introduction
*This article is excerpted from the first volume of "Wudi Literary and Historical Materials" (December 1989), written by Jia Shaozong, and the original title is "The Beginning and End of Zhang Mingqi, the Governor of Liangguang"
Zhang Mingqi (1875 – September 15, 1945)
Zhang Mingqi (1875 - September 15, 1945), the word is hard and white, and he is a native of Wudi, Shandong. In 1894, he was examined in the First Sino-Japanese Imperial Examination. In 1898, he studied under the famous Cen Chunxuan, which was quite appreciated. After 1900, he went to Shaanxi, Sichuan, Liangguang and other places with Cen Chunxuan, and successively served as the school affairs of Liangguang, the camp office, the political envoy of Guangxi, and the governor of Guangxi. In 1910, he was promoted to the governor of Liangguang and the general of Guangzhou for bribing Prince Qing Yixuan, stubbornly supporting the imperial system, opposing the democratic republic, and wantonly hunting and killing revolutionaries. In April 1911, he commanded the suppression of the Huanghuagang Uprising. After the success of the Xinhai Revolution, he absconded to Japan with money. Yuan Shikai returned to China after coming to power, and in 1915 he was awarded the title of First Class Earl for supporting Yuan Shikai's restoration of the imperial system. After Yuan Shikai's death, Zhang Mingqi fled to Tianjin. After the outbreak of the September 18 incident in 1931, he colluded with Bai Jianwu and colluded with Japan spies. After the outbreak of the Lugou Bridge Incident in 1937, he openly defected to Japan and became a traitor, and successively held important positions as traitors. In March 1945, when the Japanese army was on the verge of defeat, Zhang Mingqi and Wang Yitang, Yin Rugeng and others initiated the Yiyou Festival, praying for "victory in the Greater East Asian War". On September 15, 1945, he died in the midst of popular condemnation, ending a life of sin.
body
Zhang Mingqi (1875-1945), the word is Jianbai, a Jianbo, and the name is Han Zhai. Zhang Liang, who prides himself on being a man, is actually a treacherous figure.
Han Zhai's ancestral residence is Duanjia Village, Wudi County, the Maji River is rippling, the willow trees are graceful, and the scenery is beautiful. The Zhang family does not have much industry, they are all engaged in farming, and they are not "wang family". So far, there are less than 60 households, and they are still in the "five suits". In the past, only his father Zhang Lingyun studied in the museum, and he was talented. Later, he dropped out of school to start a business, drove to Tianjin, and was out of the house. One day, passing by Huanghua, I saw the funeral of the giant family, the high spirit shed, the plaque was impressive, but the handwriting was mediocre. Ling Yun occasionally made a fuss, whipped and shattered, asked for a heavy book, waved it, put down the pen and brushed away. The crowd was boiling, and they praised: "What a big whip." Ling Yun tried and failed, served in the Beijing Yamen, accumulated funds and donated officials, and served as Zhu Tingcheng in Xiangtan, Hunan. Zhang Mingqi was born on July 29 in the first year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty and was the son of a beautiful concubine. When he was thirteen or fourteen years old, he came to his hometown with his father, leaving the impression that he was thin and smart. read the book "never forget"; Play to play "pranks". I once went to a shop to play, and after reading the account books, I burned them. The shopkeeper was anxious, but he was complacent and said, "Why be angry? Give you back a copy! "It's not wrong to re-record a volume. It is a strange story in the village.
Zhang Mingqi was admitted in 1894, but failed in the next year's examination, and stayed in Nanxue (part of the Guozijian) to study, self-accumulating wings, and waiting for the time to fly.
In 1898, Zhang was recommended to Cen Chunxuan's house. Xuan, the word Yunjie, the son of Cen Yuying, the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, and Ruizi and Lao Ziqiao are known as the "three young teachers of Beijing". Cen Yingzhao Chenyan, drafted by Zhang, was officially awarded the political envoy of Guangdong, and Zhang was valued by Cen Zhi. Zhang Nengyan is resourceful, good at figuring out and greeting, and getting along with the owner is extremely speculative. Cen said: "Jianbai and I, the same but not different, can be a long-lasting friend." Soon, Cen was reappointed as the political envoy of Gansu, and Zhang Sui served as a staff member. Year 1900. The Eight-Nation Coalition attacked Beijing, Cen led his troops to "King Qin", and was favored by the Empress Dowager Cixi, and Zhang Mingqi was also favored by heaven. Cixi took refuge in Cen's mansion and privately toured the study to comfort the loneliness and suffering, and happened to meet Mingqi. Cixi sent a joint gift to say: "Only women and villains are the most difficult to raise." Zhang knelt down and bowed to him and said: "There is a widower who meets a widow and should be at home." When Cixi heard this, not only was she not angry, but she smiled and praised her kindness, saying that she knew people well. Afterwards, Cen was promoted to governor of Shaanxi. Moved to the governor of Shanxi, and then promoted to the governor of Sichuan. Zhang Jun drew strategies in the scene, and was promoted to the alternate road, known as the "think tank".
