China's five-thousand-year history is the history of the continuous collision and integration of a nation, and there is no trace of the rise and decline of the nation, and even the demise! Today, Xiaobian will introduce you to three once extremely powerful peoples that disappeared in China, and see where they have gone!
I. The Huns
At the end of the Qin Dynasty and the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu Mao Dundan attacked Donghu, drove out the Dayue clan, annexed baiyang and Lou Fu, surrendered Ding Zero and Gao Che, unified the entire northern grassland for the first time, and became the first steppe empire, controlling 400,000 Xuanzhi soldiers, which had a profound impact on the grasslands of later generations! Under the blows of Emperor Wu of Han, the Xiongnu split into the Southern Xiongnu and the Northern Xiongnu, and the Northern Xiongnu moved west to Kangju and were defeated by Chen Tang and Han Yanshou! The Southern Xiongnu Huhan Yedan declared himself a vassal to the Han Dynasty and gradually settled down! In the last years of Wang Mang's reign, the Xiongnu took advantage of the war in the Central Plains to regain their strength and constantly harassed the border counties! After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the attack on the Xiongnu began again, and the Southern Xiongnu were once again divided into Nandan Yu and Beidan Yu, and Nandan Yu was annexed and moved to the Hanoi region! Beidan Yu perished under the blows of Dou Xian, and NanDan Yu continued to survive and develop under the protection of the Eastern Han Dynasty! At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, after Cao Cao conquered the Xiongnu, he divided the Xiongnu into five tribes and further divided and disintegrated. By the time of the Western Jin Dynasty, the attached Xiongnu were almost the same as ordinary households! In the last year of the Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Yuan of the Xiongnu led five Xiongnu to rebel against the Jin Dynasty, established the Former Han Dynasty, later changed to Former Zhao, and finally was destroyed by Later Zhao's Shi Le, and the people were slaughtered! Later, Helian Bobo of the Xiongnu Iron Buddha Department established Bactria and died! Since then, the Xiongnu have disappeared from China's history books!
Map of the xiongnu range in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty
Where did the mighty Huns go? The main ones are: First, various wars and natural disasters caused the Xiongnu to lose a large number of people. For example, during the Western Han Dynasty alone, the Han Dynasty army killed more than 250,000 Xiongnu! Later, during the Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties, the Xiongnu encountered natural disasters such as heavy snow and locust plagues and civil unrest such as Shan Yu Li, losing a large number of people and livestock, freezing three-tenths of the population at the most, and forcing the Xiongnu to submit to the Han Dynasty! The second is to integrate into other ethnic groups. For example, after Dou Xian attacked Beidan Yu, Xianbei gradually migrated to Mobei, and hundreds of thousands of local drops were called Xianbei and integrated into Xianbei, and Xianbei became stronger! At the same time, after the Xiongnu moved inland, there were also a large number of Xiongnu integrated into the Han nationality, and an important source of the Liu surname was the Sinicized Huns! The third is to migrate to the West. It is said that a part of the Hun population moved west to Europe and became the Huns of Europe, and attila once dominated Europe, known as the Whip of God, and finally became Hungarian. However, many scholars have questioned that the Huns and Huns in Europe are not the same thing at all! But there must have been a part of the Huns who moved west to these places in Central Asia!
Second, humble
Xianbei is after the decline of the Xiongnu, the Xianbei people living in the northeast began to migrate to the desert grasslands of the Xiongnu homeland! During the han huan emperor period, xianbei tanshi gem unified the xianbei tribes, and absorbed hundreds of thousands of fallen Xiongnu who remained in the north of the desert, the strength was unprecedentedly strong, the north attacked Ding Zero, the east but Buyeo, the west broke Wusun, occupied the entire Xiongnu homeland, east and west 14,000 miles, more than 7,000 miles north and south, becoming a giant-like existence! However, after Tan Shijing's death, Xianbei soon fell apart and was divided into many independent tribes, such as Duanbu, Yuwenbu, Murongbu, Tuobabu, Bald and other tribes! During the Wei and Jin dynasties, Xianbei gradually moved inland to Serene, and was scattered in Liaodong, Dai County, Wuyuan, Hanoi, Guanlong and other regions. The rebellion of the Eight Kings of the Western Jin Dynasty seriously weakened the strength of the Central Plains Dynasty, and the Xianbei ministries took the opportunity to develop, and the Xianbei Murong clan was the first to exert force and establish the former Yan, Later Yan, Western Yan, Southern Yan, Northern Yan, Tuguhun and other countries! Immediately after the gradual rise of the Xianbei Tuoba clan in Daidi, Tuoba Jue attacked and destroyed Later Yan, established the Northern Wei, and gradually unified the north after three generations of efforts, such as Tuoba Si and Tuoba Tao, and became the most powerful country at that time!
