1. Generalization
The general practice of the Qing Palace, all important collections of the royal family, are named in four characters, which is both elegant and loud, and the content, nature, and clear at a glance. For example, the bronze ware is called "Western Qing Dynasty Ancient Jian", "Ningchun Ancient Jian"; Shi Yan said "Xiqing Yan Spectrum", the seal said "Jin Ji Liuzhen", calligraphy and painting said "Shiqu Baoji" and so on. During the Qianlong period, the ancient rare books in the Zhaoren Hall were named "Tianlu Linlang", which is also an example.
Palace museum
"Yandu Congkao, Part I, Gongque" records that "the left and right Majesty in the Qianqing Gate, the middle road and Yongdao belong to each other, and those who are in the middle of the south are the Qianqing Palace, and the east of the palace is the Zhaoren Palace." Zhaoren Palace, formerly known as Bide Palace, in April of Wanli 11 (1583), changed Yongsu Hall to Hongde Palace, and then changed Hongde Hall to Zhaoren Palace. There is a wall around this hall, the household becomes a courtyard, the main hall faces three rooms, the front with the hanging mountain roll shed hugs the building, Kangxi "Zhaoren Hall Poem" describes it as "carving the beam and the double phoenix dance, painting the six dragons flying", Qianlong nine years (1744), Gaozong ordered the ministers to review the secret house collection, choose its rare book into the imperial view, collect it in the Zhaoren Palace, follow the Han Palace collection in the "Tianlu Pavilion" story, give the name "Tianlu Linlang", and the imperial inscription plaque, hang in the palace.
The Palace Museum· Shohito Hall
After that, he begged for the posthumous books in many ways, enriched the collection of the four libraries, and treasured the secret books, so he became richer and richer. In the 40th year of Qianlong, Gaozong ordered Yu Minzhong, Yu Jihua, Liang Guozhi, Wang Jie, Peng Yuanrui and others to sort out the collection of books in Zhaoren Palace, remove their essence, delete the forgeries, and compile them into the "Tianlu Linlang Bibliography", that is, the "Book Current Edition".
The book is currently compiled in ten volumes, the first of which is a poem by Ding Mao (12th year of Qianlong, 1747) with the imperial title of Zhaoren Palace and a couplet poem by Yiwei (40th year of Qianlong, 1775) by Tianlu Lin for the tea banquet of Chonghua Palace. The imperial inscription poem says: "The wooden couch wants to be pure, and the holy daily hanging is beautiful." Sixty-one years of rest, millions of generations forever Zhaoren. A good book dares to say that it is a glorious ambition, and the new virtue is only waiting to bathe my body. Bow to Zhou Lulie's study, every time I hear Gu Bida Fengchen. The book is divided into four parts: classics, histories, children, and collections, and in each category, the Song, Jin, Yuan, and Ming versions and photocopies are followed by the era. Each book has its own inscription, which details the year and month of the book and the collector's inscription imprint, and verifies its era one by one, and bestows the source. As recorded in the "Ordinary Cases": "Each book in the volume is the first to list the article, the second is to study in detail, the second is to be appraised and the second is to be supplemented."
The "Four Treasury Golden Books General Catalogue, History Department, and Catalogue" "Tianlu Linlang Book Said" article examples contain: "Zhang Yanyuan's "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties" has 16 articles, of which 11 are identified, collected, and read, 12 are signed from ancient times, and 13 are from ancient public and private imprints. Since then, I have appreciated all the families and handed over to the ancestors. As for the paintings and calligraphy contained in the "Iron Net Coral", they began with a detailed matter, but the bibliography of the collection did not identify them. That is, Qian Zeng has published "Tan Shu Min Qiu Ji" in addition to the "Ye Yuan Bibliography", describing the old engravings and old banknotes in the collection, which is also rough and concise, and cannot be analyzed as such. He praised the details of the "Current Edition" of the book, the refinement of the description, and the accuracy of the examination.
The Palace Museum· Shohito Hall Outer Corridor
In the second year of Jiaqing (1797), the Qing Palace caught fire, which affected the Zhaoren Palace, and the collection of books was completely destroyed. After the fire, he ordered the ministers to select rare books in the palace and collect them in the Zhaoren Hall again. Therefore, the collection of books in the Qing Palace was at its peak, so the collection of books in the palace could be collected again, which was more systematic and richer than before the light. "The Continuation of the History of the Imperial Palace, Books, and Collections" "Zhaoren Stock Tianlu Linlang Continuation" is hereby written: "In October of the second year of Jiafu, Peng Yuanrui and others imitated the previous compilation style and recompiled "Tianlu Linlang Continuation". Wei Shi is all over the bead bag, the detailed examination of Chu Mo, the side audit and mutual evidence, each has its own source, and its scale analysis and refinement, recovery and wealth, where the predecessors commented, the mark of the famous family is indeed collectible, there is no refuge of the text, for the shop book and the good thing family pseudo-reporter, good before the compilation of the head. ”
"Bibliography Continuation" 20 volumes, compiled in July, "the style of the book is recorded, one according to the past, each other is different, each has its own origins". Describe all books, identify in detail, and research is clear. Therefore, Peng Yuanrui said proudly in "Literacy": "After compiling it, it will be beneficial to recruit me to the prosperity of the right literature, the wealth of the book collection, and the profundity of sacred learning." Although the language is close to exaggeration, it shows the quality of its bibliographies.
