Dynasties always have to fall, and after the Anshi Rebellion, Li Tang survived for a century and a half under the situation of party strife, eunuch dictatorship, and feudal division, but in the context of the decline of the country, a real celebrity appeared, Andi Liang Qichao ranked him alongside Guan Zhong, Shang Martin, Zhuge Liang, Wang Anshi and Zhang Juzheng, becoming one of the six major statesmen of the feudal era.
He is Li Deyu, who is known as "a good minister of all ages, a high priest of a generation", perhaps the desolation of the late Tang Dynasty covered up the merits of the famous phase, and later generations remember huang Chao's soaring murderous spirit and the arrogance of the eunuch Fan Zhen, but forgot that there was such a famous minister who was once a pillar of the Tang Dynasty and his achievements in almost turning the tide, and his appearance inevitably had a little more edifice.
"The Sect Gate of the Qing Dynasty, tired of its achievements, two generations of crowned inner court, and six dynasties of the Raiders." --Wei Chuhou's "Reply to Li Deyu Dan's Edict"
Born in a famous family, his father was the Prime Minister of the Tang Dynasty, and his ancestors were high-ranking officials for six generations, and it is well-deserved to describe Li Deyu with a golden spoon.
<h1>A declining family, a self-motivated teenager</h1>
Li Deyu was born in the third year of Zhenyuan (787), fourteen years after the end of the Anzhi Rebellion, when Tang Dezong lost his ambitions when he first ascended the throne in the face of failed attempts to cut the domain and successive rebellions, and Li Tang's first attempt to revive kaiyuan's heroic style was in vain. The family is no longer the shareholders of the dynasty who used to call the wind and rain and the incense is continuous, but stands on the cusp of the great changes of the times with the Datang.
▲ The representative of the former family style: Wuyi Lane
Li Deyu in his youth was very extraordinary, and the Old Book of Tang said that "Deyu was young and ambitious", although he was born in a family of officials and eunuchs, he had lofty ambitions and was superb, and he was definitely not the second generation of officials who ate and waited for death like "my father is Li Gang". He had extraordinary achievements in articles, political theories, poetry and historiography, enough to sit down with Li Shangyin and Bai Juyi, and could be called a first-class popular figure of the year.
"Looking back on the year of Wu Hui, Si is the general of Wei Huo." Huai Hanhai was angry, and wanted to wolf and look at it. "--"Advocating Endowment"
After a thousand years, posterity can still feel Li Deyu's admiration for Wei Qing and Huo Fuyi's army expedition to try to make a contribution to the battlefield.
<h1>Bumpy career, frank gentleman</h1>
Stained with the light of the prime minister's father, Li Deyu was invited by various clan towns to serve as a shogunate (staff). Although the starting point was high, it was bumpy, and the three dynasties from Muzong to Emperor Wenzong, due to the exclusion of the rulers Li Zongmin and Zheng Zhu, he only briefly served as a scholar and chancellor of the state, and most of the period before Huichang served in the local government, even if the political achievements were remarkable, he was still regarded as a thorn in the side of the opponents.
It is said that all this was given by his father, who was the prime minister, but could not hold the boat in his stomach, and in a "misunderstanding" in the third year of Yuan He (808), Li Jifu suppressed two "insignificant" cattle monks, Niu Monk Ru and Li Zongmin, who were known to have later become officials and prosperous, and returned to the imperial court to become the opponents of the Li family, although Li Deyu at that time was not yet the year of the crown, but according to the law of "father's debt repayment", he successfully "inherited" this hatred, which was also the origin of the "Cow and Lee Party Dispute".
▲Secretary Dakang is also a "lone minister"
But through the annals of history, unlike the cattle and Li who had befriended the party, Li Deyu was more like an orphan courtier, and in December of the sixth year (832) of Emperor Wenzong's reign, when Duzong, who was a cattle party, came to visit him, Li Deyu said to him: "Why is the gong visiting this lonely?" Calling the place where he lives "lonely" is enough to position himself.
"Gentlemen love to prevent troubles, and they are no more cautious than they are alone. Be afraid of the good, not be deceived, faithful to the outside, although there are thieves, can not be troubled. "--Li Deyu's "TheOry of Prudent Independence"
We may have heard of Zeng Guofan's "Gentlemen's Cautious And Independent Theory", but Li Deyu's expression is little known. The so-called prudent independence refers to the fact that people act with a high degree of consciousness and in accordance with certain moral norms when they are acting alone without supervision, and do not do anything that violates moral beliefs, principles of being human, or violates the law. This is a kind of cultivation and self-discipline, but also a kind of sentiment.
