Two Jin Dynasty Characters and Story Series (21) - Hou Liang

Hou Liang (386–403 CE) was a regime established by lü Guang, a nobleman of the Xianren people during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, who served five emperors for a total of seventeen years, and whose state name was located in Liangzhou.

In 383, the Former Qin general Lü Guang was ordered by the Former Qin emperor Jian Jian to lead an army to pacify the Western Regions. However, after the defeat of the Shuishui army, Former Qin collapsed, and Lü Guang had Guzang (古臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu), and in 386 he was called a general and a priest of Liangzhou. In 389 AD, Lü Guang was called the King of Sanhe, later renamed the Heavenly King, established The Great Liang, known in history as Hou Liang, and became the overlord of the northwest. In 399, Lü Guang died, and lü Shao, the eldest son of Lü Shao, succeeded to the throne, and lü Shao, the eldest son of Lü Shao, killed Lü Shao to establish himself. In 401, Lü Long, the son of Lü Guang's brother Lü Bao, killed Lü Lu to establish himself, and eventually surrendered to Later Qin, and Later Liang perished.

Lü Guang's father Lü Polou was a major former Qin founding minister, and Wang Meng, a strategist of Qiu Jian, recommended Lü Guang to Zhi Jian, and Lü Guang lived up to the high expectations of Wang Meng and Zhi Jian, who followed Jian Jian in his southern conquest of the northern war and won the praise of Former Qin ministers. In 370 AD, Former Yan was given the title of Marquis of Duting for his merits. In 380, Lü Guang was worshipped as a general of the Horse Riders for his participation in the suppression of the Rebellion of Zhiluo. In 382, jian Jian unified the north and sent Lü Guang to serve as the governor of the capital to conquer the western regions and the general Anxi, leading a 100,000-strong army to prepare for the unification of the western region. Before the Battle of Shuishui in 383, Lü Guang left Chang'an for the Western Regions. After more than a year of conquest, Lü Guang unified the entire territory of the Western Regions. In 385, Lü Guang withdrew from the Western Regions with a large amount of booty to return to the Dynasty, by which time Zhijian had been defeated in the Battle of Shuishui, and northern China was back in a state of fragmentation. Liangzhou Gaochang Commandery Taishou Yang Han and Liang Zhou's assassin Liang Xi were worried that Lü Guang would take advantage of the chaos in the Central Plains to seize Liangzhou and establish himself, so they suggested that Liang Xi support Zhi Jian's cousin Zhi Luo (苻洛, who rebelled in Longcheng in 380 AD and now lives in Liangzhou) as emperor, in order to use the prestige of the imperial family to subdue Lü Guang. At this time, Lü Guang also learned the news of the fiasco at the Battle of Shuishui and the chaos in the Central Plains, and Lü Guang, who had returned from the Western Regions, was bottomless in his heart, and at this time, when he heard that Yang Han and Liang Xi wanted to block their proposal to return to the east, they did not dare to rush forward. The general Du Jin advised Lü Guang that he should take advantage of the fact that Yang Han and Liang Xi had not yet unified their opinions, quickly seize Liangzhou, and make plans after gaining a firm foothold. Lü Guang also felt that Jian Jian had lost the Battle of Shuishui and the anti-Qin regime had sprung up, and Chang'an did not know whether he could survive, even if he returned to Guanzhong, there was no use, and it was a good way to capture Liangzhou. Therefore, Lü Guang took Du Jin's advice and ordered an advance to Gaochang. Dunhuang Taishou Yao Jing, Jinchang Taishou Li Chunju County surrendered to Lü Guang, soldiers to Gaochang, Yang Han also surrendered the county. After Lü Guang's army engaged Liang Yin (Liang Xi's son) at Anmi, defeated Liang Yin and captured him alive, Wuwei Taishou Pengluo saw that the situation was gone, captured Liang Xi and surrendered to Lü Guang, Lü Guang killed Liang Xi, and led his army into Guzang City. In 385, Lü Guang proclaimed himself liangzhou assassin, and in 386 AD, lü guang learned of the news that Jian Jian had been killed, so he called himself Liangzhou Mu and Jiuquan Gong. In 386, Lü Guang was attacked by Zhang Dayu, the son of former Liangguo advocate Tianxi, and Wang Mu, a lieutenant of Changshui; in December of the same year, Xiping Taishou Kangning also declared himself king of the Xiongnu and rebelled against Lü Guang; Lü Guang's subordinate Zhangye Taishou Peng Huang and the general Xu Hao also colluded with Kang Ning to rebel against Lü Guang, so Lü Guang personally led 30,000 cavalry to the conquest. In 387, Lü Guang defeated Zhang Dayu in one fell swoop at Lintao, and Zhang Dayu was defeated and killed. In December of the same year, Lü Guang conquered the city of Zhangye and killed Peng Huang, and then Lü Guang took advantage of Wang Mu's attack on Dunhuang to lead an army to capture Jiuquan and intercept Wang Mu, whose men were scattered and killed by Guo Wen. At this point, all of Liangzhou, most of Hexi was owned by Lü Guang. In 389, Lü Guang proclaimed himself the King of The Three Rivers (referring to the Yellow River, huanghe river, and Shizhi River, all of which originated in Qinghai Province), and made his wife Shi Shi a princess, and Lü Shao, the son born to Shi Shi, was crown prince.

