<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >, "Pterophoridae" (Orthopterae, Pterophoridae).</h1>
【Hazard situation】Adults and nymphs bite the newly sown watermelon seeds in the soil, and they move in the soil surface to form a field tunnel, separating the watermelon seedlings from the soil layer, resulting in the death of seedlings due to water loss. Or directly bite the germinating seeds, young roots and young stems, and the affected roots are in a messy shape.
【Living habits】Adults or nymphs overwinter in deep soil, prefer to inhabit humid environments such as light saline alkali land, river banks, canal edges, etc., and have a tendency to unripe horse manure, and have a strong tendency to lights and black lights. There is a habit of going out day and night.
【Prevention and control method】
(1) Deep soil turning and fine tillage create an environment that is not conducive to the survival of caddisflies and reduce the harm. Water-drought rotation can also be used.
(2) Apply completely decomposed farm manure.
(3) Use black light to trap adult insects.
(4) Seed mixing. Use 50% octyl thiophosphate emulsion, mix seeds according to the weight of watermelon seeds 0.1% to 0.2%, and sow seeds after 12 to 24 hours.
(5) Poison bait booby trap. First, stir-fry wheat bran, bean cake, grain, etc., add 90% crystal enemy insects according to the proportion of 0.5% to 1% of the weight of the bait, and sprinkle the poisonous bait on the melon field or seedbed topsoil that has emerged, and apply 1.5 to 2.5 kg of poisonous bait per mu.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > second, small ground tiger (Lepidoptera, Noctiaceae).</h1>
【Hazard situation】 It is an omnivorous pest, which also harms other melons, grains, oils, flowers, grasses and other plants in addition to watermelons. Larval harm, sometimes endangering the young tips and young leaves of plants, mainly biting off the stems of seedlings near the ground, resulting in lack of seedlings, and in severe cases, seedlings are bitten off. After the damage, the broken young stems are often dragged into the hole. It is mainly harmful in spring and autumn, and sometimes also in the seedlings of summer sown crops.
[Life habits] Algebra occurs differently in regions of different latitudes. Wintering also varies from place to place, generally with old mature larvae, pupae and adult overwintering, and there is no overwintering phenomenon in South China. Adults begin to move in the dark during the day and in the evening, and lay eggs at night, laying eggs on moist surfaces and dwarf plants, with a strong tendency towards sweet and sour and light. 1st to 2nd instar larvae nibble on the leaf flesh in the young leaves of the plant, and after 3 years of age, they sneak into the soil surface during the day and come out at night. After 4 years of age, when it is harmful, it bites off the young stem of the seedling. After the age of 5, the amount of food increased sharply.
(1) Ploughing and weeding In the winter, the land reserved for watermelon fields will be ploughed in time to make the soil loose and dry, creating an environment that is not conducive to the overwintering of small land tiger larvae in the soil. In winter and spring, weeds on the edge of the field and on the side of the road are eradicated, the source of overwintering insects is eliminated, and the spawning ground of small tigers and the source of spring food are reduced.
(2) Booby-trapping control At the beginning of the occurrence of adult tigers in the overwintering generation, use sweet and sour liquid to trap adult insects, sweet and sour liquid is sugar, vinegar, wine one part each, add 100 parts of water, add a little enemy insects, pour the prepared sweet and sour liquid into the basin (bowl), and trap the adult insects with good effect. In the early stage of larval, after soaking the paulownia leaves with water, 70 to 80 leaves are evenly placed per acre in the evening, and the larvae are caught the next day. Fresh vegetable leaves can also be immersed in 90% crystalline insect 400 times liquid for 10 minutes before planting, and put into the field in the evening to trap.
(3) Artificial insect catching Early in the morning, when inspecting the watermelon field, it is found that the seedlings have been bitten off or dragged into the soil, and they can be checked on the spot and look for larvae to kill.
(4) Pharmaceutical control Before the 3rd age, the hatching rate of larvae reaches about 80%, and when the young leaves appear to be affected, they should be immediately controlled. Methods: (1) spray with 90% crystalline insect 1000 times liquid, 50% octyl thiophos 1000 times liquid spray; (2) with 2.5% dichlorophenyl ether permethrin powder 2 to 2.5 kg per acre, mixed with 15 to 20 kg of fine soil, applied to the victim and around the victim; (3) with 90% crystal enemy worm 150 grams, add an appropriate amount of water to form a liquid, and then mix 5 kg of stir-fried wheat bran to make a poisonous bait, and put it on the young stem of the seedlings near the ground in the evening, and put 2 to 2.5 kg per acre.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > iii, Shou Gua (Coleoptera, Pylocarmophyllaceae).</h1>
【Hazard situation】Harmful to melon vegetables, oilseeds, fruit trees and other crops, adults, larvae are harmful, larval clusters are more serious. Adults bite melon leaves, flowers and young melons and bite off melon seedlings. The larvae colonize in the roots and burrow into the roots of the melon, causing dead seedlings. Mothing into the fruit causes the melon to rot.