▲ Confucius is the original of "prudent independence"
Demanding oneself with "prudence and independence" is a kind of self-protection consciousness produced by Li Deyu's presence in realpolitik, and it is also the embodiment of his own self-discipline and cultivation. Unlike some officials who fight for power and profit only for their own selfish purposes, Li Deyu's starting point for seeking high positions is to realize his political ambitions, and such a figure is not a suitable candidate for party leader no matter how he looks.
Even if there are thorns in front of me, I still have to struggle to come back, because the world can't live without me Li Deyu.
In the fifth year of Kaicheng (839), Emperor Wuzong of Tang succeeded to the throne and recalled Li Deyu from Huainan to the imperial court, worshipped him as chancellor, and made him a servant under the door and a servant under the Tongzhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi, and the old minister who knew the destiny of heaven finally returned to the peak of the temple again. At that time, Li Tang, his father and Emperor Xianzong's "Yuan and Zhongxing" had been squandered by three generations of Muzong, Jingzong and Wenzong, and the feudal towns had revived, and eunuchs dominated the emperor's life and death and inheritance.
The affairs of the state have decayed to this point, and who can be the pillar of the affairs of the world? After seven years of worship, the time is not too long, but Li Deyu has almost completed the feat of "changing his life against the sky".
<h1>If you are wrong, you must change it: the foundation of Huichang ZTE</h1>
(1) Reform the examination
Although the examination system has made obvious progress in the past two hundred years, it seems to be a bit off the road at the moment.
First of all, the examination does not emphasize the theory of righteousness and strategy, but prefers poetry, and the examination of scholars does not use practical art but still floats the text, which is like the current civil service examination does not examine the theory but competes with prose, and even inferior to the eight strands of the Ming and Qing dynasties; secondly, there are still the disadvantages of "public volumes", "submission lists", "protégés" and "masters" outside the science field, and the public instrument of talent selected by the state has degenerated into the middle and late Tang Dynasty, because the Niu Dang clique has long controlled the science field, using the examination to be good at being a friend of the party and committing favoritism.
"Tang Shi criticized the evils of the imperial examination, but those who exposed and reformed this evil, Deyu was the first person." --Mr. Wang Yanping
Li Deyu reformed the imperial examination during his two terms of office, and in the fifth year of Huichang, Li Deyu said that Emperor Wuzong had decreed: "Those who learn the Ming Classics and enter the priesthood, and belong to the name taixue, once every quarter according to the name of the book, they are divided into Guozi supervision examination posts, and three times the posts are fully understood, that is, those who are mature in the art of the scriptures, and there is no need to take the test later."
At the same time, as the prime minister, he decisively deposed the practice of reading the list of the prime minister, which put an end to the drawbacks of the prime minister using his privileges to interfere in the examination, and also opened up the road to entering the army.
Although the history records that Li Deyu was "particularly evil jinshi", judging from his measures to reform the imperial examination, he did not target the imperial examination system, but the superficiality and ponbi of the jinshi. Subjectively, it comes from the pragmatism and fairness of the state's examination and employment of people, and has selected a group of pragmatic talents for the country, which also reflects his perspective and mind as a politician.
According to shi zai: "Wei Gong both degraded ... Eight hundred lonely cold tears, for a moment looking south to Li Yazhou. It can be seen that Li Deyu has opened the way for the vast number of lonely cold, which is by no means a false reputation.
(2) To lay down eunuchs
In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the phenomenon of eunuchs interfering in politics was serious, and even "Li Deyu was not exempted from being entered by eunuchs" (Hu Sansheng dialect), but to say that Li Deyu and the eunuchs had friendly relations and colluded with each other, it is inevitable to lose bias, and it is an indisputable fact that eunuchs were dismissed during the Huichang period.
First, strengthen the power of the eunuchs and weaken the interference of eunuchs in the administration. Li Deyu suggested that "all political affairs should be published in the Zhongshu" and put forward the suggestion of "making the government in the Zhongshu and sincerely ruling the root causes"; otherwise, "if the government is removed from the prime minister, it will not be ruled" to prevent the eunuchs from interfering in the government from the system.
