Accumulation of common sense In the Xinhai Revolution

Revolution

The historical background of the outbreak

(1) Economic basis: The implementation of the so-called "New Deal" and "Preparatory Constitution" at the end of the Qing Dynasty objectively promoted the development of capitalism and the development of bourgeois forces.

(2) Ideological basis: The wide dissemination of bourgeois democratic revolutionary ideas, especially the influence of the Western doctrine of natural human rights, freedom and equality.

(3) Organizational basis: The establishment of the revolutionary group Xingzhong Association in 1894 and the establishment of the bourgeois revolutionary party, the League, in 1905 clearly put forward the bourgeois revolutionary program - the Three People's Principles.

(4) Military basis: A series of armed uprisings such as the Huanghuagang Uprising launched by the League pushed the democratic revolution to a climax.

(5) Favorable timing: the Qing government transferred the Hubei New Army, entered Sichuan to suppress the Sichuan Road Preservation Movement, and Hubei's defense was empty.

Several influential uprisings during the Xinhai Revolution

During the Xinhai Revolution, the revolutionaries launched a series of armed uprisings. Before the Wuchang Uprising, sun yat-sen alone, the great forerunner of the revolution, launched more than a dozen times. Among these uprisings, the following were the more influential:

▲Huizhou Sanzhoutian Uprising

In 1900, Sun Yat-sen took advantage of the Boxer Rebellion and sent Zheng Shiliang to Huizhou Liaison Association in Guangdong province to launch an uprising.

In October 1900, Zheng Shiliang led a triad of more than 600 people to revolt in Sanzhoutian, Huizhou, marching in two directions, east and west, defeating the Qing army and occupying the coastal areas around Xin'an and Dapeng to Huizhou and Pinghai. The rebel army quickly grew to more than 20,000 men. In order to obtain overseas assistance, the rebel army moved in the direction of Fujian and Xiamen. Japanese imperialism supported the Qing government and undermined Sun Yat-sen's plan to receive aid. The rebel army fought bloodily for half a month, but finally lost due to the lack of ammunition and food, the team was forced to disband, and Zheng Shiliang fled to Hong Kong.

▲Chaozhou Huanggang Uprising

In August 1905, Sun Yat-sen founded China's first bourgeois revolutionary party, the Chinese League, in Tokyo, Japan. After the establishment of the League, the struggle to overthrow Qing rule with an armed uprising entered a new stage. From May 1907 to April 1908, in less than a year, Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing launched six uprisings in Liangguang and Yunnan.

In March 1907, at the request of the Qing government, the Japanese government expelled Sun Yat-sen from the country. Sun Yat-sen arrived in Vietnam via Singapore in late March, established a branch of the League, raised funds for the uprising among overseas Chinese in Vietnam, and set up a general organ for the armed uprising in Guangdong, Guizhou and Yunnan in Hanoi. After that, Sun Yat-sen sent Xu Xueqiu and Yu Weicheng to Chaozhou, Guangdong, and Deng Ziyu to Huizhou, Guangdong to organize an uprising. On May 22, Yu Yicheng and Chen Yongbo led hundreds of party members to attack Huanggang, Chaozhou, and posted a notice in the name of the Chinese Nationalist Army. Due to the large-scale attack of the Qing army, the rebel army insisted on fighting for several days, and finally failed due to heavy casualties.

However, this uprising triggered the Seven Daughters Lake Uprising in Huizhou. The rebel army fought with the Qing army for more than ten days, and finally had to disband itself due to the disparity in strength between the enemy and us.

▲ Zhennanguan Uprising

In December 1907, Sun Yat-sen sent Huang Mingtang (Zhuang) and Guan Renfu to lead more than 80 Guangxi You Yong and contact the Qing army guarding the fort to attack Zhennanguan. The rebels soon occupied the three forts south of the town, the middle of the town, and the north of the town on the right side of the mountain. At this time, Sun Yat-sen, who was in Hanoi, Vietnam, hurriedly led Huang Xing, Hu Hanmin and others to personally supervise the battle.

Due to the shortage of guns and ammunition for the rebel army, Sun Yat-sen had to return to Hanoi to make preparations. At this time, the Qing army gathered more than 4,000 people to counterattack the Right Auxiliary Mountain. The rebel army held the fort, fought bloody battles with the enemy, and repeatedly repelled the enemy's attacks, but finally had to break out because it was outnumbered. The uprising failed.

▲Anqing Uprising

In the summer of 1907, Xu Xilin, a member of the GuangfuHui, the director of the Anhui Patrol Police Office and the superintendent of the Patrol Police Academy, secretly contacted the Party and agreed to make a surprise attack on July 8 when the graduation ceremony of the Patrol Police Academy was held, occupy Anqing, and then attack Nanjing together with Qiu Jin's Eastern Zhejiang Rebel Army. However, due to the leakage of the wind, Anhui Inspector Enming already had the list of party members, Xu Xilin had to decide that the uprising would be held on July 6, when the graduation ceremony was suddenly advanced.

On July 6, 1907, the Anhui Patrol Police Academy held its first graduation ceremony. After 8:00 a.m., Enming and other officials came to the school and went to the review table, and Enming sat majestically in the center. Xu Xilin walked to the front of the review table, knelt down on one knee, and presented the roster with both hands, and suddenly he said loudly: "Futai, there is a revolutionary party uprising today!" "It's the code of action they predetermined.