In the seventh year of Guangxu (1881), the former Hanlin Academy edited and repaired the wine Wang Xianqian of the Guozi Priest in Beijing to buy the old banknote "Bibliography", brought back to Changsha, fake Xiangtan Zhou's banknote, and invited Xiangtan Hu Yuanchang, Wang Qiyuan, Shanhua Liu Ju and his younger brother Xianyu to carefully proofread, published by his brother Xiantai, which is the Changsha edition of Wang's in the tenth year of Guangxu. This book has two columns on the left and right, half a page and nine lines, twenty-one words per line, two lines of small characters, thick black mouth, double fish tail, the number of volumes and pages in the heart. Due to the burning or loss of the old collection, we will now briefly analyze the collection of books in the Tianlu Linlang of the Zhaoren Hall according to this bibliography and refer to other historical books.
The Palace Museum· Interior of Shoinden
II. Versions
Tianlu Linlang collection of books, are selected in the palace rare books, from the Song to the Ming Dynasty Fan five dynasties of the essence of the essence of almost not missing, they are the different environments of each era produced excellent editions, respectively reflect the characteristics of the editions of each era. Let's talk about each of them with the help of the clues provided by the "Bibliography".
1, Song version
According to the "Book Current Edition", there are 71 Song edition books and 20 Ying Song banknote books in the Zhaoren Palace, a total of 84 types, 89 books, and 2,810 volumes. These Song books include: Qing Gaozong Imperial Title 24, a total of 1,0057 volumes, of which the "Six Classics Map" is not divided into volumes, the couplet poem "Pet Ben Tianyan knows that there is joy", that is, "100 volumes of Han books", "59 volumes of Zizhi Tongjian Compendium", "36 volumes of Jiujia Note Du Poems" three kinds of the best books, each book is ordered to write the imperial Rong at the end of the volume, the imperial inscription shadow Song banknotes five 35 volumes, namely "Zhou Yi Ji Wen 6 volumes", "Qingbo magazine 12 volumes", "Confucius family language 10 volumes", "new ritual law to 3 volumes", Four volumes of Lisao Grass and Trees"; There are 47 Song editions in the collection, totaling 39 kinds and 1,361 volumes, of which one is not divided into volumes, and the other is 20 volumes of the Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Valley Liang of the Supervision Edition, 40 volumes at the end of the Tongjian Chronicle, 10 volumes of the Nanhua Zhenjing, 10 volumes of the Yutai New Yong, and 4 parts of the 60 volumes of the Liuchen Annotations; There are fifteen books of the Song Dynasty in the collection of three hundred and fifty-seven volumes, of which the "Five Classics of Zhang Shiju Primary School" is not divided into volumes.
The Palace Museum· Shoren Hall Five Classics Extraction Room
The "Continuation of the Book Daily" records that Zhaorengu continued to collect 178 kinds of Song edition books, 241 volumes, a total of 5,345 volumes (six copies are not counted in three volumes, and the other ten are not divided into volumes). These Song texts include: seven Song editions of Gaozong's inscriptions, totaling one hundred and sixty-one volumes, namely "Six Volumes of Yi Chuan", "Three Volumes of Pei Xu", "Thirteen Volumes of Detailed Explanations of Shangshu", "Twelve Volumes of Tang Luxuan Gongji", "Twenty Volumes of Three Rites", "Fifty Volumes of Mr. Changli of Zhu Wen Gongxiao", and "Four Small and Seven Volumes of the Annotated Annotation of Tang Liuzong Yuan"; Gaozong's inscription on the Song banknote book: "Three Volumes of Ban Ma Characters" and "Zhou Ji Sutra" are not divided into volumes; There are 160 kinds of Song edition books in the collection, totaling 4,946 volumes, of which nine kinds are not divided into volumes, and there are also 22 kinds of heavy books such as "Seven Volumes of the Sound Discrimination of the Qun Jing", "Three Volumes of the Great Dai Li Ji", "Ten Volumes of the Han Dynasty", "Sixty Volumes of the Han Dynasty before and after", "Ten Volumes of Family Language", "Ten Volumes of the Yangtze Fa Yan of the Compilation of Diagrams", "Five Volumes of the Upper Collection of the Hou Cun Ju", "One Hundred Volumes of Tang Wencui", "Ten Volumes of Yutai Xinyong", "Eight Volumes of Emperor Studies", "Twenty Volumes of the General Category of Tongjian", and three copies of nine kinds of heavy texts, such as "Twenty-four Volumes of the Yellow Emperor's Neijing Suwen", and "Twenty-four Volumes of the Yellow Emperor's Neijing Suwen" There are four heavy books, two kinds of heavy books, five volumes of "Three Volumes of Historical Records", "Three Volumes of Banma Characters", "Thirty Volumes of the Spring and Autumn Classics", "Three Volumes of Selected Writings of Six Families", and seven copies of "Six Selected Texts", etc., with 63 weights, a total of 223 parts; Nine copies of the Song Dynasty banknotes are collected, totaling 235 volumes.
