During the revolutionary years, there were many examples of students following their teachers in revolutionary work. Most of them were influenced by the ideas of their teachers and embarked on the revolutionary road, trying to turn this China, which had been in a slump since the end of the Qing Dynasty, into a world power.
The exception is one man, who joined the Communist Party at the age of 51. At the age of 57, as the oldest"
player
He followed the Central Red Army column, climbed snow-capped mountains, crossed meadows, and embarked on the Long March.
He did all this just to follow his students, to realize the ideal in his heart—
communist
。
When his students learned of his membership in the Party, they sighed one after another:
"It's really a strong wind to know the grass, and the cold knows the pine cypress."
This man is
Xu Teli
。 His students, on the other hand, later became presidents
Mao Zedong
The story begins in 1919. Xu Teli, who has been a teacher for more than 20 years, is 42 years old this year. It should be an age that is not confused, but at this time, it is full of doubts.
At that time, the Beiyang warlords were in charge, and the society was dark. He had a patriotic feeling, but he had no way to serve the country. Feeling that the future was hopeless, Xu Teli's vision came to the West of the world.
He decided to walk his own student Mao Zedong,
Cai and Sen
On the way to France for work-study. In his own words, he's going to do one."
International students on crutches
To learn the new ideas and new technologies of the West, to arm their minds, and to repay the motherland in the future when the situation changes.
On September 28 of that year, Xu Terri boarded a French mail ship and embarked on his european study trip, which he did not return to China until 1924. He spent a full five years abroad.
First: Met with student Mao Zedong in Changsha to join the peasant association and concurrently serve as the head of the education section
In five years, China has undergone earth-shaking changes. With the founding of the Communist Party of China, the convening of the Kuomintang, and the establishment of the Whampoa Military Academy, new things reached Xu Teli's ears one after another, and his spirit was invigorated.
It seems that at this time in China, there are still many enthusiastic young people who are working hard for the salvation of the country.
Xu Also heard from his former colleagues that his student Mao Zedong organized a communist group in his hometown of Hunan the year after he went to France to work and study. He was once a school teacher, and many progressive young people joined this group and became"
"The backbone of the party, the backbone of the regiment.
When the Communist Party was born in 1921, he was an old friend
He Shuheng
He also accompanied Mao Zedong to attend the meeting as a representative of Hunan.
In May 1922, Mao Zedong was also ordered to establish the Xiang District Committee of the Communist Party of China in Hunan and served as secretary; in April 1923, Mao Zedong was transferred to Shanghai to participate in the leadership of the Party Central Committee.
Three big
"Elected to the Central Executive Committee at the same time in the Communist Party"
commander in chief
”
Chen Duxiu
He served as secretary in the Central Committee, where he served as chairman, and actually undertook the heavy responsibility of leading the daily work of the CPC Central Committee.
At present, Mao Zedong is stepping up his propaganda of the Communist Party's line, principles, and policies on cooperation with the Kuomintang, with a view to completing the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, jointly carrying out the Northern Expedition, overthrowing the warlords, and realizing the great cause of the Republic.
Although Xu Teli, through his research and understanding of Chinese and Western politics and society over the years, deeply felt that Mao Zedong was taking a path of seeking liberation for the toiling masses. However, he himself still had the desire to use knowledge to change the backward appearance of the country, and did not want to participate in political struggles, so it was difficult to categorically follow the doctrine believed in by the student Mao Zedong, but wanted to continue to devote himself to teaching and educating people.
Therefore, in the summer after Xu Teli returned to China, he single-handedly founded a Changsha Women's Normal School and personally served as the principal.
During this period, Xu Teli made many friends with Communist Party members through teaching activities, such as
Chen Zhangfu
(a.k.a
Chen Chang
）、
Luo Xuezhen
（
zàn
), Xiong Jinyue (
jǐn dīng
), Mao Jike, etc., were influenced by their progressive ideas. This was also an objective reason for his later turn to communism.
May 30, 1925 (
swooping
After the campaign, he was the governor of Hunan Province at the time
Zhao Hengti
In Changsha, he instructed schools to expel progressive students who believed in communism and openly opposed it."