Second, he stripped the eunuchs of their military power, attacked the eunuch leaders Qiu Shiliang and Yang Qinyi, and stripped the power of the lieutenant of Shen Ce and the privy councillor (both held by the eunuchs), causing Qiu Shiliang to return home from illness and soon after. Li Deyu also reformed the system of supervising the army, reducing the eunuchs who served as supervisors after the Anshi Rebellion, and Li Deyu stipulated that the supervising army was not allowed to interfere in military politics during the three-year war led by Huichang in the imperial border rebellion, so that the generals could display their strengths, laying the foundation for defeating the Uighurs and pacifying Liu Shu.
It was precisely because of Li Deyu's active efforts that the power of eunuchs weakened during the Huichang period. Wang Fuzhi said: "Tang Zisu Sect, those who are not allowed to be dictatorial in the interior are only found in Huichang."
(3) Prohibition of the destruction of Buddhism
▲Famen Temple mural - YingFo (bone) picture
"The prince and the prince give alms, as if they are afraid of not being able to do so. The people have wasted their karma and exhausted their production, and burned their arms and provided for them ... Most of the peasants abandoned the winter crops and ran to the capital. "--Tang Hui wants"
Does this scene resemble India today? Because Tang Xianzong also firmly believed in Buddhism, it led to "good things at the top, but even worse at the bottom", and a vigorous "welcoming Buddha bone" incident almost copied the "feat" of Emperor Wu of Liang's sacrifice. Due to frequent wars and government raids, many bankrupt people turned to the protection of Buddhism, and its vicious development not only made the capital a miasma, but also led to a decline in the population controlled by the government and a decline in fiscal revenue.
"The teachings of the Shi clan, out of the Western Yi, abandon the canon of the Five Constants, the Constant of the Three Principles, exhaust the financial resources of the beetle, depose their heretics, and take the right king degree, and the Shu can be retro" --Li Wei Gong Ji
Based on this understanding, Li Deyu actively opposed Buddhism both in the government and in the central government, and he used state power during the Huichang period to set off a large-scale campaign to ban Buddhism, and by the end of Huichang, "more than 4,600 monasteries destroyed in the world, 265,000 lay monks and nuns,... ... Tens of millions of acres of fertile land were harvested, and 150,000 slaves were enslaved. "It basically destroyed the social foundation of Buddhism and expanded the human and material resources of the Tang Dynasty."
▲ Tang Wuzong, one of the "Three Martial Sects"
In summary, with the efforts of Li Deyu, the internal power structure of Datang was more reasonable, and the atmosphere of the court was also renewed, and the government treasury was filled, laying a good economic foundation for the use of military force.
<h1>Victories in war: Datang is still that Datang</h1>
(1) Fight against Uighurs
The Uighurs were a powerful minority regime located in the northwest of the Tang Dynasty, boasting that they were strong in military strength and helping Tang Dynasty, repeatedly violating the Tang Territory, seriously threatening the security of the Tang Dynasty, and smoothly growing into an indispensable tumor.
Li Deyu actively prepared for the battle, and used peace as bait, using the fierce general Shi Xiong and the Hui hu to make Liu Huan carry out a surprise attack on the Uighurs.
"The Khan was horrified, did not know what to do, abandoned the dragon and went back, and the xiong pursued it; Gengzi, the great broken Uighur killed Hu Shan, the Khan was sore, and hundreds of horses fled, and the xiong ying tai and the princess returned. Beheaded ten thousand people, demoted more than twenty thousand of his tribe. "--Zizhi Tongjian"
The powerful Uighur Khaganate "lost its wife and folded its troops" and was fought back to the tribal era by a battle, and the Tang court still vaguely had the prosperous style of the four-square salty dress.
(2) Inner Pingzelu
In the third year of Huichang, Zelu Jiedu caused Liu Congzhi to die, and his nephew Liu Shu wanted to emulate the father and son of the three towns in Hebei, but secretly mourned and claimed to be the queen. Emperor Wuzong discussed this matter with his courtiers, and they mostly advocated compromise and gave him a temperance, but Li Deyu alone advocated a resolute crusade, believing that unlike the three towns of Heshuo, which had been "in turmoil for a long time and the people's hearts were difficult to dissolve", Zelu was located in the hinterland of the Tang Dynasty, and if this precedent was set, it was bound to cause "those in the four towns who did not think of following their actions", and the situation would become unmanageable.
