The traditional Chinese medicine ephedra was first seen in the "Shennong Materia Medica", which is said to be "the main stroke, typhoid fever, headache, warm malaria, sweating, removing evil heat, relieving cough and reversing the upper qi, removing cold and heat, and breaking the accumulation of disease." Most of the above-mentioned indications and functions related to relieving symptoms, relieving cough, relieving asthma and dissipating cold and stagnation are simple and proven. "Famous Doctors" added its "main five internal organs and evil qi are slow and urgent, wind and flank pain, word milk residual disease, stop saliva". Tao Hongjing's "Commentary on the Materia Medica" pays attention to its main efficacy, and believes: "Ephedra is the first medicine for treating typhoid fever. ”
The reason for the naming of ephedra has not been understood by successive dynasties. Li Shizhen suspects that it is related to the taste of hemp and yellow color, and his theory of taste hemp is not accurate, and it is expected to be suspected of being literate. "Introduction to Medicine" believes: "Clusters, such as hemp, yellow color." "Whether it is named because of the yellowish color of its medicinal herbs and the fact that the fibers in the stems resemble hemp and ramie, although it is difficult to determine so far, it is more credible. Aliases include Longsha, Beixiang, Dog Bone, etc., but they have always been rarely used. Ephedra in prescription refers to the products selected for pure raw use, and the names of its concocted products are: ephedra, ephedra velvet and ephedra velvet, etc.
Chinese medicine
The traditional Chinese medicine ephedra is the dried grassy stem of the ephedra family, grass ephedra, medium ephedra or equisetum ephedra. It is mainly produced in Shanxi, Hebei, Gansu, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. In autumn, the green grassy stems are harvested, dried, and the woody stems, residual roots and impurities are removed, and cut into sections. This product is slightly fragrant, astringent and slightly bitter. It is better to be dry, with thick stems, pale green, full of heart, and bitter taste. For raw, honey-seared or pounded.
This product has a pungent taste, slightly bitter and warm. Return to the lungs and bladder meridians. It has the effect of diaphoresis and relieving the surface, relieving the lungs and asthma, and diluting water and reducing swelling.
Note: 1) This product has a strong sweating power, and should not be used by people with self-sweating and fever; The elderly, children and people with frail health should use with caution; Because it can stimulate the central nervous system and raise blood pressure, it should be used with caution by patients with irritability, insomnia and hypertension. 2) Modern research shows that this product is easy to produce rapid tolerance, and is used for the treatment of chronic asthma and cough, and should be administered intermittently, and the efficacy will be reduced if it is used continuously. This product should not be combined with digitalis cardiac glycosides to avoid causing ventricular arrhythmia. 3) Excessive dosage or misuse of this product can easily cause palpitations, shortness of breath, insomnia, irritability, sweating, tremor and angina pectoris; Severe poisoning can cause blurred vision, dilated pupils, coma, dyspnea and urination, convulsions, etc., and can die of respiratory failure and ventricular fibrillation. The toxic dose of ephedra is 30~45g. Antihypertensive drugs and sedatives may be given to cause hypertensive blood pressure and neurological excitability. 4) Ephedrine has the effect of stimulating the sphincter in the bladder, and it is easy to induce or aggravate urinary retention due to overtaking or long-term use of ephedra, and it is also easy to induce or aggravate urinary retention, so this product should not be used in excess or for a long time, and patients with urinary retention should not use more. 5) This product can cause allergic reactions to very few patients, with a systemic rash and a low-grade fever. A small amount of ephedra has been used for allergy induction test, and after taking the drug internally for 5 hours, morbilliform erythema appeared on both sides of the forearm. Therefore, care should be taken when using it clinically.
"Materia Medica"
The nuclear said: Those who go out of Xingyang, Zhongmu, and Bianjing will win. Where it is, there is no snow in winter. Seedlings in February, slender and straight, yellow on the outside and red on the inside, such as bamboo; In April, the tips bloom yellow flowers, firm like lily petals and tight and small, and sweet like honey locust seeds; The root color is purple and red, there are two kinds of male and female, and the female flowers and bears fruit.
Repair: remove the roots and knots, boil more than ten boils, sweep away the white foam, and fear that it will be annoying...... Magnolia bark and white myrtle are used for it. Evil Xinyi, Shi Wei.
Refer to it: The surface is yellow and red, the middle is empty, the life is not subject to snow, the king of the heart is assisted, and the one who preaches the fire order is also. The main treatment of cold wind and warm malaria, the mark of headache, the head of the invasion of prostitution, the skin of the shape, the pores are full, the reverse opening and anti-closing, the fire decree, the liquid is sweat and widened, 84,000 pores, all obey the order, and go to the evil heat. However, heat is not a disease, but the disease of the target, that is, the cold storm abuses the qi, so that the pores are straight, the skin is closed and hot, and the vigor is not contrary to the cold of the original qi. If the cough is reversed, the pores are full and closed, and the qi cannot be opened, so the cough is reversed. If the accumulation of stubbornness is formed, the false qi is formed, and it cannot be turned and closed, so it accumulates hard and becomes sick. Gai is not only the nature of the same, that is, the original qi has not changed, so it can still be turned in and out, and the winter is spring, otherwise the sweat will die and the heart will be ruined.