National Library · Tianlu Linlang restoration press conference
"Rong Zhai Essays" records that after the chaos of the five seasons of the Song Dynasty, there were not many book plates. During the reign of Taizong, although it was several decades since the founding of the country, even the "Ram Biography", "Gu Liang Biography", "Analects", "Filial Piety Classic", "Zhou Li", "Etiquette" and "Erya" have not been published. After Song Zhenzong, the engraved book was sheng. The Song books, the engraving is beautiful, the printing is excellent, and the edition is unique, which has always been respected by later generations, and is regarded as "rare books" and "rare books" by people. There has been no lack of commentary on the characteristics of its editions over the ages, and here are just a few of the private writings as follows:
Ming Kunshan Zhang Yingwen's "Qing Secret Collection" cloud: "Book collectors, noble Song carving, most of them write fat and thin, and the best ones have European and willow penmanship, the paper is clear, the ink is pure, and it is a lovely ear."
Ming Xie Zhao's "Five Miscellaneous Quirks" cloud: There are two kinds of fat and thin engraved in the Song Dynasty, the fat ones learn to look, and the thin ones learn from Europe, and the lines are sparse and dense, and the words are vivid. The note is antique and extremely thin, and does not moth. ”
Ming Gao Lian's "Zunsheng Eight Notes" cloud: "The calligraphy paper of the Song people is soft and soft, and the calligraphy and painting are like writing. The grid is unilateral, and there are many obscure words in between. The ink is thin, although the water is wet and dry, there is no trace. Open the book is a kind of bookish fragrance, which has a peculiar smell. ”
Ming Ye Sheng's "Shuidong Diary" cloud: "The book engraved in the Song Dynasty is folded up and down in the outline, leaving no black cards. The first is the engraver's private record of the number of words, the second title, the second volume, and the last is the name of the engraver, as well as the total number of words······ It is also clean from the thick paper print, which is to know that the ancient books are not only carved and carved, although the stencils are also meticulous. ”
Qing Sun Congtian's "Minutes of the Collection" cloud: "The Northern and Southern Song Dynasty carved books, the paper ribs are different, the calligraphy and painting carving hands are ancient and elegant, the ink is fragrant, the paper is lush, and the scroll is amazing. The so-called ink fragrant paper is moist, fragrant and ancient, and the wonder of Song carving is exhausted. ”
National Library · Tianlu Linlang restoration press conference
The "Weaving Yu Trivia" written by a close person said: "The Song and Yuan Dynasty editions, the title of the book is under the fishtail, and the Ming carved book, the title of the book is on the fishtail." Judging from the writings of the predecessors, the salient features of the Song version of the book are: the ink is light and fragrant, the ink is like lacquer, although the water is wet but there is no drift; The paper is strong, the paper is lush, white and thick; In the early days of engraving, the European body was mostly used, the calligraphy and painting were thin, handsome and beautiful, the glyph was slightly longer, the turning strokes were light and thin and angular and angular in the early days, and the face was popular later, the font was fat, the majestic and simple, the frame was open, there were bones and flesh, and the willow body gradually increased after the Southern Song Dynasty, and the strokes were straight and vigorous, and gradually formed the Song style of horizontal and vertical weight; The layout is more white at the beginning, unilateral, and then left and right bilateral, bilateral, the number of words on the center of the edition, the following record of the journal work, the line width is sparse, the boundary line is not the same, the line is not equal, and the black silk column is used more; There are many obscure characters in the book, especially the official carving; The number of words is written at the end of the volume; Generally, the big topic is below, and the small name is at the top.
There are also many comments in the "Book Current Edition", such as Yun's "Thirteen Volumes of Lanting Examination": "It is a calligraphy and calligraphy that are all based on European style······ Silver Seal and Good Work"; Yun "One Hundred and One Volumes of Famous Sages of the Tang and Song Dynasties": "The book involves the Song Dynasty, all of them are blank, there is a lack of pens in the Song Dynasty, and the calligraphy and painting brush printing work"; Yun's "Ten Volumes of Zhou Yi": "The calligraphy is round and lively, the carved hands are fine, and there is a lack of pens before Song Guangzong, and the number of words in the scriptures is recorded in detail at the end of each volume. Song version of this formula"; Yun's "Sixty Volumes of Selected Writings of the Six Ministers": "The book does not contain the date and month of publication, and the big and small characters all have Yan Pingyuan method······ As for the paper like jade, the ink is like lacquer, all of them are perfect", and so on.
National Library · Tianlu Linlang restoration press conference
2. Liao version
During the Song Dynasty, many ethnic minorities in the mainland frontier established local governments: in the northwest Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia, there was the Western Xia established by the Dangxiang people; Xinjiang has Gaochang, Yuwen and Qiuci established by Hui and other birds, and Qinghai-Tibet has Tubo established by Tibetans; Yunnan has Dali established by the Bai people; In the northeast, there was the Liao Dynasty established by the Khitans, and later the Jin Dynasty established by the Jurchens.
The Liao Dynasty engraved books, lack of records. Shen Kuo said that the Khitan book was strictly banned, and those who passed it on to other countries would be legally executed. Therefore, the Liao Dynasty engraved books, and there were very few copies of the book. The "Bibliography Continuation" records that the Zhaoren Palace has a four-volume Liao version of the "Dragon Shrine Handbook" and a four-volume "Dragon Shrine Handbook" in the Yingliao banknote.
