Goryeo was an important tributary state of the Song Dynasty, and there are many records of the composition of its tributary mission. The main members of the Koryo mission were the chief envoy, the deputy envoy, and the judge.
1. There are clearly recorded judges in the Goryeo mission
In October of the third year of Jianlong (962), King Wang Zhao of Goryeo:
He sent his attendant Li Xingyou, his deputy envoy Li Lixi, and judge Li Bin to pay tribute. ”
In the fifth year of Kaibao (972), Goryeo sent envoys to offer fang objects:
"Xu Xijia, the deputy envoy of the Internal Council, Xu Xijia, inspected the School of Soldiers, Shangshu, the deputy envoy of the Inner Fengqing, Cui Youjia, the Inspector of the School, and concurrently served as the Imperial Counselor, the Judge Guangxue Ofe, the Counselor of the Imperial Household, the Counselor of the Imperial Household, the Counselor of the Interior, The Counselor, Liu Yinjia, inspected the School Shangshu and Jinbu Langzhong, all of whom were generously sent away."
In the second year of The End Arch (989), Goryeo:
"Send envoys to pay tribute, and order them to elect the official Attendant Lang Han Linqing, the deputy envoy Lang Zhongwei Derou and confer the title of Golden Purple Guanglu Doctor, and the Judge Shaofu Li Guang to appoint wailang, a member of the Water Inspection School."
The envoy, that is, the envoy, is the highest person in charge of the mission; the deputy envoy is the second person in charge of the mission; and the judge is the person whose status in the mission is second only to that of the main envoy and the deputy envoy. In addition, the Goryeo mission also included international students, master bookkeepers, metropolitan officials, Kongmu officials, painters, and music workers.
2. Other members of the Koryo mission
Students. In October of the third year of Yongxi (986), Goryeo "sent envoys to pay tribute, and also sent its own students Choi Han and Wang Binyi to supervise the industry." In the fifth year of The Reign of Emperor He (1115), Goryeo sent envoys to pay tribute, "ordering the scholar JinRui and five others to enter the Taixue School, and the imperial court was placed as a doctor." ”
Master Book. According to Shen Kuo's "Continuation of the Pen Talk":
"In the sixth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1091), Goryeo made people pay tribute. The Shangyuan Festival gives wine before the Que, and all are endowed with lantern poems, and sometimes there are good sentences. JinFeng Vice Food Wei JiYan sentence has "Qianchu Cai Shan Qing Day, a heavenly music leaked out of the clouds." The main book Park Jing dropped the sentence with "Victory is passed down year after year, and Shengguan is now a distant guest." '”
The master bookkeeper is the official in charge of clerical writing.
All of them are in charge. According to the "Li Swab Epitaph": "(Li Swab) Tianqing Four Years (Liao Dynasty Year Number, 1114) Supplement Jing Lingdian Judge, Qianjing City Bureau Cheng Trial Division Zai Master. In the year of Jia Chen, he served as an envoy to the Great Song Dynasty. The year of Kotatsu is the sixth year of Xuanhe (1124).
Kong Mu Guan. According to the "Biography of Song Shi Goryeo": "There was also Zhang Rengui, who entered the kongmu official of Bai Sirou and wrote a letter to offer cheaply." ? Bai Sirou entered the Chinese dynasty to pay tribute in the third year of Chunhua (992), and the Kongmu official of the Song Dynasty referred to the Xu official in charge of prison litigation and accounts in Yamen, and did not know what function he had in the Goryeo mission.
Painters. According to Guo Ruoxuan's "Picture Seeing and Hearing Zhi" volume VI of the "Goryeo Kingdom" article: "In the winter of Chengchen, the re-dispatch of Cui Sixun into tribute, because several people will bring painters, please copy the murals of Xiangguo Temple and return to China." Promise. Choi Si-hsien, the Goryeo historical book "Choe Si-hyun", came to pay tribute in the ninth year of Hee-nin (1076). According to volume 13 of the Goryeo Chronicles: "(Li) Guangbi Father Ning, less famous for his paintings, when Emperor Renzong entered the Song Dynasty with Li Zide, Emperor Huizong painted his own "Licheng River Map", which was both jin and Huizong appreciated: 'More than the goryeo painters who follow the envoys, only Ning is a clever hand. 'Give wine and eat silk.' Li Zide came to China to pay tribute in the sixth year of Xuanhe (1124).