"Sending heavy ministers to Wang Yuankui and He Hongjing, since Heshuo's hardships, the saints have allowed him to pass on the attack, which has become a story, unlike Zelu. The current imperial court will add troops to Zelu, do not want to go out of the forbidden army to Shandong, and its three states of Shandong are subordinate to Zhaoyi, and the two towns will attack it... If the two towns obey the orders and do not disturb the officers and troops from the side, the barn will be captured! "--Zizhi Tongjian"
Li Deyu used it as "If the teacher is useless, the subject should be guilty of his own guilt." The military order persuaded the emperor and the Manchu Dynasty wenwu and specified an appropriate plan to quell the rebellion. This paper edict was a clever strategy, through the acquiescence of the established fact of the division of Hebei in exchange for a united front with the three powerful domains, the isolation of the new rebels was achieved, and the strategic encirclement of the turtle in the urn was completed.
However, at a critical moment, Hedong launched the Taiyuan Mutiny against Yang Mu and colluded with Liu Shu against the imperial court, a sudden change that shook both the front-line generals and Emperor Wuzong. Emperor Wuzong sent Ma Yuanshi to Taiyuan to inspect Yang Mou's falsehood, and Ma Yuanshi accepted Yang Mou's bribe and returned to falsely exaggerate Yang Mou's military position. Li Deyu confronted Ma Yuanshi and exposed his lies. Li Deyu said: "Yang Mu is a thief, and he must not be forgiven. If the national strength is not enough, it is better to give up Liu Shu. ”
Emperor Wuzong finally strengthened his determination to attack Liu Shu again, and soon Lü Yizhong, the overseer of Hedong, sent troops to capture Yang Mu, and Hedong Zhenping, Zhaoyi Zhen, saw that guo Yi was not in a good situation, took the opportunity to kill Liu Shu and surrender to Tang, and Zelu was also pacified. Shi Zai "Li Deyu ruled the three towns with one phase, like the palm of luck", reversing the situation in which the general Shuai had repeatedly failed since Emperor Dezong.
▲ Stills from the micro-movie "The Last Transfer of data in the Desert North"
To sum up, the "Huichang Zhongxing" created by Tang Wuzong is certainly related to his majestic and resolute qualities, and Li Deyu, as a trader, is also worthy of the title of Tang Dynasty's famous minister, and he has successfully created the situation of Tang 'several Zhongxing in the royal family' through strategy and planning.
Unfortunately, this will be the last bright color of Datang.
The Huichang era exhausted all of Li Deyu's enthusiasm and energy, and when Li Yan inherited the tradition of Emperor Taizong and Emperor Xianzong and chose to take drugs and die, Datang's "Zhongxing" career and his life would also turn sharply downward.
<h1>A son of heaven and a courtier</h1>
(Li Deyu) Since the winter of the fifth year of Kaicheng to tiande, to the fourth year of Huichang in August, Pingzelu, the first and last five years, its planning is appropriate, the selection of generals, the military edict, the play of yunhe, the drafting of the finger, all decided solely on Deyu, all of them are unprepared." --Old Book of Tang. Biography of Li Deyu
It can be said that Li Deyu's great fists and feet are inseparable from the trust and support of Tang Wuzong, and the mutual knowledge of the two monarchs and subjects is the fundamental reason for "ZTE". After breaking the Uighurs and seeking peace with Zelu, Li Deyu "defended the Tai Lieutenant with merit and entered the Weiguo Gong, three thousand households." In the Tang Dynasty, the position of Taiwei was a fictitious title, and only seven people held it, which did not even include Guo Ziyi, who had turned the tide, at that time, Li Deyu could be described as high in merit, weight, and dignity, and Wu Zongyou "hated no official to reward Qing'er!", which showed that Li Deyu could not be repeatedly favored.
Later, although there were checks and balances, it still belonged to the normal imperial mental technique, and Emperor Wuzong's trust in Li Deyu never waned.
However, in the seventh year of Huichang, Li Yan died of drugs, and the uncle Li Chen, who pretended to be crazy and stupid for more than ten years, ascended to the throne for Tang Xuanzong, who was known as "Little Taizong", and seemed to be a wise emperor, but he was soon incompatible with the powerful Li Deyu.
One is a "particularly evil jinshi", one is the most poetic gift in his life; one admires Confucianism, one is partial to the interpreter, and the "three views" of the two kings and subjects are seriously inconsistent, but this is not the reason.
First of all, Xuanzong's ascension to the throne came from the support of eunuchs, not the help of the prime minister, they were not all all the way people, more importantly, the emperor's natural rejection of power threats, Li Deyu had accumulated enough authority and prestige in the previous era, and its existence was enough to threaten Xuanzong's authority. Therefore, at the beginning of his ascension to the throne, Li Chen dismissed Li Deyu from his post as chancellor, made him an envoy of Jingnan Jiedushi, and immediately appointed Bai Minzhong, Ling Hushou and other members of the Bull Party.