【Living habits】 Adult insects overwinter in weeds, leaves and soil cracks in the leeward sun or under soil blocks. In early spring, it is necessary to live in wheat fields and vegetable gardens, and when the melon seedlings grow 3 to 4 true leaves, they will be moved to the melon seedlings. Adults have a long infestation period and prefer to lay eggs in warm, moist soils, with the most eggs laid after rain. Eggs are mostly laid in the soil under the surface layer or melon.
(1) Agricultural control Use of suspended death to artificially kill adult insects. It can also be cultivated with mulch or sprinkled with grass and wood ash, chaff and wood chips around melon seedlings, which can prevent adult insects from laying eggs.
(2) Control of adult insects First remove the pastoral weeds, take advantage of the early morning dew is not dry, adult insects can not fly when the artificial capture. Secondly, the seedling stage poisoning adult agent can be used 5% cypermethrin (Best) emulsion 1000 to 1500 times liquid or 18.1% cis cypermethrin (Fu Rui) emulsion 2000 times liquid, 48% chlorpyrifos (Lesben) emulsion 1000 times liquid, 2.5% rotenone emulsion 500 to 800 times liquid, 2.5% cypermethrin (enemy killing) emulsion 3000 to 4000 times liquid spray.
(3) Control larvae With 1.8% avermectin 4000 times liquid irrigation roots.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > iv, melon aphids (homoptera, aphid family).</h1>
【Hazard situation】Harm to more than 200 kinds of plants such as melons and cotton. Adult aphids and aphids like to suck sap on the growth points, young leaves, backs of leaves, and young stems of melon seedlings, causing the leaves to shrink, wilt and even die. After the adult plant is killed, a large amount of sap is lost, and the "honeydew" secreted by the melon aphid is not conducive to photosynthesis and respiration, the light affects the melon, and the heavy causes the premature aging and death of the plant. Melon aphids are also the main vector for the transmission of watermelon virus disease.
【Life habits】Occurs 20 to 30 generations per year, with a short life cycle and fast reproduction. Melon aphids overwinter in and around the field on psyllium, bitter herbs, purple flowers, summer dry grasses and peppercorns, pomegrasses, hibiscus and other plants. There is a habit of migrating to convert the host. It is usually an oviparous parthenogenesis, but the common is a wingless female aphid, which produces winged aphids several times in its lifetime, and migrates to spread or switch hosts several times. When the host insect has a dense mouth, malnutrition or an unwell environment, a winged aphids migrate to switch to the host. In late autumn, it moved back to the wintering host. Melon aphids can continue to breed hazards in winter heated greenhouses. Melon aphids like drought and are afraid of rain, and areas with little rain are most likely to occur. Ladybirds, grasshoppers, aphid-eating flies, parasitic wasps, aphid mold, etc. are natural enemies of aphids. The high number of natural enemies is an important factor in inhibiting aphids.
(1) Agricultural control (1) weeding and aphid control. In the spring, the melon field and the surrounding weeds are eradicated, the overwintering eggs are eliminated, and the source base of insects is reduced. (2) Avoid aphids. Use silver-gray film to avoid aphids and set yellow plates to trap aphids.
(2) Pharmaceutical control Start spray control when the melon aphid dot tablet occurs, you can choose 70% Emeric water dispersible granules 9000 ~ 10000 times liquid, 25% thiamethoxine (Akte) water dispersible granules 6000 ~ 8000 times liquid, or 25% imidacloprid (Yunmei) 3000 times liquid, or 3% acetamidine 1500 ~ 2500 times liquid, or 2.5% bifenthrin (Uranus) emulsion 3000 times liquid spray, or 2.5% rotenone emulsion 500 times liquid, or 0.36% Matrine aqueous agent 500 times liquid spray. Spraying the nozzle should be upwards, focusing on the back of the leaf, spraying the liquid as much as possible on the melon aphid, imidacloprid agent can also treat thrips, but it is more sensitive to melon seedlings, and should be used with caution in the high temperature season. The protected area can be fumigated with 22% dichlorvos (used cautiously at the seedling stage) or 10% melon aphid tobacco, using 400 to 500 grams per mu, lighting a dark fire, and sealing for about 3 hours.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > five, whitefly (homoptera, whitefly).</h1>
Whitefly and whitefly are the main pests of many crops today. The harm of whitefly to host plants is manifested as direct feeding, secretion of honeydew to induce coal pollution disease, and transmission of plant virus disease. They prick needles into the phloem to eat plant sap directly, causing nutrient deficiencies in the host plant, affecting normal physiological activities, resulting in plant weakness.
【Life habits】Whitefly has a wide range of hosts, waxy bodies, overlapping generations, fast reproduction speed, 11 to 15 generations a year, many transmission and diffusion routes, and easy resistance to chemical pesticides. It can overwinter in double-membrane-covered greenhouses or storage rooms, and can maintain a high population density, which is the main source of whiteflies in vegetable fields the following year.
(1) Agricultural control Before cultivating crops, weeds and residual plants should be removed, the source of insects should be completely killed, and after planting, combined with agricultural operations, the aging leaves of the lower part of the plant should be removed in time. Protected area facilities may be covered with insect repellent nets.
