Road and Pingzhou Road, which were upgraded to high-level military divisions.
The author points out that there were three levels of military divisions in the Liao Dynasty: in addition to the above nine (the last eleven) high-level military divisions, the intermediate military divisions included the Northern Jurchen Terracotta Division, the Southern Jurchen Tanghe Division, the Huanglongfu Deployment Division (later upgraded), the Baozhou Unified Army Division, and the Wugu Enemy Lie Unified Military Division. The low-level military division is Jiezhen. As far as the scope of the three-level military divisions is concerned, the high-level military divisions cover the whole country, and the middle-level military divisions are branches of the high-level military divisions. Low-level military divisions are densely populated and strequent.
Third, it outlines the problem of the marching system of the Liao Dynasty. It is mainly expounded from three aspects: the number of soldiers, the establishment and the commander of the march. If the first five chapters of this book focus on a static examination of the armies of the Liao Dynasty's garrison system, supplemented by a dynamic investigation of the garrison operation, then the sixth chapter of this book focuses on the action of each garrison force in the process of participating in the war. It is only limited to historical data, and the discussion is relatively brief.
Wen Jun and Junda are examples of young scholars I know who dare to challenge difficult problems, have firm goals, persevere, and devote themselves to learning. They uphold the original intention of pioneering and innovating, diligently cultivate the position of Liaoshi, and constantly bring forth the new. Although the book in front of the reader is not perfect enough, for example, in terms of textual expression, due to the lack of headings under the section, although there is an internal logic, and the discussion is also layered, it is really not easy to read such a specialized academic research. However, the flaws are not hidden, and the content discussed in this book is indeed very new, and it is worth studying carefully and deeply. On the basis of the study of the military system of the Liao Dynasty by their predecessors, they actively expanded their research horizons, deeply excavated the historical materials of the Liao, Song and Yuan dynasties, and advanced the understanding of the garrison system of the Liao Dynasty by a big step, so that many problems that have plagued people for a long time have a clear connotation, and their contributions to the study of the military system of the Liao Dynasty are worthy of full affirmation. I believe that readers who read this book will gain new knowledge and enlightenment.
Wu Fengxia
March 2024 in Jinzhou
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Epilogue
The writing of this book originally originated from the topic of my doctoral dissertation, and after entering the doctoral program, I discussed with Yang Junshi to take the military system of the Liao Dynasty as the research content, and finally chose the topic of "Research on the Garrison System of the Liao Dynasty". After the discussion of the Liaojin History Reading Club, the topic was officially opened in May 2018 in the Department of Specialized History. The opening report was fortunate to be corrected by Teacher Cheng Nina, Teacher Zhao Yongchun, Teacher Song Qing, Teacher Wang Wanzhi, and Teacher Chen Peng. Later, in the process of collecting historical materials and writing, I found that the systematic study of tribal armies alone was enough to support a doctoral dissertation.
After graduating from my PhD in 2020, I went to Beijing Normal University as a postdoctoral fellow, during which I made some achievements in the military of the Liao Dynasty. Based on this, in March 2022, I applied for the Youth Fund project of the Ministry of Education with the topic of "Research on the Garrison System of the Liao Dynasty", which was approved by the Ministry of Education in September of the same year. It is against this background that the book is launched.
Since Mr. Yang Ruowei's "Research on the Political and Military System of the Khitan Dynasty", Mr. Wang Zengyu's "Liaojin Military System", Mr. Guan Shudong's series of papers, and Mr. Kang Peng's "Research on the Five Beijing Systems of the Liao Dynasty", our understanding of the military system of the Liao Dynasty is constantly deepening. This book is based on the research of Zhuxian, combined with the deepening and expansion of his own research and that of Chen Junda, a member of the project team, for many years, and will not repeat the research on the issues that have reached a consensus in the academic community. Some of the contents of the book have been published in the Journal of Minzu University of China, Historical Collection, Ancient Civilization, Journal of Henan Normal University, Nankai Historiography, Liaojin History and Archaeology and other publications. Chapters 4 and 5 of this book were written by Chen Junda, a member of the project team, and the other parts were written by Wu Wenjun, who completed the overall draft and proofreading.
The successful completion and publication of this book would like to thank the three teachers Yang Junshi, Wu Fengxia and Xiang Yannan for their guidance and teaching, the teachers of the Special History Teaching and Research Department of Jilin University, and the teachers and colleagues in the academic circles who helped and supported us. Thank you to our family members who have encouraged us to move forward.
February 10, 2024 Book in Changchun
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