Written by Zhao Guren
In the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), Xiong Tingbi, the commander of Liaodong who had made great contributions to the situation in Liaodong, was beheaded, "passing on the nine sides of the head and abandoning the wilderness", and his family was expelled from the Capital Division and displaced. Before being killed, Xiong Tingbi sighed sadly, "It is a pity to sigh in the pen, and the world is white." This despair and grief covered the already ossified empire like snow. The fifty-seven-year-old Xiong Tingbi's failure to die before the battle was perhaps his greatest grief.
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In the thirty-sixth year of the Wanli Calendar (1608), Yushi Xiong Yanbi made his first tour of Liaodong and was stationed in Liaoyang. In the previous two years, Li Chengliang, the commander-in-chief of the Liaodong Army, had abandoned 800 miles of land such as Kuandian and other six forts opened up by the Ming Dynasty in the early years of the Wanli Dynasty on the pretext that "the land was lonely and difficult to defend", and had 60,000 households in the interior of the area. The local residents were nostalgic for their homeland, and the Ming army forced them to leave their homeland, resulting in displacement, and some died in the ravines. After the Kuandian Six Forts Incident, Li Chengliang and others also risked their merits and were rewarded in the name of recruiting fugitives. Xiong Tingbi was very dissatisfied with this, believing that it was fundamentally the cause of the deterioration of the war situation in Eastern Liaoning, and strengthening defense and building a defense system was the real strategy. In response to the Later Jin's attack on Liaodong, the Situation in which the Ming border defense was often provoked, Xiong Tingbi thought that Liaodong was the shoulder of the Jing division, and only by not abandoning Liaodong could he keep the Jing division. Xiong Tingbi adopted the active border defense strategy of "taking defense as the battle, repairing the border and building forts.". He said, "Defending the border is the priority of defending", and only by holding on to it can we attack. Under his initiative and support, all parts of Liaodong generally repaired city walls and built fortresses to prevent the Later Jin and Ming offensives and save the crisis in Liaodong.
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During the past few years, Xiong Yanbi has been in charge of the Liaodong Patrol, rejuvenating the tun fields, planting grain and grain, building fortresses, stopping the unhealthy habit of bribery and bribery of generals, sweeping away the trend of bribery and extravagance, checking the facts of the army, promptly handling the illegal acts of his subordinates, and never condoning adultery. Therefore, the Liaodong wind and discipline were greatly encouraged. Soon, Xiong Tingbi and Inspector Nanqi disagreed with Yushi Jingyangqiao, jingyang qiao bombed Xiong Tingbi to kill people, in the Xiongjing division case, Xiong Tingbi was defeated, impeached and stepped down, and all his measures stopped. In the forty-sixth year of the Wanli Calendar (1618), Nurhaci launched a large-scale attack on the Ming army with the "Seven Great Hatreds" as a text, and quickly occupied Fushun. Unveiling the Ming and Qing (Later Jin) Wars. Faced with the situation that "the Liao left army was overthrown, the situation was favorable, and the side affairs were very critical," The Ming Liaodong adopted the wrong strategy of "making a big deal of tarts to invigorate the country's prestige" and besieging the capital of Houjin, Hetuala (present-day Xinbin, Liaoning), with the tactic of "dividing the attack and attacking in four directions" of 100,000 troops, and making a desperate bet. As a result, in the battle of Salhu, Hou Jin won a complete victory with various breaking tactics, and Yang Hao "covered the division in three ways and raised the shock of the dynasty".
In June of the forty-seventh year of the Wanli Dynasty (1619), in order to save liaodong from the loss of land, the Ming court spared Yang Hao, went to prison to punish the crime, and re-employed Xiong Tingbi, who was familiar with the affairs of the Liaodong frontier, as the right attendant of the military department and the right yushi of the capital chayuan, and went out of the customs to pass through the Liaodong. Due to the Ming and Later Jin wars, the people of Liaodong were displaced and fled in all directions. Xiong Tingbi arrived in Liaoyang and took a series of measures to calm the people's minds and solemnize military discipline.
