The top ten protein feeds for ecological chickens in orchard gardens have the highest content of soybeans and soybean meal

Protein feed refers to all animal and plant feeds with a crude protein content of more than 20% and a crude fiber content of less than 18%. Such as fishmeal, meat meal, meat bone meal, blood meal, soybean meal, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and peanut meal. Here is only the introduction of the protein feed commonly used in chicken production as follows.

1. Fishmeal

Fishmeal is not only high in protein content, but also rich in essential amino acids, which is a high-quality protein feed for livestock and poultry. The crude protein content of high-quality fishmeal can reach 60% to 70%, and the content of lysine and methionine is high. Contains vitamin B12300~500mg/kg; Riboflavin is about 7.8 mg/kg; Biotin is 100 to 200 mg/kg In addition, it is also rich in fat-soluble vitamins A, D and E. Mineral elements such as iron, zinc, selenium, calcium and content is also abundant, especially the content of selenium can be as high as 1.5 ~ 2.0mgkg Therefore, the addition of high-quality fishmeal with a higher proportion in the diet can often meet the needs of poultry for selenium.

【Note】 At present, the fishmeal market is chaotic, not only the nutritional content is very different, but also more doped. Some fishmeal has a crude protein content of only about 20%, while the salt and sand content is as high as 15%; Although the crude protein content of some fishmeal is as high as 60%, it is doped with a large amount of inferior feather powder, and its digestion utilization rate is very low, so it should be used to pay attention to.

Trivia

→ the fishmeal is moldy, spoiled or processed and dried overly hot and for too long (heated at 120 °C for 2 to 4h), a highly active compound "myo-gastroenterin" can be formed in the fishmeal. Myogastric erosin can cause myogastric erosions, digestive disorders, weight loss, and even death in chickens. So don't buy fishmeal that is too hot, too long, dark brown, and has a burnt flavor.

2. Meat bone meal

Meat and bone meal is made by degreasing, drying and crushing animal carcasses that fail health inspections, animal carcasses that die from non-infectious diseases, and animal carcasses with unknown causes of death treated by high temperature and high pressure.

Due to the different amount of bone contained in meat and bone powder, the content of crude protein varies greatly; Other nutrients also often vary greatly with the content of crude protein. Crude protein content of 55% of the meat bone meal, the crude fat content of 4.8% ~ 7.2%, ash 20% ~ 24.8%, calcium 5.3% ~ 6.5%, phosphorus 2.3% ~ 3.9, lysine 2.7% ~ 5.8%, methionine 0.36% ~ 1.09%, tryptophan 0.3% 10.42% meat bone meal is still a good source of B vitamins, especially vitamin B12, the content per kilogram of meat bone meal can be as high as 125μg.

A [Note] Some meat bone meals are often mixed with animal hoof corner powder, skin powder, and feather powder

and miscellaneous matter such as gastrointestinal contents, which must be paid attention to when purchasing.

3. Blood meals

Blood meal is made by slaughtering livestock and poultry, the resulting blood is boiled, dehydrated, dried, crushed or directly dried by spray. The finished product is black-brown fine-grained, with a water content of 5% to 8%, and its crude protein content is more than 80%, which is higher than fishmeal and meat meal. Blood meal contains a variety of essential amino acids, especially lysine, tryptophan content is very high, are more than fish meal. From the ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids, blood meal is 53.94%, ranking first in animal protein feed (Table-12). Although the essential amino acids of blood meals are rich in content, their digestibility is relatively low, and the digestibility of ordinary dried blood meals is generally not higher than 70%.

→ in order to improve the digestion and utilization rate of blood meals, some people have studied and improved the processing technology of blood meals, so that the digestion utilization rate of lysine, methionine, cystine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, threonine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and histidine has been greatly improved, and satisfactory results have been obtained in chicken feed.

4. Feather powder

Feather powder is made from fresh feathers from a variety of poultry and feathers that are not suitable for making down products. Feather powder has a crude protein content of up to 86%, contains 0.3% calcium, 0.5% phosphorus and 1.5% sulfur, making it the feed with the highest sulfur content.

