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网络编程自学笔记

网络编程

1.1、概述

1、计算机网络

计算机网络是指将==地理位置不同==的具有独立功能的多台计算机及其外部设备,通过通信线路连接起来,在网络操作系统,网络管理软件及网络通信协议的管理和协调下,实现资源共享和信息传递的计算机系统。
           

2、网络编程的目的:无线电台...传播交流信息,数据交换,通信

3、想要达到这个效果需要什么?

  1. 如何准确的定位网络上的一台主机
  2. 找到这个主机,如何传输数据
  3. javaweb:网页编程 B/S
  4. 网络编程:TCP/IP C/S

1.2、网络通信的要素

如何实现网络的通信?

通信双方地址

  • IP 192.168.0.0:8080
  • 端口号

    规则:网络通信的协议

    TCP/IP参考模型:

    ![](D:\0.0 study\红芯书院\6、网络编程\picture\TCPIP参考模型.png)

小结:

  1. 网络编程中的两个主要的问题
    • 如何准确的定位到网络上的一台或者多台主机
    • 找到主机之后如何进行通信
  2. 网络编程中的要素
    • IP和端口号 IP
    • 网络通信协议 UDP TCP

1.3、IP

  • ip地址:InetAddress
  • 唯一定位一台网络上的计算机
  • 127.0.0.1:本机locallhost
  • ip地址的分类
    • ipv4/ipv6
      • IPV4 127.0.0.1 4个字节组成。0-255
      • IPV6 fe80::cd8c:14a:6388:7c1c%12,128位,8个无符号整数!
    • 公网(互联网)-- 私网(局域网)
      • ABCD类地址
      • 192.168.xx.xx,专门给组织内部使用的
  • 域名:记忆IP问题!
    • IP:www.vip.com

1.4、端口

端口表示计算机上的一个程序的进程

  • 不同的进程有不同的端口号!用来区分软件!
  • 被规定0--65535
  • TCP,UDP:65535*2。TCP:80,UDP:80?Y
  • 单个协议下,端口号不能冲突
  • 端口分类
    • 公有端口0--1023
      • HTTP:80
      • HTTPS:443
      • FTP:21
      • Telent:23
    • 程序注册端口:1024~49151,分配用户或程序
      • Tomcat:8080
      • MySQL:3306
      • Oracle:1521
    • 动态、私有:19152~65535
netstat -ano#查看所用的端口
netstat -ano|findstr "5900"  #管道符的作用,用来做分割,先把后边的执行完后代入前边进行执行。。。。查看指定的端口
tasklist|findstr "指定端口的进程"
ctr+shift+esc  打开任务管理器 
           
package com.lessonweb.net;

import java.net.InetSocketAddress;

public class TsetInetSocketAdress {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        InetSocketAddress socketAddress = new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1",8080);
        InetSocketAddress socketAddress2 = new InetSocketAddress("localhost",8080);
        System.out.println(socketAddress);
        System.out.println(socketAddress2);

        System.out.println(socketAddress.getAddress());
        System.out.println(socketAddress.getHostName());//地址
        System.out.println(socketAddress.getPort());//端口
    }
}
           

1.5、通信协议

协议:约定,就好比人与人之间的普通话

网路通信协议:速率,传输码率,代码结构,传输控制......

问题:复杂

解决方式:大事化小:分层!

TCP/IP协议簇:实际上是一组协议

  • TCP:用户传输协议
  • UDP:用户数据报协议

出名的协议

  • TCP协议
  • IP协议:网络互连协议

TCP UDP对比

TCP: 打电话

  • 需要连接,稳定
  • 三次握手、四次挥手
    最少需要三次,保证稳定连接!
    A:你瞅啥?
    B:瞅你咋地?
    A:干一场!
    
    
    
    A:我要走了!
    B:真的要走了吗?
    B:真的真的要走了吗?
    A:我真的要走了!
               
  • 客户端、服务端
  • 传输完成、释放连接、效率低

UDP:发短信

  • 不连接,不稳定
  • 客户端、服务端,没有明确的界限
  • 不算有没有准备好,都可以发给你
  • 类似于导弹,不需要询问对方
  • DDOS:洪水攻击(饱和攻击)

1.6、TCP

客户端

1、连接服务器,通过Socket

2、发送消息

package com.lessonweb.tcp;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;

public class TcpClientDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
Socket socket= null;
OutputStream os = null;
        try {
            //1、要知道服务器的地址
            InetAddress serverIP = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
            //2、端口号
            int port =9999;
            //3、创建一个socket连接
            socket = new Socket(serverIP,port);
            //3、发送消息
            os = socket.getOutputStream();
            os.write("你好,网络编程".getBytes());

        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally {
            if (os!=null) {
                try {
                    os.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (socket!=null) {
                try {
                    socket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
           

服务端

1、建立服务的窗口,通过ServerSocket

2、等待用户的连接,通过accept

3、接收用的消息

package com.lessonweb.tcp;

import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;

public class TcpServerDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
        Socket socket = null;
        InputStream is = null;
        ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;

        //1、我有一个地址
        try {
            serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9999);
            //2、等待客户端连接过来
            socket = serverSocket.accept();
            //读取客户端的消息
            is = socket.getInputStream();

            //管道流
            baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
            int length;
            while ((length = is.read(buffer)) != -1) {
                baos.write(buffer, 0, length);

            }
            System.out.println(baos.toString());


        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            //关闭资源
            if (baos != null) {
                try {
                    baos.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (is != null) {
                try {
                    is.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (socket != null) {
                try {
                    socket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (serverSocket != null) {
                try {
                    serverSocket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }

