preface
"Pass the First Nine Sides"
It was a punishment peculiar to the Ming Dynasty, and was dedicated to the generals of the Border Fortress Army.
It can be generalized: after the guilty person was executed and removed from the first rank, the imperial court specially sent a team similar to Chincha to take this first rank to the northern nine sides to show the public, and play a warning role in the words and deeds of the border guards. Such a punishment is not only very cruel, but also very immoral, in ancient times, the transportation was inconvenient, and the first grade was processed with lime and other materials to prevent decay, and it took several months to take it to the side of the nine sides. Such a practice not only destroyed the reputation of the deceased before death, but also made the deceased unrestful after death, which is in feudal culture
"Soul Scattered"
The end.
It can also be specifically referred to the incident of Xiong Tingbi being victimized by the castration party, because such a tragic event was only experienced by him, and Yuan Chonghuan was nothing more than that
"Sui Chonghuan in the city. Brothers and wives flow for three thousand miles, from their homes."
。
Bricks
It was an ancient form of torture that split limbs.
Pass the first nine sides
It was the emperor and his courtiers who hated it to the extreme before making the punishment decision, Xiong Tingbi, as an outstanding general in the last years of the Ming Dynasty, entered the Liaodong unified army to resist Houjin. The discord between Xiong Tingbi and the Inspector of Guangning eventually led to the defeat and retreat of the army, the news of the defeat spread back to the Jing division, Wang Huazhen was imprisoned, Xiong Tingbi was first deposed and then imprisoned, and the Three Divisions would try him to death, because he did not want to bribe Wei Zhongxian and the charges were confirmed.
"Pass on the first nine sides, abandon the corpse wilderness, and the world is wronged"
。 Four years later, Xiong Tingbi was wronged, and the first rank was allowed to take it back for burial. Of course, this request was not made by the emperor on his own initiative, but was jointly requested by the university scholar Han Ye and other ministers. This story was made in a movie and can definitely amaze four people. The story of the first nine sides ends here, so where is the nine sides? Why is it related to the national fortunes of the Ming Dynasty?
Where are the nine sides?
Jiubian was a military stronghold set up by the Ming Dynasty in the northern border area to defend against the Mongols in the northern steppes, and its predecessor was the military organization of the Nine Great Sai Kings during the Hongwu Period. Jiubian, also known as Jiuzhen, was established along the Great Wall defense line along the northern border during the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of Ming. History of the Ming Dynasty - Geography I:
Its border areas weighed the towns of Fan Jiu: Liaodong, Jizhou, Xuanfu, Datong, Yulin, Ningxia, Gansu, Taiyuan, and Guyuan. They are all divided into the guan fort of the unified guard station, and the ring of soldiers. The layout of the program dimension can be described as deep and solid.
Liaodong refers to the area east of the Liaohe River, in the eastern and southern parts of present-day Liaoning Province; Jizhou is now subordinate to Tianjin Municipality; Xuanfu has no ready-made place names, only a general regional range today, living in Yongguan Sihaizhi in the east, reaching the Xiyang River in Yuyanggao County, northeast of present-day Shanxi; Datong is Datong, Shanxi; Yulin is the city of Yulin in present-day Shaanxi Province; Ningxia, Gansu, and Taiyuan, as long as it is a Chinese with a little geographical common sense, are clear where; Guyuan is the guyuan city of today's Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.
The Nine Sides were believed to be the cultural dividing point between the nomadic and agrarian peoples of the structure, stretching from the Yalu River in the east to Jiayuguan in the west, almost covering the northern border of the Ming Dynasty. This is a matter of course, and it does not look at how northern the location of the ming emperor's capital, Beijing, is. The main defensive enemies of the Nine Sides were nomadic peoples, the first and middle periods were mainly to defend against the Tatars, The Wallachians and other Mongol tribes, and the later period was mainly to defend against the Jurchens. The Nine Sides are located in the first line of resistance against the Nomadic peoples such as the Mongols and Jurchens, which can be regarded as the Great Wall of Ten Thousand Miles, and divided into nine major war zones, with clear division of responsibilities and cooperation. The Ming History Manuscript Bing Zhi mentions why the nine sides were set up, and why the nine sides were set up in these areas:
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the northern frontier land, from the Yalu River in the east to Jiayuguan in the west, in the middle of Daning, Kaiping, and Dongsheng, while outside Jiayu, Hami was placed as a vassal state, extending thousands of miles, setting up troops and towns, and contacting each other. Chengzu capital Beiping, the mountain and the sea, with the plug as a risk. Abandoning Daning to Wuliangha, Xuan and Liao are separated, and the shield of the Beijing division is getting thinner and thinner. It has been revived and abandoned, and Kaiping is difficult to defend, but it is moved to Dushi, and Dongsheng has also moved inward. Xuan, Da, and Yan Sui were all enemies. For a long time, the Hetao was abandoned, the borders of Ningxia and Guyuan were in a state of emergency, Hami entered Tulufan, and the area outside the Pass was extinct.