First, recruit displaced people and return to their hometowns for production. So that "those who go home, those who scatter gather, and those who frolic and have fun with each other; those who flee and return home, now bundle up the lurch, fill the alleys, and do not reduce the city of the five capitals." The people of Liaodong praised: "Hundreds of thousands of lives are left by Tingbi alone." ”
Second, we should straighten out military discipline and make clear rewards and punishments. Xiong Tingbi praised the meritorious generals He Shixian and others, and executed all the generals Liu Yujie, Wang Jie, and Wang Wending, who had escaped from the battlefield, as well as the guerrilla Chen Lun, who had perverted the law by embezzlement, and li Ruzhen, the chief military officer, was impeached and removed, and Li Huaixin was made the commander-in-chief of the town to defend Liaodong. Altars were set up to honor the martyrs of Fushun, Qingyuan, Kaiyuan and Tieling. Punish the border officials who withhold grain and pay for themselves. As a result, the orders were solemn, the troops were neat, and the soldiers obeyed the orders, "the residents mourned, and the officers and soldiers were terrified."
Third, deploy defense and make a determined plan to stick to it. Xiong Tingbi urged the soldiers to build chariots, control firearms, build cities and pools, enrich armaments, plan to build a defense line on the Liaohe River, and concentrate 180,000 troops to distribute Yaoyang, Qinghe, Fushun, Chaihe, and Sancha'er... Adopt a policy of "sticking to the gradual pressure" and a protracted defensive approach. Xiong Tingbi often came to the front line in person, and when the enemy was not prepared, he rushed to Fushun on the night of the snow to inspect the border defenses.
Fourth, Xiong Tingbi analyzed the purpose of Jin's military operations as "concentrating on working together in order to try to make a difference between us." Therefore, three strategic steps were formulated: attacking, recovering, and sticking to it. He said, "He who is a good teacher will form a line of deeds, and he will set up a camp when he sees what he can see, and he will stop when he sees difficulties,...... Storing grain and grass, it also serves as a step backwards. Li Huaixin, the commander-in-chief of the army, led an army to defend the Liaoyang Gateway Shoushan Fortress, and from time to time sent small groups of troops to attack the Houjin army.
After only a few months of work, after Xiong Tingbi's rectification, "there is no police to practice, the small enemy is blocking himself, and the big enemy is helping each other." Later Jin did not dare to attack again, so that liaodong, which was difficult to protect day and night, "the people lived in peace, Jia'an was in the city, and the merchants and travelers were on their way", and the situation improved.
Ming Xi Sect
In the forty-eighth year of the Wanli Dynasty (1620), Emperor Mingshen died, Emperor Guangzong and Emperor Xizong succeeded to the throne successively, and there were different opinions within the imperial court on the defense of Liaodong, and they attacked each other. Although Xiong Tingbi had the support of Yang Lian in the incident, he was viciously attacked by Yao Zongwen and Yushi Guyu in the incident, saying that he was "out of the customs for many years and had no fixed paintings; Puhe is lost and cannot be heard; The Man of Hogo, who offers in vain to provoke; The sword of Shang Fang, the mighty will". Some bureaucrats, such as Yushi Feng Sanyuan, Zhang Xiude, and Wei Yingjia, also attacked Xiong Tingbi successively for "no plot" and "deception", and did not dare to take the initiative to attack and make a quick decision. Xiong Tingbi was restrained by the dictatorial eunuch party, and his plan to actively stick to it could not be realized, let alone recovery and suppression. This time, he had only been through Liaodong for one year and three months, and despite his merits of "deterring the yifu and trying to protect the dangerous city", he still returned the Shang Fang Sword and was forced to resign on his own and return it to the Tian family. Yuan Yingtai, who replaced Xiong Tingbi, was not familiar with the military, and "used soldiers rather than their strengths, and the planning was quite sparse." He changed Xiong Tingbi's active defense plan, blindly attacked Houjin, and repeatedly suffered defeats. As a result, Yuan Yingtai took office for only four months, and Shenyang, which Xiong Tingbi called the "left arm of Shenjing", and Liaoyang, the capital of Liaodong, were captured by Nurhaci. Yuan Yingtai saw that the general situation had gone, committed suicide with his family, and patrolled the imperial history Zhang Quan to martyr the country, and inspector Xue Guo used it as a substitute for Liaodong Jingluo. Emperor Xizong had to admit: "Xiong Tingbi has been guarding Liao for a long time, and there has been no major loss; Replaced by Yuan Yingtai, a defeat! ”
The Three Patrols of Liaodong rose and fell again
Liao Shen lost his defense, and the government and the opposition were shocked. In June of the first year of the Apocalypse (1621), Emperor Mingxi pursued Liaoshen for the crime of losing his duties, punished Yushi Feng Sanyuan, Zhang Xiude, and Wei Yingjia, deposed Xue Guoyong of liaodong, and urgently resigned to return home to be the right attendant of the army, making him the third time to pass through Liaodong. At the same time, the eunuch Wang Huazhen was promoted from the counselor of NingQianDao to the inspector of Quang Ninh. The Ming dynasty stationed 130,000 troops in Guangning (present-day Beizhen, Liaoning) under the command of Wang Huazhen, and held the actual military power. Xiong Tingbi only took 5,000 soldiers to Shanhaiguan, "in vain to support the scriptures and slightly false numbers", he planned to leave an envoy to Korea to ask for troops to contain the Houjin troops, adding 200,000 gold to military funds, but was opposed by Zhang Heming, the head of the military department.