Communism
”。 As a result, zeng san and Duan Xiang, two leaders of the provincial federation of students, were expelled, and they were resisted by students from secondary schools and above in Changsha.
In order to suppress the matter, Zhao Hengti ordered the Department of Education to convene the principals of various schools to discuss how to deal with the students' demonstrations. In order to put pressure on these principals, Zhao Hengti personally attended the meeting, and also shouted at the meeting to use force to disperse the students.
All the principals did not dare to offend the governor of Hunan Province, all of them."
Silence
”。 A small number of people echoed the sentiment, expressing support for Governor Zhao's forced dispersal.
Xu Teli stood up at this time, and he openly expressed his opposition, saying that the student movement was a legitimate expression of emotion, and the demonstration was also written into the National Constitution, accusing Zhao Hengti of ignoring the law and knowing the law and breaking the law.
Zhao Hengti was not good on the surface, but after this incident, he privately excluded and suppressed Xu Teli.
In the face of the cruel reality, Xu Teli's illusion of education and national salvation was shattered.
Just when Xu Teli was pessimistic and disappointed in the future, and his thinking was in a moment of wandering and depression, Mao Zedong reunited with him after a long absence.
In the spring of 1925, Mao Zedong fell ill and returned from Shanghai, where the CPC Central Committee was located, to his hometown of Hunan. While recuperating from his illness, he engaged in the peasant movement he cared about. This time back to his hometown, he met with Xu Teli, a teacher who had been away for many years.
Between teachers and students, they did not see each other for a long time, and they talked for a long time. After talking about the situation after the separation, Xu Teli revealed his bitter mood to the students. After hearing this, Mao Zedong said to the teacher:
"The social system is not good, the evil forces are in charge, and no one cares about education." The talents you have worked so hard to cultivate may be used by people to do bad things and play tricks for the tiger (
chāng
）。 It can be seen that in the current environment, the road to education to save the country is not feasible. ”
When Mao Zedong said this, his expression became more and more excited, and he continued:
"If we want to save the country, we can only mobilize the broad masses of the people to rise up as revolutionaries and smash this old society that eats people completely." Only when we personally build a new society of equality, a world that belongs to the broad masses of the toiling masses, and all people can receive education and can afford education, will the country have a way out and hope! ”
He also told the teacher as a responsible cadre of the CCP:
"The aim of the Communist Revolution is to create a new society in which everyone is equal. When the revolution succeeds, it is time to develop comprehensive education. ”
Then, Mao Zedong talked to Xu Teli about his views and views on the Chinese peasant movement, and also confided that he would fully promote the plan of the agricultural movement in Hunan Province when he returned to his hometown, and finally implored the teacher to go out of the mountains to participate in and support the Hunan peasant movement...
After meeting with Xu Teli, Mao Zedong immediately set his hometown of Shaoshan and Xiangtan as the center and ignited the raging fire of the peasant movement in Hunan.
This meeting and conversation with Mao Zedong had a great influence on Xu Teli, the starting point of his change of ideological views, and the beginning of the turning point of his entire life.
In 1926, Mao Zedong returned to Hunan again, and after visiting his teacher Xu Teli, he went deep into various townships in Hunan to conduct field investigations. He wrote it down during this time
"Hunan Peasant Movement Inspection Report"
Article
In just one year, the development of the peasant association has brought about earth-shaking changes in Hunan. Not only have landlords and bullies been suppressed, but the peasants have their own peasant associations and can become masters of their own affairs. And the smoke and opium that were repeatedly banned in the past can now be solved immediately through meetings.
The countryside of Hunan is full of a thriving scene. At the same time, Mao Zedong also opened peasant training centers in the countryside, imparting knowledge to every peasant and asking them to change their old thinking of ignorance and backwardness. Even Xu Teli's eldest son
Xu Duben
They all took an active part in the peasant movement and joined the Communist Party, running for the revolution all day.
The tremendous changes that have taken place in his hometown in Hunan in just one year have touched Xu Teli's heart that is determined to save the country, and he has seen the strength of the masses and felt the role of communists in it.