Map of the xianbei range in the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty
Emperor Xiaowen of Wei moved the capital to Luoyang, comprehensively implemented the Sinicization reform, and comprehensively imitated the Han people from the system, culture, language, writing, surname, clothing, etc., which can be said to be the most thorough Sinicization reform, and a large number of Xianbei nobles changed to Han surnames, such as Tuoba changed to Yuan surname, Du lonely changed to Liu surname, etc., so that the upper and main bodies of Xianbei were all Sinicized and became part of the Han people. However, the Sinicization reform caused dissatisfaction among the Xianbei people who remained in the six northern towns, and the Six Towns Rebellion broke out, causing the Northern Wei to split into Eastern Wei and Western Wei, and later Western Wei was replaced by Northern Zhou, and Eastern Wei was replaced by Northern Qi. In 570, Northern Zhou destroyed Northern Qi and unified the north. In 581, Yang Jian seized the Power of Northern Zhou as a foreign relative, established the Han regime Sui Dynasty, and in 589 AD the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen and unified the north and south. Since then, the Xianbei people have disappeared into history and become part of the Han people. The disappearance of Xianbei was mainly integrated into the Han nationality, bi Yuwen, He Shu, Daxi, Wei Chi, Murong, Yuan, Dugu and other surnames, are all Xianbei surnames, but after the Sui and Tang Dynasties, they no longer emphasized that they were Xianbei people, and they have been completely integrated into the Han people!
3. Khitan
The Khitan are a branch of the Eastern Hu, nomadic in the north of Liaodong, with a force of 40,000 troops, and have always been subordinate to the Turks! At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan Yelü Abaoji unified the Khitan tribes, gradually subjugated the Jurchen, Murong Wei, Kumoxi and other tribes, and became another powerful empire in the north. After the Khitan became strong, it gradually went south to compete for hegemony in the Central Plains, and several wars broke out with Later Tang Li Cunxun, but all of them ended in failure. Later, with the support of the Khitans, Shi Jingyao destroyed the Later Tang and established the Later Jin, and in order to repay the Khitans, he ceded youyun Sixteen Prefectures to the Khitans, and honored Yelü Deguang, who was younger than a teenager, as his father and emperor himself! After the Khitan obtained the Sixteen Prefectures of Youyun, they became even more powerful, and successively conquered various tribes in the steppe, and their power extended to Central Asia! Later, the Khitan changed its name to Daliao! After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, Emperor Taizong of Song repeatedly raised troops to conquer the Khitan in order to retake the Youyun region, but all of them ended in failure! Later, Jurchen Yan Aku raised an army against the Liao, and together with the Northern Song Dynasty, attacked the Liao state, and the Liao state patriarch Yelü Dashi led part of the Khitan tribes to move to the western region, established the Western Liao, and dominated Central Asia for more than eighty years, and was later destroyed by Genghis Khan. Since then, the Khitan has disappeared into Chinese history.
Map of the Khitan range in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty
The main destination of the Khitan is: First, it has merged into the Han nationality. After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, the Han, Khitan and Jurchen people under the Jin Dynasty were all divided into Han people, and the Han people under the Southern Song Dynasty were divided into Southern people, indicating that the Khitan people had been integrated into the Han people! For example, surnames such as Xiao, Mu, Han, Luo, Yi, and Gai are many descendants of the Khitan people! The second is to move west to Central Asia. After the Great Stone of Yerushalayim moved west, many Khitans migrated to Central Asia. After the fall of the Western Liao, it merged with the local ethnic groups. For example, there are Khitan tribes among the Kazakhs, that is, the Khitans who migrated west to Central Asia, which have long been Turkicized!