The Liao edition of the "Dragon Shrine Handbook" is a letter of six volumes, written by the monks of Liaoyouzhou. The book does not contain the date and month of the publication, but the front of the book contains the preface of the Liao monk Yanshan Minzhong Temple Shamen Zhiguang (character torch), and the preface of Zhiguang is called Tonghe (Liao Shengzong Yelu Longxu year) fifteen years Ding You (that is, the third year of Song Taizong to the Tao, 997 years) July has been Hai, when it is the year and month of publication. The original name of this book was "Dragon Shrine Hand Mirror", in order to avoid the name of the grandfather of the grandfather, the "mirror" was changed to "Jian". The "Bibliography Continuation" called this book "carved and finely carved, and the paper and ink were ancient". The book is divided into four volumes, arranged according to the four tones of Ping, Shang, Go, and Ren, totaling 241 characters, each of which is divided into four tones, totaling more than 26,430 words, and more than 163,170 words in notes. Chao Gongwu's "Jun Zhai Reading Journal" also contains this book, its preface year, the number of books written, the same as this, at the end of the first volume there is Jiaxing Mansion Dongta Temple Tibetan magic treasure ink seal. Yingliao banknote "Dragon Shrine Handbook" is a letter and four volumes, the content is the same as above. The "Bibliography Continuation" said: "There is a lack of text and pseudo-characters in the middle of the book, and when it is transferred from the banknote, it is slightly lost in authenticity, but it is a book that the Northern Song Dynasty people cannot see, and the paper, ink, calligraphy and painting are fine, and it is called a rare book."
National Library · Tianlu Linlang restoration press conference
3. Gold Edition
From the beginning of 1115, Wanyan Aguda was proclaimed emperor in Huining Mansion (now Nanbaicheng, Acheng County, Heilongjiang Province), and the country was named "Jin", to 1234, the Southern Song Dynasty and Mongolia jointly captured Caizhou (now Runan, Henan), Jin Yingzong committed suicide after Yan Shouxu, and Jin died, a total of 120 years. In terms of books, Jin has no law of banning books to go abroad, so there are slightly more copies than Liao. However, among the Tianlu Linlang of selected rare books, there are only two gold edition books in the collection.
"The Book of Days" contains a gold version of "Zhenguan Political Dignitaries", Gaozong's imperial title, ten volumes of Shufan, six volumes of one letter, written by Tang Wu Jing. In front of the book, there is a preface by Jin Dading (that is, the ninth year of Jin Shizong Dading, 1169) in August, and the preface says that this book was transferred by Nanjing Road to make Liang Gong out of the public mansion.
National Library · Tianlu Linlang restoration press conference
"The current edition of the book" notes: "This book is written in a style and is well-printed, which is no different from the best of the Song version." Another day: "Bibliophiles know the Song book, and the gold version is not reached, and the cover is really fresh!" After this book flowed to the Qing Palace, it has been treasured, Qianlong Yiwei (Qianlong 40 years, 1775) in early summer, the imperial bell Qianlong double seal, into the collection of Zhaoren Palace.
The "Bibliography Continuation" also contains a gold edition: "Rebuilding the Zhenghe Palace and Historical Evidence of the Alternate Materia Medica", written by Song Tang Shenwei in four letters and 32 volumes, edited by Jin Zhang Cunhui. There is a preface to the hemp leather in the past, which has been in the west for 1249 A.D., and it has been 15 years since the death of Jin. After the preface is called Shennong's, the name of the herb, there are Tang Ben, Shu Ben, Song Zheng and between, interpret the theory of the families, draw for it, and walk in Zhongzhou, there is a solution to the Pang family, "Pingyang Zhang Cunhui because of the Pang Ben, attached to the Kou Shi Yanyi, than the old Yi Bei. ”
The Jin Dynasty engraved books, concentrated in Binh Duong. Judging from the gold edition of "Xiao Xian's Old Man Ming Ji Ji Notes", "Jade Chapter", "Collection of Rhymes" and other books that have been handed down, as well as the works studied in the past dynasties, the gold plate characters Zongyan, Liu, paper, ink, knife technique, and version lines are almost the same as those of the Song Dynasty.
National Library · Tianlu Linlang restoration press conference
4. Meta version
According to the "Book Current Edition", Zhaorendian once collected 66 kinds of Yuan edition books, 85 parts, totaling 3,595 volumes (the number of volumes is not counted for the heavy books, and the other two are not divided into volumes). These books include: six kinds of imperial titles, totaling 284 volumes, namely "Forty-three Volumes of University Yanyi", "Two Hundred Volumes of Music Books", "Three Volumes of Tang History", "Eighteen Volumes of the Classic of Mountains and Seas", "Ten Volumes of Dao Destiny", and "Ten Volumes of Wei Suzhou Collection"; There are 60 kinds of Yuan editions in the collection, totaling 3,301 volumes, of which the "Nine Classics" and "Self-Police Edition" are not divided into volumes, and the "Zizhi Tongjian 294 Volumes", "Sleepy Learning Records 20 Volumes", "Bogutu 30 Volumes", "Recent Reflections 14 Volumes", "Zhu Zi Language Class 140 Volumes", "Class Compilation Annotated Mr. Wen Gong Economic Wenheng Seventy-two Volumes" six kinds of heavy books Fan two parts, "Zizhi Tongjian Compendium 59 Volumes", "Enlarged Annotation Phonology Mr. Tang Liu's Collection 48 Volumes", "Tongzhi 200 Volumes" three kinds of heavy books and three parts, Collected thousands of notes classified as 28 volumes of Du Gongbu poems, "one heavy book and four parts", "one hundred and thirty volumes of historical records" and five heavy books, etc., and 19 weighted books, a total of 79 parts.