As a result, he joined the Hunan Provincial Farmers' Association and served as the head of the education section and the director of the Hunan Rural Normal Agricultural Movement Training Institute.
Two: The teacher followed the students, and Xu Teli joined the Chinese Communist Party
The time came to April 1927. Chiang Kai-shek launched in Shanghai."
Four one two
"The counter-revolutionary coup, the wanton massacre of communists, revealed the sinister face of his reactionaries.
A month later, the reactionary warlords of Hunan
Ho key
subordinates
Xu Kexiang
, also launched in Hunan"
The Ma-Ri Incident
”。 They massacred Communists in a frenzied manner and constantly suppressed the workers' and peasants' movement, causing serious damage to the revolutionary mass organizations.
Xu Teli's son, Xu Duben, also waded across the river to escape while being pursued by the enemy, and was accidentally killed. The Communists went underground, and Leftists of the Kuomintang fled. Xu Teli deeply felt that relying on the Kuomintang to save China had become a bubble, and the hatred of the country and the family made him look around for the Communist Party and resolve to devote himself to the cause of communism.
Soon he was a student and a female Communist Party member on his own
Li Shangjin
At home, I met students from the past first division. This person is the person in charge of the Hunan Provincial CPC Committee who came to take refuge --
Lee Vihan
As soon as Xu Teli saw Li Weihan, he made a request to join the Chinese Communist Party. He said to Levihan:
"I am 51 years old this year, and I have reached the age of knowing my destiny, and if a party like the Communist Party, which is a people's party, can allow me to join as an old decay, then I can also be regarded as a new life."
Therefore, after Li Weihan's introduction, Xu Teli officially joined the Communist Party of China.
After Xu Teli joined the party, he went to Wuhan to work. After arriving in Wuhan, he was warmly welcomed by Mao Zedong and Cai Hesen and others, and under the leadership of Mao Zedong, he participated in the work of the Wuhan Peasant Movement Training Institute.
In July of the same year, in accordance with the unified deployment of the Provisional Politburo of the Party Central Committee, Xu Telitong
Limber Canal
、
Guo Liang
Mao Zedong's younger brother Mao Zeqin (
qín
Secretly, he rushed to Nanchang via Jiujiang to prepare to launch an uprising among Zhang Fakui's troops.
During this time, Xu Teli, together with Lin Boqu and Guo Liang, became a classmate and friend of his youth and the current chairman of Jiangxi Province
Jiang Jihuan
Worked to win Ginger into the uprising.
On August 1, the Nanchang Uprising officially broke out. After the victorious occupation of Nanchang by the rebel army, Xu Teli was appointed as a member of the Revolutionary Committee and served as the leader of the Party Affairs Committee under the Revolutionary Committee.
In 1928, the Party Central Committee sent Xu Teli to study at Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow in the Soviet Union. At that time, it was called "
The capital of the world revolution
"In Moscow, Xu Teli's life has been greatly improved compared to the country. However, due to the rapid changes in the domestic situation, Xu Teli still did not slow down the pace of his study. While studying, he also paid close attention to the dynamics in the country, especially the development of the Soviet zone and the struggle of the Red Army.
When he learned that the Autumn Harvest Uprising troops led by Mao Zedong had successfully carved out a rural revolutionary base area on Jinggang Mountain, he was so happy that he could not sleep at night. He was eager to stretch out his wings and fly back to China to carry out revolutionary armed struggle with Mao Zedong.
Three: After returning from school in the Soviet Union, Xu Teli embarked on the Long March at the age of 57
In 1930, Xu Teli, who had returned from his studies, returned to China in a dusty manner. Faced with the layers of blockade by the Kuomintang, he disguised himself as a businessman, passed through Hong Kong, Chaoshan and other places, and after passing through the Kuomintang blockade, he safely reached the Gannan base area.
On this very day, the vast number of soldiers and civilians in the Central Soviet Region were celebrating the first smashing of the Kuomintang reactionaries."