Zhu Dijing succeeded in cutting down the Nine Great Sai Kings of the Domain, and then moved the capital to Beiping, and later successive emperors gradually set up military institutions specifically subordinate to the central government to garrison the frontier.
Nine-sided military town
Junzhen is an emerging local administrative management system during the Sixteen Kingdoms period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the militarized control implemented is generally set up at the military point, and the local residents are separated from the ordinary people
"Townspeople"
。 The military town is a military entity and war giant composed of land, population, army, logistics, military pay, border walls, castles, piers, weapons, horses, etc. The Dusi WeiShou and the Nine-Sided General Soldier Town Guard are co-existent, and there will be no situation in which a single family is dominant or similar to the division of the feudal towns at the end of the Tang Dynasty. The Nine-Sided Commander-in-Chief Town Guard is a collection of systems such as the Dusi Guard, the Grand General Town Guard, and the Sai Wang Shoubian. The collapse of the northern Cypriot border guard system during the Yongle period meant that another military system was about to arise. The nine-sided general soldier town guard system is directly born from the general town guard system, which is different from the governor's mansion and the capital guard, has a strong military color, is designed for the service of conquest, and has the right to act cheaply, control the generals, and engage in military law. It looks like a tu emperor.
The commander-in-chief leads the army and horses and the unified army to conquest. In the early days of the Zhu Yuanzhang uprising, he served as a general soldier, a town guard and a Yang, an authoritarian military, a military law, a very high status, and extremely powerful. Although since ancient times, emperors have taken the initiative to grant the commanding generals the power to act cheaply, in fact, this cheap behavior is based on the restrictions that the emperor acquiesced to, and if they are not acquiesced, they may be dismissed from their posts and questioned as soon as the battle is over. The General Soldier of the Yuan Dynasty clearly had the power to act cheaply, as stipulated by the statutes of the law:
The commanders-in-chief of the various places acted cheaply, undertook to make a proposed award, and had a name and a military merit. Then the edict is given as it is asked, and there is no one who evaluates the actual person.
During the founding period of Hongwu, due to the need to end the conquest of the chaotic era at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the total number of soldiers was quite large, and later the number gradually decreased, and the gold content gradually increased, which was the highest officer rank in Daming. The Nine Frontiers had a commander-in-chief who served as the supreme military commander. The Mongols repeatedly invaded with great momentum, and the dispersion of military power was not conducive to war, so the general military power of the Nine Sides was gradually unified, and the power to supervise money and grain and punish criminals, which was originally used to prevent the separation of the territory, was also withdrawn. The status of the Nine-Sided Military Town is equivalent to that of the local provinces. The town of Gansu was the first to be fixed and established, due to the need to cut off the three major Mongol forces in the north, west and south, and to control the key to the western region.
Gansu Town and Ningxia Town are to attack the right side of the defense of Mongolia; Xuanfu Town and Jizhou Town are the north gate of the Beijing Division and the East Domain, respectively, to protect the city of Beijing, which belongs to the inner siege protection; Datong Town is Fanping Shanxi, the right of the Chaojing Division, Liaodong Town is Fanping Shandong, and the left side of the Pijing Division belongs to the periphery protection; Yulin Town is located
The land of shape and victory, the throat of the five roads, the Great Wall because of the river as a plug, the intersection of Luoshui, the meeting of the three waters, the border county, the Qindi important area
Guyuan Town is partial to the interior, so its status is lower, and it is also set up to prevent Mongolia; Taiyuan Town is on the right side of the Beijing Division, controlling the northwest, and the real shape is victorious over the important place. The establishment of the Nine-Sided Military Town perfectly protected the city of Beijing.