National Library · Tianlu Linlang restoration press conference
According to the "Bibliography Continuation", Zhaorendian continued to collect 100 kinds of Yuan books, 16 parts, totaling 3,853 volumes, "Heavy Books Do Not Count the Number of Volumes, and the Other "Hidden Void" and "Baichuan Xuehai" are not divided into volumes), including "Four Volumes of Social Huiyuan", "Thirty Volumes of the Spring and Autumn Hu Biography", "Thirty Volumes of the Jade Chapter of the Great Guangyi Society", "Fifteen Volumes of the Four Voices of the Five Tones of the Change", "Ten Volumes of the Warring States Policy", "Two Hundred and Seven Hundred and Thirteen Volumes of the Seventeenth Historical Detail", "Eight Volumes of the Spring and Autumn Period of Yanzi", "Ten Volumes of Cold Fasting Night Talk", "Twenty Volumes of the Rhyme Yuanhai of the Addition and Revision of Poetics", "Twenty Volumes of the Rhyme Yuanhai", " Classification Supplement Li Taibai Poetry Five Volumes", "Enlargement Annotation Yin Argument Tang Liu Mr. Collection Forty-seven Volumes", "Pingshan Collection Twenty Volumes", "Tang Wencui One Hundred Volumes" thirteen kinds of heavy books and two parts, "Yunfu Qunyu Twenty Volumes" one kind of heavy book Fan four parts.
Ming Lu Rong's "Miscellaneous Notes on Saving the Garden" said: "The Yuan people must have read the book through the Zhongshu Province, and the next department is allowed to engrave it." This system is the same as before Song Zhiping, when the engraved book must first be reviewed by the Guozijian, mainly to eliminate anti-Yuan ideas and maintain feudal rule. The characteristics of the Yuan version have also been written in the past dynasties. Ming Xie Zhao's "Five Miscellaneous Works" said that the Yuan people often used bamboo paper to print books, which was slightly darker than Song paper. Ming Gao Lian said that the Yuan version "is turbid with ink".
Tianlu Linlang · Diagram of the Six Classics
Mao Chunxiang's "Ancient Book Editions of Common Talks" said that there are two most significant features of Yuan carving: one is the black mouth, and the other is the Zhao Wuxing font. Generally speaking, the main characteristics of the Yuan version are: the character Zongyan style, Zhao style, the font is soft and lively, and the glyph is round and handsome; The lines are narrow and the characters are dense, and there are many simplified characters; More than four double columns, black mouth, flower fish tail, the number of words engraved on the heart of the plate, and the page number engraved below; Often cursive, the glyph is slightly longer than the Song book, and there are many strokes from the pen to the bottom; The color of the fruit is slightly cloudy, and the knife technique is weak; The paper is more yellow, white linen paper, followed by bamboo paper. For example, the "Book Current Edition" commented on the Yuan edition of the "Four Volumes of Zhou Yi Benyi Enlightenment Wing Biography": "It is the font layout of the book, imitating the Song Dynasty, and it is also the best of the Yuan Dynasty"; "Twenty Volumes of Shangshu Annotations" "is a book with large characters that slightly imitate the face style, and the annotation pen is also strictly reorganized"; "University Yanyi Forty-three Volumes" "This rule imitates Song Liang, Cai Yin Jugong, the best of the real Yuan version"; "Two Hundred Volumes of Music Books" "This book has many vulgar characters, such as groove for ceremony, and for classics······ The Yuan turned the Song carving, and the strokes were clear, the paper and ink were good", and so on.
Tianlu Linlang · Preface to the Song version of the Six Classics
5, Ming version
According to the "Book of Books", Zhaorendian once had a collection of 177 kinds of Ming editions, 252 volumes, totaling 11,655 volumes (nine types are not divided into volumes, and the number of the other 75 duplicate volumes is not counted). These books include: two kinds of seventy-three volumes of imperial titles, namely "Two Volumes of the Eastern View of the Remainder" and "Seventy-one Volumes of the Changqing Collection of the Bai Family"; There are 175 kinds of Ming editions, totaling 11,582 volumes, including "Huayao Edition", "Baichuan Huihai", "Heart Sutra Notes", "Nine Classics Commentary", "Seven Classics Diagram", "Six Classics Diagram", "Five Classics Diagram", "Music and Dance Full Spectrum", "Yangzheng Illustration" Nine kinds of non-divided volumes, and another: "Ten Volumes of Han Poems", "Twenty Volumes of Kunya", "One Hundred and Thirty Volumes of Historical Records", "Ninety-two Volumes of Tongjian Compendium of Past Dynasties", "Eight Volumes of Tianyuan Fa Wei", "Eight Volumes of Chongxu Zhide Zhenjing", "Three Hundred and Sixty-six Volumes of Ancient and Modern Things" , "Sansu Mr. Wencui Seventy Volumes" and other 23 heavy books, "Tang Wencui 100 Volumes", "Beginner's Records 30 Volumes", "Jin Shu 130 Volumes", "Poetry Collection 30 Volumes" four heavy books, "University Yanyi Forty-three Volumes", "Wuchenyin Notes on Yangzi Fa Yan Ten Volumes" and other seven kinds of heavy books Fan 4, "Wulun Shu 62 Volumes", "Literature General Examination 348 Volumes" two kinds of heavy books Fan 5, "Liuzi Quanshu 60 Volumes" one heavy book several six, "Six Families Anthology 60 Volumes" one heavy book Fan 11 parts, etc. There are 75 weighted books, a total of 250 books, and 11,582 volumes.