"Materia Medica"
Cheng Chat and Shoot the Clouds: Cold and lewd inside, cure with sweet heat, accompanied by hardship, and moisten it with bitterness. The sweetness of ephedra is to relieve the cold of Shaoyin. Another cloud: the sweetness of ephedra and licorice to disperse the cold.
Jie Guyun: Ephedra, the sun, less yin and sweat, start with Taiyin. "Treating Secrets" cloud: warm in nature, sweet and pungent in taste. The smell is thin, light and floating, and the sun is rising. There are four uses: to go to the cold and evil one, the lung meridian medicine two, the divergence of wind and cold three, to the skin cold and dampness and the wind four. Vent the defense in the truth, go to the glory in the cold. Youyun: Ephedra bitter is the yin of the earth, and the yin is going down, what is sweating and rising? Jingyun: The thin taste is the yang in the yin, so ephedra sweats and rises. It is also not separated from the body of yin, so it is also yin.
Higashigaki Cloud: Go to the cold evil on the surface. Sweet, hot, go to the knot. It is used to relieve the cold of the Shaoyin meridian, disperse the surface cold, and disperse the floating heat. Youyun: Ephedra main stroke, typhoid fever and headache, sweating, nine orifices, opening pores, treating cough and reversing qi.
Haizangyun: Ephedra enters the sun, and the hands are too yin. It can be sweating and sweating, and typhoid fever without sweating, coughing. Fu ephedra is the medicine to cure the truth, and the cinnamon branch is the medicine to cure the deficiency. Cinnamon and ephedra, although they are sun meridian medicines, they are actually Rongwei medicines. It is divided by the sun, so it is called the sun. This disease is Rong Wei, the lungs are the main guard, the heart is the main Rong, the Wei is the qi, the Rong is the blood, the lungs and the heart are the masters, so the ephedra is the medicine of the hand Taiyin, and the cinnamon branch is the medicine of the hand Shaoyin. Therefore, those who cough with typhoid fever and cold use ephedra and cinnamon branches, which are the source of the decoction.
Commentary on the Materia Medica
The temperature of ephedra, the wood gas of spring and the sky, enter the yin and liver meridians of the feet; The taste is bitter and non-toxic, and the fire taste of the south of the land is obtained, and the heart meridian is less yin. The smell rises lightly, and the yang is also.
The heart is sweating, the liver is draining, and the liver is entering the heart, so it is the medicine for sweating. There are five typhoid fevers, typhoid fever patients, wind injury guards, cold injury camps, and typhoid fever of camp guards; Ephedra is warm to disperse, and when sweating out, it is also relieved. Warm malaria, but the malaria of heat is not cold, and the malaria of warm malaria causes headache, then the yang evil is above, and it will be sweating, but it can go to the heat of the malaria evil, so it can also be the main ephedra.
The lungs are mainly fur, and if the fur is cold, the lungs will hurt and cough up the disease; Ephedra warms the cold of the fur, and the cough is self-calming. The cold and evil are depressed on the body, and those on the body, where the sun passes, the sun is also sick and feverish and cold; Ephedra is warm to dissipate the cold, and the cold goes away and the cold and heat are removed. If there is an accumulation of cold and hard, the accumulation of cold and blood is also formed, and the cold is yin, and the negative is firm; Ephedra is bitter in the heart, the heart is the main blood, the temperature disperses the cold, the cold disperses the blood, and the accumulation is self-destructive.
The root solar terms are flat, sweet and non-toxic, and they enter the sun and spleen meridians and the hand Taiyin and lung meridians, so they stop sweating.
Formula: Ephedra with Guixin, treatment of wind paralysis and cold pain. With cinnamon branches, licorice, almonds, ginger, jujubes, for the treatment of typhoid fever. With white peony, licorice, cannon ginger, fine pungent root, Su stem, northern flavor, treat lung cold and asthma. Ephedra root with astragalus, oyster powder, wheat soup, self-perspiration.
Modern pharmacology
Traditional Chinese medicine ephedra mainly contains alkaloid components: ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, desmethylephedrine, desmethylpseudoephedrine volatile oil, methylephedrine, methylpseudoephedrine, etc. It also contains tannins, volatile oils, etc.
Ephedra decoction, ephedra water-soluble extract, ephedra volatile oil, ephedrine, 1-methylephedrine, etc. all have sweating effects. Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and ephedra volatile oil are its active ingredients for asthma. A variety of components of ephedra have diuretic effects, with D-pseudoephedrine being the most significant. Ephedra volatile oil has antipyretic effects on a variety of experimental fever model animals. A variety of components of ephedra have anti-inflammatory effects. Ephedra volatile oil has obvious inhibitory effect on influenza A virus, and has different degrees of inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcus, etc. Ephedrine and ephedra aqueous extracts have antitussive effects, and ephedra volatile oil has a certain expectorant effect. Ephedrine has the effect of stimulating the central nervous system, strengthening the heart, raising blood pressure, and inhibiting intestinal smooth muscle.
Time: 2024