Zhang Mingqi's nobleman - Cen Chunxuan
In April 1903, Cen Chunxuan was transferred to the Governor of Liangguang, and Zhang was appointed as the chief copywriter, and was also in charge of the Liangguang School Affairs Office, and soon he was also in charge of the Military Training Office, helping Cen to implement the "New Deal". In May 1904, due to the civil uprising in Guangxi, Cen joined the Gui Governor, and Premier Zhang was in the Liangguang Camp Office. Guangxi Governor Li Jingxi belonged to the faction of the chief military aircraft Yixuan and Yuan Shikai, while Cen was in collusion with the military minister Qu Hongji and did not get along with Yi and Yuan. Li Wei communicated with the governor and begged Cen to let Zhang also serve as his staff, so Zhang entered and exited the gate of the governor and became the number one red member in Guilin. In the same year, Li Baoju Zhang was appointed as Guangxi Taiping Si Shundao; The following year, Cen recommended Zhang to act as the political envoy of Guangxi. Cen praised Zhang Zhi's talent in the secret compromise as "ten times the victory of the minister". In December 1906, the Qing court appointed Zhang Mingqi as the political envoy of Guangxi and acting governor of Guangxi, and was conferred in June of the following year.
At that time, the civil uprising in Guangxi was still up and down. Zhang Yimian instructed Long Jiguang and Lu Rongting to suppress the popular uprising; On the one hand, the "New Deal" was vigorously implemented. It has successively set up an agricultural and forestry experimental field, an agricultural school, a high-grade normal school, and a law and political training center, set up a telegraph office, a trial hall, a procuratorial office, and a policeman, continued to run the Fuhe Coal Mine, prepared for the construction of the Guizhou-Quanzhou Railway, and set up the Guangxi Consultative Bureau in accordance with regulations.
Zhang Mingqi organized and trained the Guangxi New Army and hired a large number of non-commissioned officers and students of the army who studied in Japan and graduates of domestic military academies. League members Li Shucheng, Wang Xiaozhen, Yin Changheng, Chen Zhiji, Geng Yi, He Sui, and others all served in the army. Zhang tried his best to make him serve and feasted from time to time to show his closeness. Zhang said: "The revolution is not a strange and terrible thing, and I am determined to refresh the politics and military of Guangxi, that is, the revolution, that is, the leader of the Guangxi revolution." When the young officers heard this, they believed the truth, so they talked about the revolution and strengthened propaganda and organizational activities, and their emotions became fierce. Seeing that the situation was wrong, Zhang immediately transferred Cai Ye and Jiang Zun [guǐ] to Gui to take important positions. Zhang took control of military power, arrested revolutionaries, and proclaimed, "I want to cut off a few heads for everyone to see." "Backtracking.
With the strength of Cen Chunxuan, Zhang, a Ming Ming, has risen steadily, from a difficult scholar to a feudal official, which can be described as fortunate, but he still has to make inches. In 1910, Yuan Shuxun, the acting governor of Guangdong, could not control the situation and his position was shaken, and Zhang Zhi had another opportunity for promotion. At this time, Cen Chunxuan and Qu Hongji had lost their position, and Zhang turned the rudder to report a lot of money to Yixuan. In September 1910, the Qing court appointed Zhang as acting governor of Liangguang. Cen Zhizhi was extremely angry and had a grudge with Zhang.
In January 1911, when Zhang Mingqi took office in Guangzhou, an uprising of the League was being intensively prepared. Huang Xing, Zhao Sheng, and others set up a co-ordination department in Hong Kong and a headquarters in Guangzhou, where they secretly gathered comrades to liaise with the New Army, the defense battalion, and the "Green Forest" to cause regular incidents. On April 8, Fu Qi, the general of Guangzhou, was suddenly stabbed to death by Wen Shengcai, and the whole city was shaken. When the Qing court heard the news, it appointed Zhang Mingqi as the general of Guangzhou, and then appointed the governor of Liangguang. In a panic, Zhang learned the information that the party was about to take action, and immediately consulted with Li Zhun, the admiral of the naval division, and sent a large number of detectives to the city to impose martial law. On April 27 (March 29 of the summer calendar), the revolutionaries revolted and attacked in four directions. The Governor's Office was broken by Huang Xing and Lin Wen led by the team, and Zhang Cang fled in panic. Leaving behind his father, wife and concubine, he climbed the house over the wall and sneaked to the Sailor Office. The shock calmed down for a moment, and immediately commanded the army to suppress it. The revolutionaries rose in a hurry, their forces were lonely, their pace was inconsistent, and they were quickly defeated, and Lin Wen died under the guns of the sailors. The next day, the Qing army continued to hunt down the insurgents. Revolutionaries Li Deshan and others retreated to the Yuansheng rice shop in Gaoyangli, piled up rice bags to refuse, and threw bombs, so that the Qing soldiers did not dare to approach. Zhang Mingqi actually ordered the street to be set on fire. Sixty or seventy people who were captured in the uprising, including Lin Juemin and Yu Zhiji, were killed by Zhang's order and became the famous 72 martyrs of Huanghuagang. The Shunde People's Army, which responded to the uprising, was also suppressed by Zhang Mingqi.