Lü Guang claimed that the queen was actively expanding to the east and south, and in 392, Lü Guang sent his younger brother Lü Bao to lead an army to attack The Qifu Qiangui in Jincheng, and Lü Bao failed. Lü Guang also sent his son Lü Lu to attack Peng Xianian of Southern Qiang, but Lü Lu was also defeated. Seeing that both battles were lost, Lü Guang personally led an army to Paohan, defeated Peng Xianian and occupied Paohan (present-day Linxia, Gansu). In this way, Lü Guang's territory, in addition to all the western regions and Liangzhou, advanced east-west to the area west of Jincheng. In 395, Lü Guang led an army of 100,000 to attack Western Qin, and the lord of the Western Qin state, Qifu Qiangui, surrendered to Lü Guang and left his son Shu Bo as a hostage in Xiping. In 396 AD, Lü Guangsheng was promoted to the title of Heavenly King, and the founding number was Da Liang, which was called Hou Liang in history, and Hou Liang reached its heyday at this time.

In 397, Lü Guang defected several times due to the Western Qin king Qifu Qiangui, Lü Guang sent his son Lü Lu to attack Jincheng, and his younger brother Lü Yan led Xiping Taishou Frustrated Canal Luo Qiu, Frustrated Qu Congee, etc. to attack Lintao, Wushi, and Heguan, Western Qin Qifu Qiangui falsely claimed that his army was defeated and fled to Chengji, Lü Yan paralyzed the enemy, was ambushed and beheaded by Qifu Qiangui, and the Liang army was defeated. Lü Guang saw that his elite troops were defeated, and Lü Yan was killed, complaining that the frustrated Canal Luo Qiu and the Frustrated Canal Qu Congee were unfavorable, and beheaded the two. Frustrated Qu Luoqiu's nephew Frustrated Canal Mengxun then raised an army in his hometown of Linsong (present-day Minle County, Gansu), and Frustrated Canal Mengxun's cousin Frustrated Canal Nancheng, who was then Lü Guang's Jinchang defender, heard the news of The depression canal Mengxun's rebellion, and also raised troops in response, Jiuquan Taishou Leicheng attacked Depression Canal Male Cheng, and the soldiers were defeated and killed. Frustrated Canal Male Cheng and Frustrated Canal Mengxun jointly elected Jiankang Taishou DuanYe as the Governor of Dadu, Liangzhou Mu, and Jiankang Gong, duan ye with Frustrated Canal Nan as the auxiliary general, and Frustrated Canal Mengxun as the general of Zhenxi. Lü Guang sent Lü Usurpation to fight against it, and Duan Ye closed the city gates tightly, and Lü Lu could not attack it for a long time.