The Nine-Sided Military Town was not only able to mobilize soldiers and horses in its own military town, but also prepare the imperial army, the guards of the capital in other places, and even the Beijing camp was also dispatched by its control. Whether from the perspective of centralization or national security, the nine sides are all connected to the flesh and blood of the Ariake generation.
Take the Imperial Guard
Is it familiar that the power and power of the Nine-Sided Military Town are getting stronger and stronger, and that the general soldiers who are military commanders have been changed from being sent from the central government to local promotions? For example, in the fanzhen at the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Nine Border Military Town gradually formed an independent military group, no longer completely controlled by the central government, and the situation in the early days of the founding of the country with strong martial rule was normal, when the dynasty tended to be stable, the internal wars were less, the ruling order was stable, the civilian power gradually rose, and the Nine Border Military Town inevitably gradually penetrated from the north. From the time of Zhu Gaozi, the fourth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Mingrenzong, specially selected civilian ministers from the central government to be installed in military towns, served as counselors, and wrote confidential documents. The counsellor has no right to participate in military deliberations and has a lower status than that of the general soldiers, so a peaceful situation of cooperation with the military is formed, but this is only temporary.
From now on, the counselor's powers will be expanded, and the general soldiers can train military horses, repair cities and pools, manage grain and salaries, and manage the aircraft maintenance of the army, all of which can negotiate with each other and enjoy the power to act cheaply. Readers familiar with the history of the Ming Dynasty must know that this is the predecessor of the Inspector. With the development of time, the grain and salary affairs are heavy, and the chief soldier is inconvenient to coordinate local administrative affairs and the central civilian official system. As early as a few decades ago, the mainland has promoted the patrol system. Not only the inspectors, but also the central government has established a system of adjudicators and a system of town guards, and the status of the governors is higher than that of the general soldiers, and the status of the town guards is equivalent to that of the general soldiers. However, in the Nine-Sided Military Town of the Ming Dynasty, there could be no inspectors, admirals and town guards, but only the general soldiers were indispensable.
There are certain differences in the size of the powers of the inspectors of each town, which are adjusted according to different local conditions, such as Yulin Town Inspector and Governor of Yan'an, Ningxia Armament, Shaanxi Qianliang and Gansu Ma Zheng. In contrast, the governor of Jizhou Town initially did not have the power to manage grain. There are many affairs managed by the inspectors, and eventually a pattern of civil and military system is formed. In the town of the Nine-Sided Army, there were eunuchs and townsmen, civilian officials and general soldiers, representing the emperor, civilian officials and military subjects respectively. The expansion of the governor's authority meant that the civilian community extended its hand to the deepest recesses of the military power. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty,
The inspector may restrain the military subjects below the deputy commander-in-chief, and be given a flag, so that he can act cheaply and engage in military law
summary
The Nine Border Army towns were divided into northern borders and were independent of each other, but they formed a complete border defense system for northern Ming Province. Within the various military towns, the relationship between the inspector and the general soldier affected the situation of the entire military town, and the number of defeats in the last years of the Ming Dynasty was caused by the discord between the general soldier and the inspector -
The inspector looks down on the chief soldier, and the chief soldier is not accustomed to the patrol.
On the outside of the Nine-Sided Military Town, the integrated attack and defense that should have supported each other often appeared to be regarded as Qin Yue and stood by, and the local power was unusually dispersed, with huge mutual restraints. After that, the Ming court then implemented the governor system, the governor of Shaanxi, the viceroy of Jiliao Baoding, and the viceroy of Xuanda Shaanxi, these military powers were layered and very bloated. Don't look at the governor's control of the three towns, in fact, they are still subject to various constraints, and at the same time, it is determined that the civilian officials will become the highest military and political chiefs of the Nine Border Military Towns, and the military ministers and eunuchs will be under them. That is to say, whether the Nine-Sided Military Town is fighting or defending, whether it is attacking or defending, whether it is supporting or waiting, is all under the control of the civilian official group. However, the literati are light on each other, look down on each other, and will also engage in splits and infighting, which is not a whole.
The construction of the Ming Dynasty's general soldiers, inspectors and governors provided a reference for the innovative construction of the local military and political system in the Qing Dynasty, and implicitly promoted it to the whole country.
References: "Ming Abandoned River Loop (The Fallacy of the Great Wall View of National Defense)", "On the Ming Dynasty Feudal Domain and the Transfer of Military Authority", "Ming Dynasty Jiubian Town", "Ming Dynasty Northern Border Defense System"