The seventy-two martyrs of Huanghuagang were buried by Pan Tiecang, and the original place name was Honghuagang. It is named after the "new ghost record in front of the Advisory Bureau, the party monument on Huanghuagang". Later, Huang Xing filled in the words of "Butterfly Love Flower" and said:
"In the blink of an eye, the yellow flower fragrance is in the hair, in order to instruct the west wind, temporarily cage the incense. Wait to brew the branches full of clear dew, and the wind blows on the merciless tomb. Looking back at the March twilight of Yangcheng, the flesh and blood are flying, the anger is swallowing the frenzy, the matter is defeated and the original rat is down, and the hero is speechless. ”
History is an iron-faced and selfless judge, who makes a notarized judgment on good and evil with the pen of faith and spring.
The main force to suppress the uprising was Li Zhun's department. Li has been leading troops in Guangdong for a long time, and his momentum is impressive, and he has formed a system of his own. Zhang saw that Li was not easy to control, so he played Guijun into Guangdong. Soon, Long Jiguang arrived in Guangzhou, Zhang Minglong presided over the defense of Guangzhou, and Li was forced to return to Humen. After some adjustments, Zhang held military power, so he arranged for Li Zhun and Tai Bingzhi to clear the townships in the province in an attempt to eliminate the "green forest" that responded to the revolution. Qingxiang became a disaster for the people. Li Zhun plundered in Shunde and opened artillery bombardment on the village. Qingxiang, Chaozhou, "also took the matter of indiscriminate killing of civilians." In addition, Zhang's "new policy", as well as the ban on gambling and smoking, have all become opportunities for officials, military and police to take advantage of the opportunity to engage in corruption and extortion. Guangdong society is in turmoil. In June, because of their opposition to the state-owned railways, the citizens of Guangzhou refused to use paper money and squeezed out the silver, forcing Zhang to borrow foreign money to maintain the situation. In August, Li Zhun was wounded by revolutionaries again. "The provincial capital has been migrated, ten rooms and nine are empty, business is depressed, financial stagnation, and the overall situation is in jeopardy." At that time, the conflict between Zhang and Li intensified, and Zhang was ready to participate in the impeachment and get rid of Li.
In October 1911, the Wuchang Uprising broke out. The revolutionaries and the people of Guangdong also got up. Zhang Mingqi urgently ordered Long Jiguang to return to Yunnan and Guizhou to recruit troops in an attempt to keep Guangdong. On October 18, Su Fu Cheng Dequan asked Zhang Hui to reshuffle the cabinet and declare a constitution to save the situation, but he waited and waited to see the situation because "the time has not yet come." On October 29, Guangzhou General Fengshan arrived in Guangzhou to take up his post and was killed by the revolutionaries. On the same day, the local gentlemen met at Wenlan College and urged Zhang to compromise with the revolutionaries. Zhang hurriedly petitioned for the dismissal of his relatives and nobles, the reorganization of the cabinet, and also requested that the amnesty party members Wang Jingwei and Chen Jinghua be transferred to Guangdong. Zhang's response measures did not meet the needs of the people. On October 29, all walks of life in Guangzhou business and academia gathered to discuss Aiyutang and referendum to recognize the republican form of government; In the afternoon, the integration of Manchu and Han was discussed at Wenlan Academy. At this time, a white flag of "Guangdong independence" was set up in front of the academy and firecrackers were set off. Shops also display flags, hang lights, and fire firecrackers to celebrate. More than 20,000 people flocked to the Governor's Office to petition for independence, but Zhang avoided it. That night, Zhang De Hanyang Qing army won. When Yuan Shikai was appointed as the minister of the Qin Mission, he became tough again, and ordered Long Jiguang to send troops to tear off the flag lanterns, patrol the streets and arrest people, and proclaim that he should "punish him according to the law to show his violation". The next day, the whole city went on strike. At this time, soldiers and civilians from all over the country swarmed up and marched into Guangzhou. Li Zhun had secretly contacted the revolutionaries and was ready to do the opposite. Long Jiguang's attitude is also becoming more and more ambiguous. Zhang Mingqi saw that the army was shaken and knew that he could no longer resist. On November 5, when various circles discussed the formation of a new government in the Consultative Bureau, Zhang Pai's representatives expressed their willingness to hand over power. At the suggestion of the gentleman, Zhang Mingqi was elected as the temporary governor and Long Jiguang as the deputy governor. The people's representatives sent the Governor's Great Seal to the Governor's Office, but it was shocked. It turned out that Zhang refused to obey the revolution and fled at noon, lurking in the Shamian Concession! In the early morning of November 6, Zhang Mingqi fled to Hong Kong on a United Kingdom warship, and Guangzhou was recovered.