Musician. According to Pang Yuanying's "Miscellaneous Records of Wenchang", Volume IV: "In the fourth year of Yuanfeng, the Goryeo state sent envoys Cui Siqi and Deputy Li Ziwei to pay tribute and offer musical instruments. On the fourteenth day of the first month of next year, the car driver was fortunate to gather Xi Guan and Zhao Siqi and other attendants. He also ordered the musicians to offer music to the emperor, and gave the robes and silver veils. ”
As mentioned above, the number of Goryeo missions often exceeded one hundred, and in addition to a small number of high-ranking officials such as envoys, deputy envoys, and judges, there were also a large number of three people.
Three, three sections of people from
In the sixth year of Xi Ning (1073), The Goryeo of Mingzhou was about to pay tribute, and Emperor Shenzong issued an edict that "the introduction of companions, the deputy envoy of the protocol, gong Jing, and the visit of Li Zhizhou to enter the tribute are not known to any Yan people." In the ninth year of Xi Ning (1076), Zhang Fangping mentioned in the "Please Prevent the Prohibition of The Three Sections of Goryeo Personnel": "The subject heard that the Goryeo kingdom was enshrined in the three sections of people, quite Khitan lurking in the middle, passing through the prefectures and counties, and going in and out of the market to buy and sell, and the public and the people only responded to traffic, and there was no inspection." ”
In the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1090), Su Rui mentioned in the "Beggars cut and cut off the goryeo incident" that "or Khitan often sent his cronies to hide in the three sections of Goryeo, and Goryeo secretly gave them to the Khitan and gave them half of them." ”
The diplomatic missions of the Song Dynasty, Liao Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, and Western Xia dynasty of the same era generally had three subordinates. At that time, the three sections of people can be divided into the upper section, the middle section and the lower section according to their status, mainly some managers, civilian personnel, ceremonial personnel, technicians and defense soldiers. However, there are few historical records about the composition of the three sections of the Goryeo mission. The author believes that the aforementioned master bookkeepers, Confucius officials, painters, musicians, etc. should be classified into the three sections of people. The main book and the capital should be the upper section of the three sections, because the main book, Park Jingqi, has a high level of education, and the main book, Li Tri, has already held a certain official position before the envoy.
4. Selection of members of the Koryo Mission
The envoys, deputies, and judges of the Goryeo mission were basically officials. Except in the second year of the Taiping Revival (977), King Wang Xian of Goryeo "sent his son Yuan to pay tribute with good horses, objects, and weapons." This time it was the prince who served as a tribute.
Mr. Lu Min counted the official ranks of Goryeo envoys and deputy envoys, from two pins, fifteen people from two pins, four people from two pins, twenty-six people from four pins, two people from four pins, two people from zheng wu pins, two people from zheng ba pin - □ people, two people from seven pins, one person from seven pins, and one person from zheng ba pin.
Like the Song, Goryeo's envoys were selected from the central bureaucracy. Except for some from the official offices of Zhongshu Menxia Province, Privy Council, Jianmen, Yushitai, Hanlin Temple, Libin Temple, Taibu Temple, Secretary Province, Xiaofu Temple, etc., most of his envoys were from the Six Departments of Shangshu. The grade varies from the first eight products to the second product.
Judging from the comparison table between the Song and the Goryeo envoys and the sub-grades, the Goryeo envoys mainly concentrated on the three and four products, and were generally higher than the grades of the Song envoys, which was because Goryeo adopted a big doctrine towards the Song. Because many Goryeo envoys were already in important positions in the official offices such as the Six Ministries of Shangshu, the Zhongshu Province, the Imperial Household, the Privy Council, and the Hanlin Temple, people who could be promoted to the rank of prime minister after returning to China were everywhere.
V. Why did Goryeo appoint envoys with higher positions to the Song Dynasty in the early days of the establishment of the State Council?