Encirclement
Captured alive the commander of the enemy's Eighteenth Division
Zhang Huizhen
Great victory.
The commander of this battle was none other than his former student Mao Zedong, whom he later became acquainted with during the Nanchang Uprising
Jude
In 1931, Mao Zedong was elected Chairman of the Provisional Government at the First National Congress of the Chinese Soviet.
Xu Teli was elected as a member of the Central Executive Committee, and together with Qu (
over
Qiu Bai is jointly responsible for education.
In order to popularize education, Xu Teli believes that it is first necessary to train a group of people's teachers. So he selected a two-story old house backed by a pond in the north of Ruijin County as a school building and founded a teacher training class. Soon after, this teacher class developed into Lenin Normal School, training more than 600 teachers for more than 140 townships in Ruijin.
Under the direct leadership of Xu Teli, various specialized schools were also set up in the Soviet Region; in addition to the Red Army University and the Lenin Normal School, the Soviet University, the Marxist Communist University, the Gorky Drama School, the Communications School, the Commercial School, the Health School, and the Agricultural School were also established successively, thus training a large number of cadres and specialized personnel in the political, economic, military, and cultural fields for the Party.
Just when Xu Teli was going all out to engage in the cause of education in the Central Soviet Region, the dark clouds of war were again densely covered over the Soviet Area. Thanks to Wang Ming"
Left
"Adventurism vigorously excluded Mao Zedong and deprived him of leadership and command of the Red Army, leading to the fifth reaction"
"The struggle was a crushing defeat, and the Soviet zone was almost completely lost.
In mid-October 1934, the main forces of the Central Red Army began to make a strategic shift. At this time, Xu Teli was 57 years old, the oldest of the Long March team. Mao Zedong was also organized in the central column with his teacher Xu Teli, dragging the sick body and embarking on a long journey.
Fourth: The Party Central Committee wished him a happy birthday and was praised by Cao Ying as the first perfect person of the revolution
After the victory of the Long March, Xu Teli, like all the soldiers of the Red Army, had a sense of joy at the end of the world. He sincerely admired Mao Zedong's military command ability. He also thought of the Tang Dynasty
Han yu
What was said"
The disciple does not have to be inferior to the teacher, and the teacher does not have to be superior to the disciple.
This made him feel even more that he should learn from his former student Mao Zedong.
During this period, when people mentioned that he was Mao Zedong's husband, he always said sincerely:
"I used to be Chairman Mao's husband, and that was when I was in the First Normal School in Hunan, and that was indeed true. But that was only a teacher for a day, and Chairman Mao took me, an old decay, to the revolution, and he was my teacher all my life! ”
The words were full of love and respect for Mao Zedong.
Mao Zedong also had great trust and respect for Xu Teli. After arriving in northern Shaanxi, because Qu Qiubai was in Changting, Fujian (
tīng
At the expense of his death, Mao Zedong personally proposed Xu Teli to be the minister of education of the central government of the Chinese Soviet.
February 1, 1937, was Xu Teli's 60th birthday. A day earlier, Mao Zedong, who was busy formulating plans for the War of Resistance, still took a moment to write a letter to Xu Teli to wish him a happy birthday.
The student congratulated the teacher, and once ten years later, it was still in Yan'an.
In 1947,
Hu Zongnan
suffer
Chiang Kai-shek
The order, with more than 200,000 troops, prepared to march into Yan'an, wanting to eliminate Mao Zedong and other leaders in one fell swoop."
Ccp Command
”。
At this time, Xu Teli evacuated Yan'an a year ago under Mao Zedong's arrangement.
A few days before Xu Teli's 70th birthday, the staff asked Mao Zedong, who was commanding the Northwest War and the National Liberation War:
"Is Elder Xu's 70th birthday still celebrated?"
Mao Zedong replied:
"To celebrate, we must celebrate, and we celebrate Xu Lao's birthday this time, not only to greatly celebrate, but also to show the composure and calmness of the Yan'an soldiers and civilians when facing the enemy army."
Thus, according to Mao Zedong's instructions, the Party Central Committee sent a large truck to Suide to pick up Xu Teli and return to Yan'an to do his birthday.