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Xiong Tingbi had passed through Liaodong twice, had rich military experience, and was familiar with the situation in Liaodong. In view of the fact that Liaodong has already lost its defense, he formulated the famous "tripartite arrangement strategy," that is, to concentrate on the Liaohe river defense line with the Garrison of Guangning, "to protect the liaodong in the west of Liaodong," "to defend the right so to fight," and "to defend today, he is prepared to advance and suppress every day." It embodies the strategic thinking of focusing on active defense that he has always adhered to. This active defensive battle plan, which was originally practical and feasible, | fierce debate within the imperial court. He Qiaoyuan, the young secretary of the Taibu Temple, Yushi Xiazhiling, and Zhao Shiyong agreed with Xiong Tingbi's plan, while Zhang Heming, shangshu of the bingbu, Geng Ruqi of Langzhong, and Lu Shanji, the chief minister, all protected Wang Huazhen, the governor of Guangning, and opposed Xiong Tingbi's plan.
After the discord, Xiong Tingbi took the lead and Wang Huazhen fought. Wang Huazhensu was not accustomed to soldiers, was arrogant and conceited, spoke loudly and lightly against the enemy, "never kept his word", advocated attacking to ask for merit, and received personal knighthood. He changed the names of the divisions that aided the Liao in various places to "Pingliao" and "Zhengdong", and pinned his hopes for the recovery of Liaodong on the Mongol soldiers' operations against Houjin, that is, "using the west to subdue the eastern Yi", in a vain attempt to "win a complete victory without a fight", and shouted that only 60,000 troops were needed to wipe out the main force of Houjin in one fell swoop, which was an unrealistic plan. Wang Huazhen was protected by Zhang Heming, the head of the bingbu Shangshu, and suddenly advanced and retreated; Xiong Tingbi was repeatedly suppressed by Zhang Heming's every strategy, and he was caught off guard, "I don't know why I fight when I enter, and I don't know why I defend when I retreat." Zhang Heming's mastermind was in the middle, Wang Huazhen's decision was outside, and Xiong Tingbi's body was a strategy, "famous but not real". Not only could they not restrain Wang Huazhen, but they were subject to the control of Zhang Heming and Wang Huazhen everywhere, let alone have the right to control the three parties, which would cause great damage to the feudal territory. This kind of ridicule quickly disintegrated the originally correct strategic deployment.
Nurhaci was most afraid of Xiong Tingbi, whom he called "Xiong Manzi", and he took advantage of the contradiction between Xiong Tingbi and Wang Huazhen to send Chen Liangce to falsely demote Wang Huazhen; On the one hand, he bribed Sun Degong and provoked and instigated from it in order to reap the benefits. In May of the second year of the Apocalypse (1622), just as Zhang Heming and Shoufuye asked Gao To remove Xiong Tingbi, And Wang Huazhenkong shouted" "Mid-autumn moon, you can sit high and listen to the sound of Jie", Nurhaci personally led an army of 50,000 people to cross the Liao River. The Ming army's Liaohe defense line was too long, and the head and tail could not take care of each other, and they collapsed at the touch. Wang Huazhen sent his henchmen Sun Degong and Zu Dashou to fight, and Sun Degong and the Ming general Li Yongfang and others should be combined, and as soon as they clashed, they led their troops to surrender to Houjin, Zu Dashou was defeated and fled, the general Liu Qubu of the Liao Aid was also scattered, and the important town of Guangning in the western Part of the Ming Dynasty was taken by Nurhaci without a fight. Wang Huazhen fled in a hurry in the direction of Shanhaiguan, and on the banks of the Daling River, he met Xiong Tingbi, who had come with troops from Right Tun, and wept bitterly in regret. Xiong Yanbi sneered, "How could the 60,000-strong army have swept away Liaoyang in one fell swoop?" Wang Huazhen was remorseful and wanted to join Xiong Tingbi in Guarding Ningyuan and Qiantun. Xiong Tingbi said, "It's too late. Therefore, they had to burn the huts, escort hundreds of thousands of refugees from western Liaoning, cross the big and small Linghe Rivers, and retreat into Guannei. Along the way, "the plunder of the former Yu rebels, the robbery of the latter, the crying, the shaking of the heavens and the earth."