However, in the end, they were surrounded by the Qing army in the ordnance station, and the two sides launched a fierce battle, due to the enemy's outnumber, the rebel army failed, Chen Boping was killed in battle, Xu Xilin and Ma Zonghan were captured, and finally killed. Soon, Qiu Jin was also killed in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, due to the failure of the uprising. The uprising led by Xu Xilin failed, but his heroic actions dealt a fatal blow to the qing dynasty that was about to perish.

▲Huanghuagang Uprising

The Huanghuagang Uprising is also known as the "Xinhai Guangzhou Uprising". This uprising was a more famous uprising launched by the revolutionaries led by Huang Xing.

In November 1910, Sun Yat-sen convened a secret meeting in Malaysia for Huang Xing, Zhao Sheng, and other key members of the League. At the meeting, Sun Yat-sen encouraged the participants to continue their efforts and not to be discouraged. With the encouragement of Sun Yat-sen, the participants were refreshed and agreed to launch another large-scale Guangzhou uprising.

In January 1911, Huang Xing arrived in Hong Kong, and together with Zhao Sheng and others, he set up the "Coordination Department" of the leading organ of the uprising, commanded the preparations for the uprising, and sent people to Guangzhou to set up dozens of secret strongholds to spy on military intelligence, transfer and store arms. On April 3, the Coordination Department held a meeting in Hong Kong and decided that Huang Xing would be the commander-in-chief and Zhao Sheng would be the deputy commander, and it was scheduled to attack Guangzhou in ten ways on the 13th. However, on the same day, the assassination of Fu Qi, a qing government acting general, occurred when Wen Shengcai, a member of the League, assassinated. Wu Jing was arrested while transporting explosives to Guangzhou. As a result, the Qing government stepped up vigilance and took strict precautions. At the same time, a shipment of ordnance purchased from Japan did not arrive in time. Therefore, Huang Xing and others had to change the plan of the uprising.

On April 23, Huang Xing infiltrated Guangzhou from Hong Kong, set up an uprising headquarters, and adjusted the uprising plan. At 5:30 p.m. on the 27th, Huang Xing led more than 130 death squads, wrapped in white cloths, and stormed the governor Yamen and launched a fierce battle with the Qing army. During the battle, two fingers of Huang Xing's right hand were broken by stray bullets, but he continued to command the battle. Because of the enemy's outnumbered, the uprising ultimately failed.

After the failure of the uprising, Pan Dawei, a revolutionary in Guangzhou, managed to collect the remains of 72 victims through the local Shantang and buried them together in Honghuagang at the foot of Baiyun Mountain in the east of the city, and renamed the place Huanghuagang, known in history as the "Seventy-two Martyrs of Huanghuagang". In 1932, a total of 86 victims were found, but people still habitually called the "Seventy-two Martyrs of Huanghuagang".

▲ Wuchang Uprising

On October 10, 1911, the governor of Hubei, Rui Cheng, because of the rumors of the revolutionaries preparing for an uprising, went to the new army to hunt down the revolutionaries, closely monitored the barracks, and threatened to seize the list of revolutionaries in the army and to take care of them according to their names. The revolutionaries in the New Army, all in danger, thought that they could not sit still, so they decided to revolt that night, and the uprising first took place in the Eighth Battalion of Engineering, and the rebel army elected Wu Zhaolin as the commander-in-chief.

After Wu Zhaolin took up this heavy responsibility, he immediately commanded the troops to attack the Governor's Office in three ways. At five o'clock in the morning, the revolutionary army conquered the Qing Governor's Office. The Hubei military government was established and Li Yuanhong was elected as the governor.

The Wuchang Uprising was of great historical significance, igniting the fire of the uprising that overthrew the Qing Dynasty throughout the country, and in less than two months, fifteen provinces, including Hunan and Guangdong, declared independence from the Qing government. On January 1, 1912, Sun Yat-sen established the Provisional Government of the Republic of China in Nanjing. On February 12, the Qing Emperor was forced to abdicate and the Qing Dynasty collapsed.

Historical significance

The Xinhai Revolution was a bourgeois-led revolution aimed at opposing the absolute monarchy and establishing a bourgeois republic, and it was a bourgeois-democratic revolution in a relatively complete sense. In modern history, the Xinhai Revolution was a milestone in the revolution of the Chinese people to save the people and revitalize China, and it brought about great historical changes in China and was of great historical significance.

First, the Xinhai Revolution overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, the political representative of the feudal forces and the agent of imperialism in China, dealt a heavy blow to the Chinese and foreign reactionary forces, and caused the reactionary rulers of China to be politically confused.

Second, the Xinhai Revolution put an end to the feudal monarchical system that had ruled China for more than two thousand years, established the first bourgeois republican government in Chinese history, made the concept of democracy and republicanism deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and formed in China the democratic concept of "those who dare to have an imperial system and fight together under the heavens."

Third, the Xinhai Revolution brought people an ideological emancipation.

Fourth, the Xinhai Revolution brought about new positive changes in social economy, ideological habits, and social customs.

Fifth, the Xinhai Revolution not only dealt a blow to the aggressive forces of imperialism to a certain extent, but also promoted the upsurge of national liberation movements in Asian countries.

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