The quality of feather powder is good or bad, not only depends on the level of protein contained and the number of various amino acids, the key lies in the processing method and utilization rate. Feather fruit hair powder made by ordinary methods, the pepsin digestibility of crude protein is only about 1%; The digestibility of crude protein can be increased to 80% for feather powder prepared by hydrolysis (3.5kg/cm2, 30min treatment). In production practice, hydrolyzed feather powder is mainly used in chicken and duck feed to meet its needs for sulfur-containing amino acids. The dosage should be controlled below 5%, and the amount is too high to affect the normal growth and development of the body, the egg weight becomes smaller, and the egg production rate decreases. Not suitable for use in chick and duck feed.

▲【Note】The color of feather powder varies depending on the color of the feather used. Feather powder made of light-colored feathers is pale yellow to brown; Feather powder made from dark variegated feathers is dark brown until black. Feather powder for feed shall not have a burnt, spoily, musty and other pungent odor.

5. Soybeans

Soybeans are rich in nutrients, containing about 35% crude protein, more than 16% fat, and complete with essential amino acids, especially the lysine content is relatively high. Soybeans are an important raw material for food, brewing and oil pressing, and are generally rarely used directly for feed, and in the past, fried black soybeans were used as the habit of livestock feed in rural areas.

Soybeans are characterized by a higher fat content, so the effective energy value is much higher than that of soybean cakes and beans. However, raw soybeans contain trypsin inhibitors, anti-nutritional factors such as urease, hemogloclutinin, saponin, and goiter-inducing factors. The presence of these anti-nutritional factors not only reduces the utilization rate of feed, but also reduces the production performance of livestock and poultry, so that the pancreas is hypertrophied, the growth and development of the body is hindered, and the growth rate of chickens fed soybean flour is only 2/3 of the soybean cake group.

⊙ [Tip] The anti-nutritional factors in soybeans are not heat-tolerant, and most of them can be inactivated by proper heat treatment. However, excessive heating will denature the protein and reduce its utilization. In recent years, many chicken farms have fried soybeans and added to the diet and fed to the chickens, because the anti-nutritional factors are inactivated, so they have achieved good feeding results.

6. Soybean cake (meal)

A by-product of soybean oil extraction. The by-product after the pressing method is called soybean cake; The by-product of the oil extraction method is called soybean meal. Since the oil content of soybean meal is lower than that of soybean cake, the content of crude protein is higher and the metabolic energy is lower.

Some foreign manufacturers have adopted the peeling process in the process of soybean processing, so that the nutritional content of the product has been further improved. Soybeans in the process of oil extraction, due to heating temperature is too high or

Too long can overcook the soybean meal and turn brown, resulting in reduced digestibility of lysine, arginine and histidine in soybeans.

【Tip】In the process of soybean oil extraction, it is necessary to use heat treatment of 100 ~ 110 °C, and control the humidity not too high, the time should not be too long, in order to ensure that the quality of soybean meal is not affected.

At present, there are two kinds of soybean meal sold on the market: primary meal and secondary meal. The degree of heat treatment of primary meal is low, the color is lighter, and the anti-nutritional factors in it still maintain high activity, so it should be applied with secondary meal or controlled. For large applications, the heat treatment must be re-heated. The heat treatment intensity of secondary meal is large, brownish yellow, and the activity of anti-nutritional factors is generally below 15%, which can be used with confidence.

7. Peanut cake (meal)

A by-product of peanut oil extraction. The by-product of extracting oil by pressing is tile-shaped, called peanut cake; The by-product of taking the oil by solvent extraction method is granular, called peanut meal. The nutritional value of peanut meal and cake is not only different due to different processing processes, but also closely related to whether peanuts are dehulled. The crude fiber content of peanut cake and meal with shell oil is as high as about 25%, which can only be used to feed herbivores, and should not be fed poultry; The crude fiber content of peanut cake and meal obtained by squeezing oil after peanut shelling is only 5% to 9%, with an average of 5.3%, which can be used to feed poultry.