In August 397, Lü Guang's scattered horse Chang Shi (常侍) and TaiChang Guo (太常郭黁) joined forces with Shangshu servant Wang Shu (尚書仆) to shoot Wang Xiang (王详) and elect Tian Hu (田胡王乞基) as monarch, occupying the Eastern Garden of Guzang City, and capturing Lü Guang's eight grandsons as hostages to rebel against Him, Lü Guang had to abandon the attack on Duan Ye to attack Guo Huang. Lü Lu and Xi'an Taishou Shi Yuanliang jointly attacked Guo Huang, and Guo Huang was defeated to relieve his defeat and killed Lü Guang's eight grandsons. In the same year, the Liangzhou people Zhang Jie, Song Sheng, and other people gathered a large number of people to rebel against Liang in Xiu tu city, and Guo Huang and they jointly promoted the general Yang Rail as an ally and jointly attacked Liang. Yang Rail called himself the Grand General, Liangzhou Mu, and Duke Xiping. Soon after Lü Lu defeated Guo Huang's general Wang Peiyu (王裴于) in the west of the city, guo's army gradually weakened, and Guo sent envoys to the king of Southern Liang, Bald Wugu, who ordered his brother Bald Hair Lilu To rescue him. In 398, Yang Rail also sent Guo Wei to lead troops to support Guo Huang, and in April, Lü Lu's army attacked Yang Lu's army, Guo Huang came to the rescue, Lü Lu's army was defeated and retreated, and Yang Rail prided himself on his own many soldiers and wanted to fight a decisive battle with Lü Guang. In June, Yang Rail's army was defeated and surrendered to Wang Qiji, and Guo Huang heard that Yang Rail had fled in defeat and also surrendered to Western Qin. In the same year, Duan Ye captured The Western Commandery of Houliang, and Liangzhou Jinchang Taishou Wang De and Dunhuang Taishou Meng Minju County surrendered duan ye. Later Liang's general Lü Hong abandoned Zhangye to lead his army east, and Duan Ye entered Zhangye City and wanted to pursue Lü Hong, but Duan Ye dissuaded him but Duan Ye did not listen, and as a result, he returned in defeat.

In 399, the elderly and sickly Lü Guang became ill and made the crown prince Lü Shao the Heavenly King. Lü Guang warned Lü Shao and Lü Hong to be brotherly and harmonious, and not to start their own battles. In the same year, Lü Guang died, and his son Lü Shao took the throne, and Lü Lu and Lü Hong jointly assisted Lü Shao. Lü Hong was brave and good at war and held a high position of power, so Lü Hong persuaded Lü Lu to kill Lü Shao, and Lü Lu followed Lü Hong's advice and forced Lü Shao to commit suicide on the fifth day after Lü Shao succeeded to the throne, and lü Lu then took the throne. Lü Hong made great contributions to Hou Liang,This time he made a great contribution to Lü Lu's usurpation of the throne, but Lü Hong still distrusted him, Lü Hong raised an army against Lü Hong, Lü Hong sent Jiao Yan to attack Lü Hong, Lü Hong fled to Guanggu after his defeat, and Lü Hong was killed in 400 AD. After Lü Hong's death, Lü Lu felt that the interior was stable, so he sent an army to attack Nanlianghe, but the army was defeated, and Lü Lu went to attack Northern Liang Zhangye and Jiankang, only to be attacked by Nanliang's bald hair and Tan Tan to attack Guzang, and Lü Lu had to retreat. In 401, Lü Lu's cousin Lü Chao sent an army to Western Qin without authorization, and Qifu Qipan complained to Lü Lu. Lü Usurp threatened to kill Lü Chao, but Lü Chao believed it to be true and took advantage of the luncheon to kill Lü Qi.