Guangdong Provincial Museum · Tianlu Linlang Jianshu couplet
According to the "Continuation of the Book Days", Zhaorendian continued to collect 239 kinds of Ming edition books, 297 parts, totaling 10,710 volumes (the number of duplicate volumes is not counted, and the other 17 kinds are not divided into volumes). These books include: 231 editions of the Ming Edition, 10,483 volumes, including "Two Sage Words and Poems", "Thirteen Classics Commentary", "Geographical Finger Map of the Past Dynasties", "Twenty Sons", "Brief Explanation", "Ancient and Modern History", "Wei Suzhou Collection", "Wonderful Ancient and Modern" and other 17 kinds of non-divided volumes, as well as "Twenty Volumes of Dongpo Shuchuan", "Six Volumes of Shuchuan Huixuan", "One Hundred and Thirty Volumes of Historical Records and Commentaries on Lin", "Two Hundred and Seventy-three Volumes of Seventeen Historical Details", "Thirty-six Volumes of Wang's Agricultural Books", "Thirty-eight Volumes of Wenlin Qixiu", " Ouyang Wenzhong's public collection of one hundred and fifty-three volumes", "Yutai Xinyong ten volumes" and other twenty-eight kinds of heavy books, "Spring and Autumn Classics Collection of Thirty Volumes", "Zizhi Tongjian Compendium Twenty-seven Volumes", "Tang Class Letter Two Hundred Volumes", "Qunshu Ji Shi Yuanhai Forty-seven Volumes" four kinds of heavy books, "Six Classics Map" is not divided into volumes, "Baikong Six Posts One Hundred Volumes", "Tao Jingjie Collection Ten Volumes", "Chang Li Mr. Collection Fifty-one Volumes", "Six Selected Texts Thirty Volumes", "Tang Wencui One Hundred Volumes" Six Heavy Books Fan Four Volumes, "Collection of Thousand Families Notes Du Gongbu Poetry Collection Twenty Volumes" There are 58 heavy books, a total of 289 books, 10,483 volumes, and 8 books of Ming banknotes, totaling 227 volumes.
Palace museum
From the establishment of the Ming Dynasty in 1368 to its demise in 1644, it lasted for nearly 300 years in 16 dynasties. During this period, the engraving business continued to develop on the basis of the old engravings of the Song and Yuan dynasties, and gradually formed its own unique style. From the Ming Dynasty onwards, the mainland produced the Inner House Engraving, that is, the books engraved by the imperial palace. The Ming Dynasty carved books mainly refer to the internal government carved books and local carved books.
The inner government engraved the book, that is, the so-called factory book, by the eunuch Yamen Si Ceremony Supervisor General Consul General. The celebrant was one of the twelve eunuchs set up in the early Ming Dynasty and had the highest status. "Wanli Ye Shu Compilation" records that the celebrant has set up the following Han Jing factory for carving four books; a fan scripture factory specializing in carving Buddhist scriptures; The Taoist factory specializing in the Taoist scriptures. Therefore, later generations called it engraved as the factory book. The layout of the factory is wide, the line is sparse, and the words are as big as money. Before Wuzong, the thick black mouth was the majority, the ink bar was bilateral, and the upper and lower fish tails were up; After Wuzong, the book version tended to be the Song book, mainly white, with a single fish tail, and the title and number of volumes were recorded in the heart of the edition, and the time of engraving was recorded. The word is used in the early Zhao style, after the middle period. Tends to be Songti. The paper used is more cotton paper, but also bamboo paper and raw edge paper. In the early stage, the factory capital is more precious, and after the middle period, there are many mistakes, and the version is mostly inferior.
Guangdong Provincial Museum · Tianlu Linlang Song Edition History Department
"The current edition of the book" records the Ming edition of the scriptures: "Forty-three volumes of University Yanyi" and "Ming Shizong's special order to republish the book of ceremonies") "wide line of books, the penmanship is between Yan and Liu, and the Song trench is not reduced"; "One Hundred and Six Volumes of the Five Classics and Four Books" "Yingzong's edict, with the Five Classics and Four Books of the Book Annotation Bookstore Publication Falsehood Error, ordered the priest to write a reprint, in order to facilitate viewing, its edition is wide and large, and the mold printing is quite fine" local carved books, mainly referring to the Jiangnan region, and its version is also divided into three periods: the early inheritance of the Yuan Dynasty legacy style, the character Zong Zhao style, and Yan, Liu, Ouyang each family style of calligraphy; The wide black mouth is predominant, surrounded by double columns; Mostly hemp paper, a little cotton paper. In the middle period, the Song Dynasty was advocated, and the characters tended to be square, and the Song style square characters were gradually formed; The black mouth becomes a white mouth, the number of words engraved on the heart of the edition, and the work of the journal is recorded below; The paper is more bamboo paper and cotton paper. After Wanli, the font changed from square to long, forming a long Song font with horizontal and vertical thickness; There are more days during the day, the black mouth is gradually gone, and the single and double columns are mixed; Use more bamboo paper, and occasionally use cotton paper. In the early and middle stages, it is packed on the back, and in the later stage, it is mostly wired. Local carved books, Zhaoren Hall has a lot of collections, not listed here one by one.