Peanut cake and meal are characterized by high protein content, similar to soybean cake and meal, but the composition of amino acids is not good. Lower content of lysine and methionine; The content of arginine is as high as 5.16%, which is the highest content of cake meal. Peanut cake, like beans, also contains anti-nutritional factors, which are not heated enough during processing to make them more active, and should be heated before feeding.

【Note】 Improper preservation of peanut cake (meal) is easy to infect aflatoxin and produce aflatoxin. When the content of aflatoxin in the feed exceeds 2.5mg/kg, it can cause poisoning of chicks and laying hens; Methods such as cooking and dry heat do not remove aflatoxins from the feed. Therefore, peanut cake (meal) should be kept in a dry and ventilated environment.

8. Rapeseed cake (meal)

Rapeseed cake is a by-product of rapeseed after being pressed and extracted; Rapeseed meal is a by-product of rapeseed after raw pre-pressing and soaking in oil. Rapeseed cake and meal contain 30% to 40% crude protein chicken. The amino acid content is characterized by the relatively rich content of sulfur-containing amino acids, which is higher than that of soybean meal and cottonseed meal.

▲【Note】 Rapeseed cake (meal) has a bitter and spicy taste, poor palatability, and too much collocation in the feed, which will affect the feed intake of livestock and poultry.

There are many kinds of detoxification methods for rapeseed cake (meal), such as pit burial method, water immersion method, microbial fermentation method, high temperature treatment method, alkali treatment method, iron salt treatment method, etc. However, regardless of the detoxification method, it requires a certain amount of human and material input, and is less used in production practice.

【Tip】 Poisoning can be prevented by limiting the amount of use

9. Cottonseed cake (meal)

Cottonseed cake is a by-product obtained by using a small oil press to squeeze cottonseed oil, and is often used in rural areas to feed cattle or as fertilizer. The quality of machine-pressed cottonseed cake is very poor, containing about 25% crude protein, 16% to 20% crude fiber, high free gosypol content, and limited output, rarely used in feed mills and chicken breeding places.

Cottonseed meal is a by-product of pre-pressing and dipping method after oil extraction, its quality is better, crude protein can reach about 40%, but with the degree of shell removal, its nutritional composition also varies. The less cottonseed cake contains cottonseed husks, the higher the crude protein content, and the lower the free gosypol content, the better its quality.

【Note】 The free gosypol contained in cottonseed is easily absorbed by the animal's intestine, causing the animal to be poisoned, manifested by loss of appetite, growth and development obstruction, jaundice, reproductive dysfunction and blindness.

In order to ensure the safe use of cottonseed cake (meal), detoxification must be carried out. At present, the commonly used detoxification methods are damp heat method, ammonium sulfate treatment method, ferrous sulfate claw legal, alkali treatment method and solvent leaching method. However, the legal effect of ferrous claw sulfate and solvent leaching method is better, and it is suitable for factory production. No matter what kind of detoxification method, it will inevitably increase the cost of feed, which is often difficult for breeding owners to accept.

【Tip】 Cottonseed meal rationed with less than 4% in chicken diet has no adverse effect on egg production rate and fertilization rate.

10. Sunflower cake (meal)

Sunflower cake is a by-product of sunflower seeds after being machine-pressed and oiled; The by-product of sunflower seeds after pre-pressing and soaking in extracted oil is called sunflower meal. It is mainly produced in the northeast provinces and Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other places.

The nutritional value of sunflower cake (meal) depends on the number of shells contained in cake meal, generally containing 23% to 40% crude protein, 12% to 17% crude fiber, and the content of crude fiber of non-shelled sunflower cake (meal) can reach 39%.

【Tip】 Shelled sunflower cake (meal), the crude fiber content is too high, should not be used as chicken feed; When hulled sunflower cake (meal) is used as chicken feed, it should also be rationed in limited quantities and should not be too much.

This article is excerpted from "Ecological Chicken Raising in Orchard Gardens"

Wei Just now Qiao Fengjie edited

Beijing: China Machine Press

2014.1

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