<h1>The Death of Man: The Complete Loneliness of datang</h1>
When Li Deyu left Chang'an, he couldn't let go of what should be the future of Datang, not necessarily the wealth and power of the past, and he should be as smart as he was for such an ending.
In 850, the last famous face of the Tang Dynasty died in Yazhou (yazhou, southeast of present-day Haikou, Hainan) at the age of sixty-three. A few years later, Emperor Yizong of Tang restored him to the title of Crown Prince Shaobao and Duke of Weiguo, and posthumously awarded him the title of Shangshu Zuo Servant, which is a coffin conclusion.
The return to power of the Niu Party means that the national policy of datang's active and change-oriented national policy has once again undergone a 180-degree reversal, and compared with the level of performance in the party struggle, the Niu Party's policy is nothing more than to appease the adulterers and calm the people, and the imperial court is brewing the final upheaval in the self-intoxication of the ears and the bell.
At this point, it is time to sum up the life of this famous Tang Dynasty minister.
<h1>Critics standing and talking</h1>
The voices criticized by historians against Li Deyu mainly focused on two points: First, the party contended for the wrong country, but the radical administration, which outweighed the losses.
As far as the former is concerned, It is not easy for Li Deyu to pay attention to "prudence and independence" in handling things as mentioned above, calling himself "lonely", and is completely a passive resistance in the so-called "party struggle", leading a group of pig teammates ("colleagues" belonging to the bull party) and carrying the burden of datang forward.
"In April of the sixth year of Huichang, Xue Yuanyu was rewarded with the title of Chungju Assassin, and Xue Yuangui, the brother jing zhaoyin, and the prefect of Quan, were made the yazhou sihu, and the party of Deyu was also." --Zizhi Tongjian
When Li Deyu stepped down for the last time, there were only a few "Li Dang" implicated, and it turned out that the so-called "All Dang" was nothing more than Sima Guang's "Spring and Autumn Brushwork." The Li Dang seemed to have found no trace, and the Niu Dang had found a solid investigation, and there was no need to see which was high and which was low.
The latter mostly comes from the bull party's remarks: whether it is internal reform or internal and external military action, it is a waste of national strength.
We cannot simply think that they raised the bar for the sake of raising the bar, and from the past, Dezong wanted to do something when he first came to the throne, but after six years of the counterinsurgency war, he turned to a policy of appeasement. During the fifteen years of Emperor Xianzong's reign, the imperial court basically stopped fighting in the twenty years from Emperor Muzong to Emperor Wenzong. After Emperor Wuzong ascended the throne, the imperial court showed a strong posture again, and then the banner was stopped.
On the whole, the counterinsurgency war of the imperial court seemed to start repeatedly, but achieved nothing, and the Tang court and the fanzhen basically maintained a balanced posture. Once the Tang Dynasty's counterinsurgency war could not be sustained, the separatist forces began to rise again. The war in turn increased the burden on the people and exacerbated the crisis of the Tang Dynasty itself.
Therefore, this second "indictment" seems to have some truth, but in fact it ignores three elements.
First, the reason why the state has become a state lies in the central government's control over the localities; otherwise, it is out of a state of metamorphosis, which is also the state and psychology that the Chinese nation is accustomed to.
Second, the one-sided emphasis on cost, while ignoring the importance of these "radical" measures for the continuation of Li Tang, the direct relationship between Huaixi Town's taxation in Jiangnan, Zhaoyi Town and the prestige of the imperial court was also selectively ignored;
Third, the results came from persistence, precisely because the imperial court's imperial orders and orders led to various problems, and if Xianzong or Wuzong could live a long life, the situation might be completely different.
▲ Party struggle never asks whether it is right or wrong, only looks at the camp
In short, the difference between the two sides is that one is waiting for death, the other is seeking survival, and the former and the reason for looking down on the latter?
<h1>The name of the Gou and: the "world is flat" that covers the ears and steals the bell</h1>
After pacifying Zelu, Li Deyu said that "today's lower is flat", and "tired table begging" (asking for retirement). However, it is only to take back the control of Zhaoyi Town, where is the "peace under the heavens"? The Tang dynasty was far from regaining full control of the country and completely resolving the problem of local division, which showed that Emperor Wuzong seemed to lack a longer-term goal.