The tragic ending of "Passing the First Nine Sides"
When the news of Quang Ninh's defeat came, the court was panicked. Emperor Xizong tracked down the guilty of the lost frontier, and ordered Xiong Tingbi and Wang Huazhen to "wear the punishment of the offender". Feng Congwu, the shaoqing of dali temple, Dong Yingju, the young secretary of Taichang temple, and He Qiaoyuan, the young secretary of Taibu temple, jointly signed a petition, and Emperor Xizong immediately ordered Xiong Yanbi and Wang Huazhen to be arrested and imprisoned, and sentenced to death for the crime of "deep love crimes and intolerable state laws."
Xiong and Wang Gong sin, which people have commented on at the time, are roughly divided into three attitudes. The first attitude is represented by Zhang Heming, favoring Wang Huazhen and slandering Xiong's weak court. During Xiong Yanbi's third passage through Liaodong, most of the courtiers advocated the merger of jing and fu, but Zhang Heming suggested that Xiong Tingbi be removed and Wang Huazhen full-time. He disagreed with Xiong Tingbi and handled things in a lot of ways, instructing Inspector Wang Huazhen not to be slightly tempered and provoking discord between the scriptures. Guangning was lost, and Zhang Heming was the culprit.
Ming Dynasty official
After Xiong and Wang were arrested and imprisoned, Zhang Heming openly said: "The crimes of huazhengong are equal, and Tingbi is guilty of no merit." The second attitude was that most of the courtiers demanded that the bear and the king should be punished as one. The third attitude. It was a small number of upright courtiers, such as Zhong Yuzheng and Xie Wenjin, who were able to respect reality more, make a proper analysis of the guilt of the Ming Dynasty and Liaoxi, and explain the truth through the position of Xiong Yanbi and Wang Huazhen at that time and their relationship with the real power faction of the Ming Dynasty. Through comparison, it can be seen that it should be Wang Huazhen who should be killed, not Xiong Tingbi. However, Wang Huazhen, who was truly guilty, was not immediately executed because of the protection of the emasculated party leader Wei Zhongxian and the bingbu Shangshu Zhang Heming (executed until 1632). Xiong Tingbi, who was enthusiastic about defending the country, was imprisoned for four years and tortured and plundered because he was not bribed by Wei Zhongxian. The castrated party elements also framed Xiong Tingbi for bribing Donglin Party members Yang Lian and Zuo Guangdou, thus accusing them of "opposing the party" and thus using this to build up a prison. He also fabricated that Xiong Tingbi "embezzled 170,000 military assets" when he was supervising the Liao, which was purely intentional. In August of the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), Xiong Tingbi was beheaded by Zhang Shiyong in Xishi. "Pass the first nine sides, the corpse abandoned the wilderness", and the family was also expelled from the Beijing Division. Xiong Tingbi, before calmly taking up his righteousness, gave a desperate poem, a poem cloud: "He is a day of wearing a beard, he can afford to die, and he sighs a pity, and sighs that the heavens and the earth are white." "Then the great righteousness was awe-inspiring, and he was fifty-seven years old.
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In the first year of Chongzhen (1628), Wei Zhongxian fell into exile and most of the castration party was eradicated. Xu Eryi, the chief of the Ministry of Works, sued Xiong Tingbi for his grievances. He said: "Yan Bi lost his territory, until the first Chen corpse was passed on, and the property was recovered." At that time, the minister felt that his sin was not sufficient, and Lao had enough to be reserved. 130,000 Soldiers in Quang Ninh, millions of grain, all belong to Huazhen. Tingbi stopped aiding the Liao army of 5,000 people and stationed themselves in Youtun (右屯), forty miles from Quang Ninh. Hua Zhen suddenly collapsed with three or four million Liao people for a while, and the Tingbi five thousand people, different ruptures were enough, and it was still hoped that it would be strong! Where is the sin of Yanbi? In the west, Ting Biyun said: 'It will not be enough to fight.' Li Yongfang attached the letter to Zhenzhen, Ting Biyun: "It will not be enough to believe." 'Nothing is not argued for, nothing is not surprising, and the sin of weakness is at peace?' Moreover, it is not possible to repeatedly neglect the temperance of each town, and it is not possible to repeatedly neglect the original faction of soldiers and horses. Embracing the false instrument, holding the empty name, and the sin of the court is safe? Although this song was well-founded and well-documented, the newly enthroned Chongzhen Emperor did not accept it and did not rehabilitate Xiong Tingbi.