After Lü usurped his death, Lü Chao installed his brother Lü Long as the Heavenly King. In order to repay Lü Chao's meritorious service, Lü Long awarded Lü Chao the title of Auxiliary General and the Duke of Anding. Lü Long in order to establish his own prestige, but all those who disobeyed him were killed, so that everyone inside and outside the Later Liang court was in danger, so Lü Long's subordinates secretly sent a message to Yao Shuode, the king of Longxi of Later Qin, suggesting that yao Shuode attack when the Later Qin Dynasty was in chaos, Yao Shuode asked the Later Qin Emperor Yao Xing for instructions, and led a large army to attack Hou Liang, and in 401 AD, Later Qin Yao Shuode crossed the Yellow River and smoothly entered Guzang. Lü Long sent Lü Chao and Lü Mi to lead an army to meet the enemy. Hou Liang was defeated, Lü Mi was killed, Lü Long held the city firmly, Hou Liang Lü Lun saw that the Later Qin army could not be stopped, led his troops to surrender to Later Qin, and in September of the same year Lü Long sent emissaries out of the city to surrender to Yao Shuode. Later Qin Yao Xing ordered Lü Long to be the Grand General of Zhenxi, the Assassin of Liangzhou, and the Duke of Jiankang, and continue to guard Guzang. After that, Lü Zhengli reorganized his armaments and attacked and killed each other with the bald-haired Tan tan of Southern Liang and the depressed Canal Mengxun of Northern Liang. In 403, Lü Long led hundreds of officials to move to Chang'an, and was worshiped by Yao Xing as a regular attendant and the Duke of Jiankang. After the cool perished. In 416, Lü Long was killed by Yao Hong for participating in Yao Yan's rebellion.

western regions

The Western Regions generally refer to the area west of Yumen Pass and Yangguan in Gansu. The western region in a broad sense includes a vast area west of Xinjiang and Central Asia Minor. There are many small countries in the western region, and there are 36 countries in the Western Han Dynasty. As some countries have diverged, up to more than 60 countries. Their territory is small, built on an oasis, and the territory is centered on the royal city and bordered by the oasis. The countries of the Western Regions were generally divided into north and south according to the route of Zhang Qian's two missions to the Western Regions of the Western Han Dynasty.

From east to west, the kingdoms of Nandao are: Loulan, Wuqiang, Zhimu, Xiaowan, Jingjie, Ronglu, Shumi, Khotan, Qule, Pishan, Taiping, Xiliang, Zihe, Shache, Wuya, Deruo, Puli, Yuzhong, Shuzuo, Qusha, Manli, Yinai, Yuling, Wulei, Taohuai, Nandu, Dayueshi, Andinin, Nandu, Dayueshi, Andinin, etc.;

The northern provinces from west to east are: Kangju, Dawan, Xiuxiu, and Donating Poison; in the southern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains, there are: Shule, Weitou, Wensu, Gumo, Guizi, Cangtou, Bird Fortress, Quli, Yu Plough, Yanqi, Weishu, Shanguo, Foxhu, and Cheshiqian; in the northern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains, there are: Wusun, Bird Greed, Zi Li, Shan Heng, Xi Jimi, Robbery, Beilu, Beiluhou, Yu Lishi, Cheshihou, Cheshihou, Cheshihou, Pushihou, Qianzhi, and Pushi.

There are 61 small countries in the North and South Provinces, and in fact there are still some unknown countries that are not included, except for Kangju (in present-day Uzbekistan), Dawan (in present-day Tajikistan), Ōtsuki (in present-day Kazakhstan), Nandu (in present-day India), Taohuai (in present-day Afghanistan), Xiuxiu (in present-day Tajikistan) outside China, Wusun (on the border between China and Kyrgyzstan) and Mineless (on the border between present-day China and Tajikistan), and the rest are in China.