In fact, from Emperor Xianzong to Emperor Wuzong, the goal of their reforms and military actions was only to "repair the story of Kaiyuan", only to be satisfied with returning to the situation of the subordinate of the feudal towns to the central government in the era of Emperor Xuanzong.
▲Hebei has long been out of control
The Tang court did not unify the forces that maintained centralized power, but only relied on the finances and taxes of the southeastern feudal towns, and relied on the feudal towns in the central plains to oppose the Hebei feudal towns, and the feudal guanzhong and the southwest and northwest feudal towns to defend against foreign troubles. This insistence on the feudal system led to the Tang court's inability to integrate the forces of the localities, establish a centralized state system within its jurisdiction, form a set of political, financial, economic, and military systems that maintain centralized power, and establish a forbidden army controlled by the central government and maintaining the absolute superiority over the localities.
Therefore, the positive political actions of Emperor Xianzong and Li Deyu could make the Tang Dynasty ZTE, but it was doomed to not be maintained for a long time, which was the fatal flaw of Li Deyu and Huichang ZTE.
Of course, perhaps no one can do better than him, the decline of the late Tang Dynasty is formed by the accumulation of a long period of maladministration, coupled with the turmoil of the korean situation, in the process of the change of emperor, personnel transfers and appointments are frequent, interest groups are tilted against each other, and finally even Li Deyu himself is not spared. Therefore, the weakening power of the country may not be changed by the efforts of a few of its monarchs.
<h1>Orthodoxy: Injustice, in the hearts of the people. </h1>
Like many great statesmen, the criticism that Lee received after his death was enough to make the otherwise chaotic history more difficult to write.
In fact, a politician who is enterprising and assertive, whether he ends up successful or unsuccessful, will have many observers and commentators with different mentalities on the way to reform at that time and in the evaluation of the next life. Li Deyu is no exception, some people approve of and even appreciate his deeds, some people have to admit his merits but belittle his character, others believe that if the contribution to history must be accompanied by machinations and deception, then this contribution should also be discounted.
▲ Li Deyu's film and television image
Li Deyu has a strong personality, a fierce work style, invisibly makes many enemies, and acts in a manner of a lawyer, which is doomed to be degraded and suppressed in the era of morality as the basis. Historians often praise cattle with virtue and demean Li with power techniques, which is probably not out of the strange circle of "no talent is virtue" in the feudal era.
In addition, the reign time was too short, and only the early days of Emperor Wuzong could be called a monarch and a courtier, but the constraints were everywhere at all times, from the dignity of the "Zhongfu" of Guan Zhong and the trust of Zhuge Liang's authority, the Tang Dynasty
Therefore, historians and novelists have interpreted and arranged different versions of Li Deyu around various aspects of life trivia and character learning, and the names of a generation have actually changed their faces.
The author believes that instead of dwelling on the various evaluations of Li Deyu that are mutually mistaken and very different, it is better to return the politician to his original appearance and tell future generations with his actual position in the long river of history.
<h1>Conclusion: Su Xueshi and Li Zaixiang's special journey is the same destination</h1>
"Alone on the high-rise building to look at the imperial capital, the bird flies for half a year." Qingshan seemed to want to stay, and hundreds of people were surrounded by the county town. ”
This is almost Li Deyu's desperate poem, the author is reminded of Su Dongpo's "fear of Qionglou Yuyu, the height is not cold", they all have the unique feelings of Chinese literati - in the rivers and lakes but the heart of the temple. The difference between them is only that the former is thinking about the devastated country with his heart and mind, while the latter still has the open-mindedness of "Hainan's true hometown".
▲ After 300 years, Li Deyu finally waited for a fellow traveler
After a lifetime of dedication, the last famous appearance of Datang finally ended his life of terrifying waves on the barbaric Hainan Island. Without opponents, the party struggles have become boring and have subsided, and the monks and children who think of the cattle will often think of this deceased man. At this time, Li Tang's gravedigger Huang Chao was already in the year of its establishment, there was no such a wise man as Li Deyu with a big pattern and great courage above the temple, and the courtiers would all be reduced to eunuchs and puppets of the clan town.
The slander of the people of the time stems from the bias of the party struggle, and the confusion of the later generations is because of the ignorance of the current situation, which is not enough to worry about, but the coffin conclusion of the Old Book of Tang is wonderful:
The wisdom of the public, the benefit of Qingping.
Break the rebels and destroy the building.
Gongcheng Beique, bone burial Nanming.
Whoops, who's on Danqing?