3. Book Collection
Since the Qing Dynasty entered the customs by Shunzhi, through the painstaking management of the Kangxi and Yongzheng generations to the Qianlong period, the economy and culture have reached unprecedented prosperity. At that time, the Qing court inherited the old collection of books in the Ming Palace, coupled with long-term requisition, especially the 37th year of Qianlong's edict to collect and compile the "Four Libraries of the Whole Book" throughout the country, so the rare books are abundant, and the Tianlu Linlang collection of books is only a small part of them, because as a special collection in the palace, it has extremely strict selection principles and collection characteristics. In terms of selection, special attention is paid to rare books and rare books, which should be repeatedly identified and strictly selected. According to the records of the "Book Current Edition", the Zhaoren Palace originally collected 71 Song edition books, 20 Ying Song banknote books, 1 gold edition book, 85 Yuan edition books, and 252 Ming edition books, totaling 328 types, 429 books, and 18,000 and 70 volumes (not counting the number of heavy volumes, and the other two types are not divided into volumes). The "Bibliography Continuation" also contains 232 Song editions, 2 Liao editions, 1 gold edition, 116 Yuan editions, and 297 Ming editions, totaling 511 books, 648 volumes, and 19,701 volumes (not counting the number of volumes, and 29 other types are not divided into volumes). There are 839 kinds of books, 1,077 books, and 37,781 volumes (42 kinds are not divided into volumes). All of these are rare books that have been rigorously identified and then put into the collection.
In terms of collection, I will try to make a brief analysis in four parts. The four parts are the scriptures, history, children, and collections. The so-called "classics" refer to several classic works of Confucianism represented by Confucius in China's long-term feudal society. "Sui Zhi Preface" said: "Gentle and generous, poetry and teaching; Broad and easy to teach, music and education; Clean and subtle, easy to teach; Frugal and respectful, etiquette and teaching; It is a rhetorical comparison, and the Spring and Autumn Sect is also. That is to say, the thought of the Six Classics is "infinitely useful."
The general preface of the "Four Libraries General Head" further says: "After multiplying the holy judgment, the vertical shape is eternal, and the purpose of deletion is like the sun, the moon and the sky." Therefore, since the Han Dynasty Dong Zhongshu advocated "deposing the hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism" was adopted by Emperor Wu, the past dynasties have been highly valued and respected as a holy text. For this reason, Tianlu Linlang collection of books as a treasure of the imperial palace in the heyday of the feudal dynasty, the scriptures naturally accounted for a considerable proportion, especially the imperial books, the scriptures are in a prominent position. The Department of History includes: the official history of the chronicle, the chronicle with the chronology as the key, the chronicle with the event as the key, the chronicle with the end of the history book, and more than 10 categories, such as edicts, historical banknotes, seasons, political documents, etc., the content is very extensive, involving all aspects of history. To "learn from the past", it is inevitable that the works of the Department of History will be inseparable. Most of the history departments are grand masterpieces, and the volumes are vast. Before the official history of the Ming Dynasty, almost all of the Zhaoren Hall has a collection. The sub-section is equivalent to the two categories of philosophy and science and technology today, and the content is very complex, from which you can learn about various schools of thought in history, as well as the research results in many fields. The collection is the poetry and articles of ancient times, and the ruler wants to flaunt "elegance", which is necessary.
The latter two categories also account for a considerable proportion of the books in the collection of the Shoren Palace. According to the "Bibliography", the various types of books in the Zhaoren Palace's collection are selected as follows: the "Book of the Current Edition" records that there are 24 imperial Song editions, of which the first part of the classics, not divided into volumes, 10 of the history department, 561 volumes, 3 sub-parts, 100 and 2 volumes, and 10 and 393 volumes of the collection department; There are 47 kinds of Song books in the collection: 15 kinds of classics, 7 kinds of history, 6 sub-parts, 11 kinds of collection books, 79 kinds of Yuan books: 11 kinds of classics, 205 volumes, 15 kinds of history, 1,555 volumes, 10 kinds of sub-parts, 412 volumes, 23 kinds of collection parts, and 1,079 volumes. According to the "Bibliography Continuation", there are seven imperial inscriptions in the Song book, of which there are four kinds of scriptures and three collections; One hundred and sixty kinds of Song books, forty kinds of scriptures, six hundred and twenty-eight volumes, twenty-seven kinds of history departments, one thousand seven hundred and ninety volumes, forty-one kinds of sub-parts, nine hundred and seventy-seven volumes of fifty-one kinds of collection parts, one thousand five hundred and fifty-one volumes, one hundred kinds of yuan books: twenty kinds of scriptures, four hundred and fourteen volumes, twenty-three kinds of history departments, one thousand six hundred and sixty-nine volumes, nineteen kinds of sub-parts, five hundred and thirteen volumes, thirty-eight kinds of collection parts, one thousand two hundred and forty-seven volumes, two hundred and thirty-one kinds of Ming books: forty-six kinds of scriptures, eight hundred and three volumes, thirty-five kinds of history departments, Three thousand one hundred and forty-two volumes, sixty-two volumes, two thousand two hundred and ninety-eight volumes, and eighty-eight volumes, four thousand two hundred and forty volumes.