Soon after, Zhang Pengqi fled from Hong Kong to Japan. After Yuan Shikai came to power, he returned to Beijing to live in idleness, under the name of Yuan's senior adviser. After the suppression of the Second Revolution, in order to monitor the warlords in the southwest, Yuan sent Zhang as the civil governor of Guangxi in October 1913. Zhang arrived in April of the following year, and later changed his official name to Guangxi Patrol Envoy, who would handle Guangxi's military affairs. Lu Rongting, the governor of Guangxi, stayed away from this old boss, so that Zhang could not interfere in military politics. In July 1915, Zhang was transferred to Guangdong as an envoy. Long Jiguang, the governor of Guangdong, also had a monopoly on power, and Zhang could only work for Long, looting people's wealth and suppressing the localities. At the end of the year, Yuan Shikai conspired to become emperor, Zhang and Long persuaded him to advance, and later Yuan named Zhang as a first-class uncle. Zhang also secretly communicated with the pigtailed handsome Zhang Xun to restore the Qing Dynasty, leaving a way back. After the outbreak of the Protectorate War, Long Jiguang was forced by military pressure to disguise independence in April 1916. In the same month, the "Haizhu Incident" occurred in Guangzhou to protect the national army for a living, and Zhang went to Lu Rongting in Guangxi to explain that Gui was left as a hostage. In May, Zhang Huisui resigned due to his mother's funeral. At this time, the Protector Army established a military affairs institute in Zhaoqing, and the acting commander of the army was Cen Chunxuan. Due to the repeated conflicts between the Long Army and the Cen Army, Long wanted to find a lobbyist to go around. Thinking that Zhang Nai was from Cen Zhi's door and could be an ideal representative, he invited Zhang to go. Unexpectedly, Zhang was greatly snubbed by Cen and found nothing. Soon, Zhang resigned from his post as a patrol envoy and left politics.
After Zhang Mingqi left Guangdong, he lived in seclusion in the French Concession of Shanghai. After the establishment of the Kuomintang regime in Nanjing, he moved to the British Concession in Tianjin, where he embroidered Buddha for a long time. In 1928, Liang Qichao tried to organize a new political party, but Zhang was unwilling to be lonely and responded, but in the end due to the contradictions between politicians, he failed to fulfill it. At the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, in December 1937, Zhang joined the Chinese Buddhist Association initiated by the traitor Wang Yitang and others. In March 1942, Zhang, Wang Kemin, and Jin Yunpeng were hired as members of the Advisory Committee of the puppet North China Political Affairs Committee. In March 1945, Zhang, Wang Yitang, Yin Rugeng and others initiated the "Yiyou Puja" to pray for "victory in the Great East Asian War". In August of the same year, Japan surrendered. On September 15, Zhang Mingqi died of illness in Tianjin.
Zhang Mingqi has no inheritance or mansion in the Duan family. It's just that after his career, he once sent a nephew in the family to be raised, but because he failed to do his studies and was not good at socializing, he was sent home. Naruki had four sons. During the "Cultural Revolution", in the autumn of 1969, Zhang Jun, the "fourth" youth, was sent home and brought his old mother and wife with him. Mother, is 76 years old, after coming to the Duan family, lived in a thatched hut, more than ten days of mourning, buried in the ancestor of the Zhang family. Zhang Jun has a cheerful temperament and likes to blow, play, play and sing. After two years of self-cooking, I prepared for hardships and returned to Tianjin when the policy was implemented. So far, there is still "Zhang Mansion" in Tianjin, which is the former residence of Zhang Mingqi.
After the beginning and the end, it ends with a poem. Humble sentence cloud:
The book of distress took effect Feng Ming, and the sword of the abdomen began to shine in Wuyang City.
Seventy-two martyrs were shot, and he called himself Han Zhai in vain.
Painted on 13 May 1988
Sources:
Wudi Historical Materials, Volume 1 (December 1989)