(2) Physical control Whitefly has a strong tendency to yellow, especially orange-yellow, and can be set up in the greenhouse to trap adult insects. The method is to paint fiberboard or cardboard orange yellow with paint, and then coated with a layer of viscous oil, 30 to 40 pieces per acre, placed at the same height of the plant.
(3) Biological control In the early stage of cultivating whitefly in protected areas, lice aphid wasps can be released in the shed and used natural enemies for control.
(4) Pharmaceutical prevention and treatment Must be sprayed in the early stage of the occurrence of whitefly, sprayed every 5 days, continuous prevention and treatment of 3 to 4 times, pay attention to alternate medication and reasonable mixing. The agent can choose 70% Emele water dispersible granules 9000 ~ 10000 times liquid, or 25% thiamethoxazine (Aktai) water dispersible granules 6000 ~ 8000 times liquid, or 25% thiazide (chlorpheniramine) emulsion 1000 times liquid, or 36% matrine water agent 500 times liquid, or 20% acetamidine emulsion 2000 ~ 3000 times liquid, or 10% aldinazil 1000 ~ 1500 times liquid, or 25% imidacloprid (Yunmei) 2000 ~ 3000 times liquid, or 2.5% Bifenthrin (Uranus) emulsion 3000 times liquid spray, or 2.5% cyfc cypermethrin (kung fu) emulsion 5000 times liquid.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > six, red spider (tick mites, leaf mite family).</h1>
【Hazards】In addition to harming melons, it also harms cotton, soybeans, sunflowers, eggplant, tobacco, fruit trees, flowers and other plants. Nymphs and adults suck sap on the back of the leaves, so that the leaves lose green, affecting photosynthesis, and in severe cases, the leaves dry out and fall off, affecting yield and quality.
【Living habits】It can occur for 10 to 20 generations a year, mainly with adult insects gathering in dead branches and leaves, soil crevices, and bark crevices to overwinter. In early spring, the temperature is stable at 6 ° C before it can come out and move. After three years of age, if the mite is very harmful, it is spread by crawling or spitting silk or by wind. Prefers a high temperature dry environment. Areas with little rain and summer drought are the most likely to be disasters. Water-scarce plants and continuous crop plots are the most susceptible to disaster. Predatory insects, such as grasshoppers, small flower bugs, mite-eating gall mosquitoes, small black ladybirds, and hunting bugs, are natural enemies of red spiders. The number of natural enemies in the field has a significant inhibitory effect on red spiders.
(1) Eliminate the source of insects Before winter and early spring, the melon field and surrounding weeds should be removed and burned. Cultivate weeds in a timely manner to eliminate red spider breeding grounds.
(2) Pharmaceutical control agent to 1.8% avermectin 4000 times liquid, or 20% tachymolone (fruit mite) 4000 ~ 5000 times liquid, or 5% thiamethoxone 1500 ~ 2000 times liquid, or 24% spironite (mite danger) 3000 times liquid, spray once every 5 to 7 days, spray 2 to 3 times continuously, focus on spraying the back of young leaves, young stems and young fruit parts in the upper part of the plant, pay attention to the alternating use of pesticides.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > vii, American spotted diver (Diptera, subterraneae).</h1>
【Hazard situation】Adult and larvae can be harmful. Female adults fly to stab plant leaves, feed and lay eggs. The larvae infiltrate the leaves and petioles to create irregular serpentine white worm lanes, which later turn rust-colored. Chlorophyll is destroyed, and the leaves fall off in the heavy cases.
【Living habits】14 to 16 generations occur in 1 year, and can occur annually in warm places such as Hainan, without overwintering, and the generation overlap is obvious. Adults have strong phototropism and yellowing, and can spread over short distances in the field. High temperatures and droughts are beneficial to them.
(1) Agricultural control The melons, nightshade fruits and beans that the spotted diving fly likes are set or rotated with their crops that are not harmful; appropriate planting is appropriate to increase field permeability; after harvest, the countryside is cleaned in time, and the remnants of the crops that are harmed by the American spotted diving fly are buried deeply, fertilized or burned.
(2) Fly-killing paper to trap adult insects In the initial peak to the end of adult insects, 15 booby-trap points are set per acre, and 1 piece of fly-trap paper is placed at each point to trap adult insects, and replaced once in 3 to 4 days. Yellow plates can also be used to trap adult insects.
(3) Pharmaceutical control can start spraying at the peak of adult insects or when egg laying marks and feeding holes are seen, and master the larvae before 2 years old (the worm tract is very small), spray 75% fly-killing amine (submerged grams) wettable powder 5000 to 7000 times liquid, 1.8% avermectin 3000 to 5000 times liquid, or 1% vegetable health emulsion 3000 times liquid, or 0.6% insecticidal emulsion 1000 times liquid, or 1% insecticidal emulsion 1000 times liquid, or 3.3% tianding emulsion 1000 times liquid. Spray once every 7 to 10 days, spray 2 to 3 times continuously, and pay attention to the alternating use of pesticides.