From Song Taejo to Song Youngjong (960-1066), Goryeo sent envoys to positions, roughly as follows: Most of the Zheng envoys were ZhengSi Pin Officials, or there were from the Four Pin Officials (Guangjue, Neiyi, Elected Officers, Soldier Officers, Officials, Civil Officials, Punishment Department Attendants, and Great Inner Servants, Hanlin Scholars, Neishiren, etc.); The adjutant official is from the Five Pins Officer (郎中).
From the time of Emperor Shinjong to Emperor Huizong (1067-1125), Goryeo sent envoys to the Song Dynasty held a higher position than before. Because it was the policy of the United Li System after the Divine Sect.
In the third year of Xi Ning (1070), the civil official Shilang Jin Ti to the Song Dynasty, the ceremony of the reception under Emperor Shenzong was the same as that of the Western Xia, and in the reign of Emperor Huizong (1111-1118), he was promoted to the rank of envoy of the Goryeo envoy as the messenger of the country, and the courtesy was above the Xia kingdom. Goryeo corresponded to the policies of the Song Dynasty, and the position of envoy was also promoted to a pin. By the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, the position of envoy of Goryeo was Zhengsi pin (礼部侍郎), or 正六品官 (礼部員外郎), and the deputy envoy was Jeongqi Pin Guan (閤門衹侯).
At the beginning of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries, Goryeo's envoys were Guangju Shilang, Neiyi Shilang, Nei Bongling, and Deputy Envoys as Nei Bongqing. At that time, the envoys belonged to the Province of Broad Assessment and the Province of Internal Deliberation. In the early days of Goryeo, Gwangpa Province was the most important official palace that managed the hundred officials and was in charge of the affairs of the shu, and neibong Province was also an important official palace that managed the six ministries and acted on the orders of the king.
It can be seen that Goryeo appointed envoys with higher positions to be sent to the Song Dynasty in the early days of the establishment of the State Exchange. Goryeo's choice of envoys for higher official positions not only meant respect for the Northern Song Dynasty, but also the use of the political experience of these high-ranking officials to resolve diplomatic issues between the two countries. If the usual tributary or trade transactions were to be carried out, there was no need to select envoys with higher official positions.
After Emperor Sungjong of Goryeo ascended the throne, Goryeo imitated the Tang Dynasty's three-province and six-part system, based on which to rectify the central official system. After that, the shogun was mainly a waiter of Masashipin, and sometimes the bachelors of the Hanlin Academy and the Neishishe people from Sipin also served as envoys. The assignment of deputy envoys is not numerous, and it is not possible to accurately judge what official position is serving as deputy envoys. In the first period, the attendants and langzhong, who could judge the six parts of the Shangshu, gradually developed into a system of chief and deputy envoys, respectively. The position of envoy in the third period was one level higher than in the previous two periods.
The positions of Goryeo envoys varied from period to period, but most of them were mainly Shangshu, Shilang, and Langzhong. Judging from the departments to which they belong, most of them are the six parts of The Book of Shangshu. Although the department in charge of diplomatic affairs was the ShangshuLiBu, among the selected envoys, the Household Department was the largest, followed by the Ceremonial Department, in addition to the Officials' Department, the Bingbu, the Punishment Department, and even the Hanlin Yuan, The Imperial History Andtai departments also sent envoys.
Sometimes the records of the official position of the tribute envoy between Song and Li differed. For example, in the seventh year (1014) of daejong-shobu (1014), the History of Goryeo records his official as "Neishisheren" and the Songshi Goryeo Biography records that his official position was "The Servant of the Imperial Ministry of Works" in Goryeo, and the Neishishe was from Sipin, while the Gongbu Shilang was Zhengsipin, and the official position recorded in the Song Dynasty was half a rank higher than the official position recorded in Goryeo. Mr. Sun Jianmin and Mr. Gu Hongyi believe that this is a phenomenon of fake officials sending envoys. The so-called false official envoy means that the country temporarily promotes the official position of the envoy before the envoy is sent, so as to show respect and attention to the envoy country.