As far as the division of editions is concerned, Tianlu Linlang has official engravings, vassal kings, fang engravings, local engravings, large characters, small characters, towel box books, prison books, and so on, and there are many types. As for the collection itself, it also has its own uniqueness, and the couplet poem says: "The pan seal stacks up and ascends to the mansion, and the haunting chapter reveals the treasure house." That is to say, before and after each book, there are two seals of "Qianlong Imperial Treasure" and "Tianlu Linlang". At the same time, some books also have the old "Wenyuan Pavilion" and "Neifu Books" seals from time to time. For example, the Ming edition of "Thirty Volumes of the Spring and Autumn Classics", which contains the seal of "Wenyuan Pavilion"; "Nine Classics Commentary" has the "East Palace Library" seal and so on. In addition, there are many books such as the old collection of the Ming Palace, and the bell on the book has the seal of "Treasure of Guangyun" and "Seal of Qinwen". For example, in the "Forty-three Volumes of the University Yanyi", there is a "Seal of Qinwen" on the bell of the year and month recorded after the preface of King Sejong, and there is also a bell above each volume with the "Treasure of Guangyun", and the Ming version of "Forty-seven Volumes of the Complete Book of Music and Rhythm", "Three Volumes of Erya", "Twenty Volumes of Kunya", etc., also have the seal of "Treasure of Guangyun". It is worth noting that these bell seals also exist in large numbers in other collections of the official school. As for the couplet poem "Pampering Tianyan and Knowing Joy", it refers to the best of the Tianlu Linlang collection of "Former Han Book", "Zizhi Tongjian Compendium", and "Nine Family Notes Du Poems" three kinds, each of which is ordered to write the imperial face at the end of the volume "Praise Kui Han Xun Boundless", which specifically refers to the Zhaoren Hall books that were once the imperial title, a total of 32 kinds. These books are naturally easier to understand.
The book of the Zhaoren Hall is arranged in two layers, the front layer is 15 frames, the width of the frame is 3 feet 6 inches and 5 minutes, the depth is 1 foot 3 inches, and the rear layer is 20 frames, the width of the frame is 3 feet 3 inches and 5 minutes, and the depth is 1 foot 5 inches. Each frame has five floors and is six feet eight inches and five minutes high. The bookshelves on the front floor are three layers on the lower two floors, and the middle is a drawer; The bookshelves at the back are connected to five floors each. Judging from the "Tianlu Linlang Arrangement Diagram", the arrangement of the collection of books written in the "Bibliography Continuation" is: the imperial title is the first, and then the Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan, and Ming are each in the order of the era, and each era is divided into classics, history, children, and collections. To be precise, the first layer of the front layer from the southeast is the first floor, and the seven parts of the Song version of the imperial inscription and the two parts of the imperial inscription shadow Song banknotes; the first half of the first floor from the second to the fifth to the third frame, the Tibetan Song version of the scriptures; the second half of the first layer of the third frame to the first floor of the sixth frame, the history department of the Tibetan and Song editions, the first layer of the sixth frame to the fourth layer of the seventh frame, the sub-part of the Tibetan and Song editions, the fifth layer of the seventh frame to the fourth layer of the eleventh frame, the collection of the Tibetan and Song editions; The fifth layer of the eleventh is nine kinds of shadow Song banknotes; The first half of the first layer of the twelfth plane is the Liao version, the shadow Liao version, and the gold version; The second half of the first floor of the twelfth plane to the fifteenth plane, all of which are in the Yuan version.
From the southwest, the first layer to the second layer of the second frame, the collection of Tibetan Yuan editions, the third layer of the second frame to the twentieth frame, and the fifth layer of the second frame are respectively Tibetan Ming edition scriptures, history, sub, and collection. In total, there are 663 books in the collection of Zhaorendian, and each book is 1,828 letters, each of which is bound in a letter sleeve, and the material and color of the letter cover are also different depending on the era, so as to show the difference and be easy to identify. For example, the Song version, the gold version, and the shadow Song banknotes are all written in brocade; The meta version of the letter is in blue cotton; The Ming version of the letter is brown and so on. Entering the room to view, the view is clear, and you can get it. For details of the collection, please refer to the "Tianlu Linlang Rack Diagram", which contains a detailed description.
Article excerpted from: The Palace Museum • A Preliminary Study of the Tianlu Linlang Collection of Zhaoren Palace
Wei Li: Tianlu Linlang and the Five Classics Extraction Room
Liu Qiang: A brief description of the old collection of books in the Qing Palace
Liu Qiang: The vicissitudes of the Qing Palace's Tianlu Linlang collection