        }
    }

}
           

文件上传

服务器端

package com.lessonweb.tcp;

import java.io.*;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;

public class TcpServerDemo02 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        //1、创建服务
        ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9000);
        //2、监听客户端的连接
        Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();
        //3、获取输入流
        InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
        //4、文件输出
        FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File("receive"));
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
        int len;
        while ((len = is.read(buffer))!=-1){
            fos.write(buffer,0,len);

        }
        //通知客户端我接受完毕了
        OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
        os.write("我已经接收完毕了,你可以退出了!".getBytes());


        //关闭资源
        os.close();
        fos.close();
        is.close();
        socket.close();
        serverSocket.close();



    }
}

           

客户端

package com.lessonweb.tcp;

import java.io.*;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;

public class TcpClientDemo02 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"), 9000);
        //2、创建一个输出流
        OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
        //3、读取一个文件
        FileInputStream files = new FileInputStream(new File("TcpClientDemo01.java"));
        //4、写出文件
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
        int len;
        while((len = files.read())!=1){
            os.write(buffer,0,len);

        }
        //通知服务器。我已经结束了
        socket.shutdownOutput();//我已经传输完了

        //确定服务器接收完毕  才能够断开连接
        InputStream inputStream = socket.getInputStream();

        ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

        byte[] buffer2 = new byte[1024];
        int len2;
        while ((len2=inputStream.read())!=-1){
            baos.write(buffer2,0,len2);
        }
        System.out.println(baos.toString());

        //5、关闭
        baos.close();
        inputStream.close();
        files.close();
        os.close();
        socket.close();

    }
}

           

1.7、UDP

1、聊天实现

发送方:

public class UdpSenderDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(8888);
        //准备数据,控制台读取
        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        while (true){
            String data = reader.readLine();
            byte[] datas = data.getBytes();
            DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas, 0, datas.length,new InetSocketAddress("localhost",6666));
            socket.send(packet);
            if (data.equals("bye")){
                break;
            }
        }
        socket.close();
    }
}
           

接收方:

public class UdpReceiveDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(6666);
        while (true){
            //准备接受包裹
            byte[] container = new byte[1024];
            DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container,0,container.length);
            socket.receive(packet);//接收包裹
            //断开连接
            byte[] data = packet.getData();
            String receiveData = new String(data, 0, data.length);
            System.out.println(receiveData);
            if (receiveData.equals("bye")){
                break;
            }

        }
        socket.close();

    }

}
           

2、在线咨询:两个人都可以是发送方,也都可以是接收方!

Receive:

public class TalkReceive implements Runnable{
    DatagramSocket socket =null;
    private int port;
    private  String msgFrom;

    public TalkReceive(int port,String msgFrom) {
        this.port = port;
        this.socket = socket;
        this.msgFrom = msgFrom;
        try {
            socket = new DatagramSocket(port);
        } catch (SocketException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }


    @Override
    public void run() {
            while (true){
                try {
                    //准备接受包裹
                    byte[] container = new byte[1024];
                    DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container,0,container.length);
                    try {
                        socket.receive(packet);//接收包裹
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                    //断开连接
                    byte[] data = packet.getData();
                    String receiveData = new String(data, 0, data.length);
                    System.out.println(msgFrom+":"+receiveData);
                    if (receiveData.equals("bye")){
                        break;
                    }
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }

            }
        socket.close();
    }

}
           

Send:

public class TalkSend implements Runnable{
    DatagramSocket socket = null;
    BufferedReader reader = null;
    private int fromPort;
    private String toIP;
    private int toPort;
    public TalkSend(int fromPort,String toIP,int toPort ) {
        this.fromPort= fromPort;
        this.toIP = toIP;
        this.toPort = toPort;
        try{
            socket=new DatagramSocket(fromPort);
            reader=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        }catch(Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }


    @Override
    public void run() {
        while (true){
            try {
                String data = reader.readLine();
                byte[] datas = data.getBytes();
                DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas, 0, datas.length, new InetSocketAddress(this.toIP, this.toPort));
                socket.send(packet);
                if (data.equals("bye")) {
                    break;
                }
            }catch(Exception e){
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        socket.close();
    }
}
           

3、简单案例的实现:师生对话交流

Student:

public class TalkStudent {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //开启两个线程
        new Thread(new TalkSend(777,"localhost",9999)).start();
        new Thread(new TalkReceive(8888,"老师")).start();

    }
}
           

Teacher:

public class TalkTeacher {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        new Thread(new TalkSend(5555,"localhost",8888)).start();
        new Thread(new TalkReceive(9999,"学生")).start();
    }
}
           

1.8、URL下载网络资源

URL的组成:协议://IP地址:端口号/项目名/资源名

URLDown.java

public class URLDown {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        //1、下载地址
        URL url = new URL("http://m701.music.126.net/20210324121008/fa40047aca19fe4a2639d56aa8b652b2/jdymusic/obj/wo3DlMOGwrbDjj7DisKw/5546003493/cfbc/699a/fadc/6b094e5431dfc70cb57527f51db8dd4c.mp3");
        //2、连接到这个服务器
        HttpURLConnection urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection)url.openConnection();
        InputStream inputStream = urlConnection.getInputStream();
        FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("错位时空.mp3");
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
        int len;
        while ((len=inputStream.read(buffer))!=-1){
            fos.write(buffer,0, len);//写出这个数据
        }
        fos.close();
        inputStream.close();
        urlConnection.disconnect();
    }
}
           
public class URLDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws MalformedURLException {
        URL url = new URL("http://localhost:8080/helloworld/index.jsp?username=kuang&passwoed=123");
        System.out.println(url.getProtocol());//协议
        System.out.println(url.getHost());//主机IP
        System.out.println(url.getPort());//端口
        System.out.println(url.getPath());//全路径
        System.out.println(url.getFile());//文件
        System.out.println(url.getQuery());//参数
    }
}