According to the "
Warm life
Traditionally, the day before Xu Lao's birthday, Mao Zedong and Zhu De and other central comrades came to the cave where Xu Teli lived and congratulated him.
On the birthday of the birthday, Yan'an held a warm celebration meeting, and the responsible persons of various border regions also sent telegrams of congratulations.
At the meeting, Zhu De also read out a passionate letter drafted and approved by Mao Zedong himself and written to Xu Teli in the name of the Party Central Committee.
The congress has come to an end, the main leaders of the Central Committee,
Liu Shaoqi
，
Zhou Enlai
Peng Dehuai
, all are Xu Teli inscriptions. Mao Zedong's inscription is a lofty evaluation of the teacher's glorious life:
"Strong old warrior."
On October 1, 1949, New China was announced to be born on the tower of Tiananmen Square. In March of that year, after attending the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee held in Xibaipo, Xu Teli entered Zhongnanhai with the Central Committee and continued to serve as the central propagandist
division
The post of Deputy Minister.
At the beginning of the founding of New China, Mao Zedong was entangled in many government affairs, but he still did not forget his decades-old teacher-student relationship with Xu Teli.
Once Mao Zedong invited Xu Teli to his home for dinner, and specially prepared several Hunan dishes:
A bowl of bamboo shoots, a plate of green peppers.
Mao Zedong said apologetically to Xu Teli:
"Elder Xu, please come here, there are no good dishes to entertain you."
Elder Xu smiled and said:
"People are good, and the water is sweet!"
Before going to the table, Xu Teli said modestly to Mao Zedong:
"You are the president of the people of the country and should be seated."
Mao Zedong immediately said:
"'One day as a teacher, lifelong as a father', this is an old Chinese saying, I am the chairman, you are the chairman's teacher, you should be seated!"
Mao Zedong forced Elder Xu to sit on the table.
Between the talks, Mao Zedong asked Xu Teli to talk about his views on the general plan of governing the country. The two talked a lot. The two sides agreed: In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, some comrades already had the pride of the victory of the revolution. Some people are greedy for pleasure, there are signs of corruption and degeneration, and we must be vigilant against capital in the party."
Sugar-coated shells
He also put it not so long ago in
Wu Yuzhang
A few sentences from a poem written on his 70th birthday were read to Mao Zedong:
"The future is arduous, and the infrastructure is under construction. Fortunately, don't be optimistic, success is in the conscientious. ”
After Mao Zedong listened, he nodded his head and said yes, and the beat was applauded.
Mao Zedong saw that Xu Teli was still dressed as simple as before, and remembered that Xu Old's two sons had sacrificed for the revolutionary cause, so he took off his tweed coat and gave it to Xu Teli to show the heart of the son of man.
Xu Teli took the clothes in his hand and was excited. Mao Zedong was the leader of the people, but he was also a very humane person.
When Hu Zongnan's army attacked northern Shaanxi, Mao Zedong asked Xu Teli to evacuate Yan'an first for the safety of Xu Teli.
When he left, Mao Zedong personally went to send him. When he found that Xu Teli did not have a hot water bottle, he gave him the only two he had.
When Xu Teli thought about this, he couldn't help but burst into tears, he spent his whole life fighting for the country and the people and for the education of the whole nation. He thought that his greatest success was the privilege of teaching Mao Zedong!
When parting, Mao Zedong took his hand, and the two walked out of Fengze Garden shoulder to shoulder, and Mao Zedong sent Xu Teli one ride after another before reluctantly leaving.
After Xu Teli returned home, he also collected the coat given by Mao Zedong well, and only on very solemn occasions would Xu Teli take out the tweed coat that Mao Zedong had given him and wear it.
In 1968, Xu Teli, an old revolutionary and educator, died in Beijing at the age of 91 with many worries and his boundless concern for the unfinished business.
Xu Teli was Mao Zedong's teacher and Chinese's teacher. He once taught Mao Zedong to aspire and be virtuous, and he also made thousands of ordinary Chinese know how to read, read and write, and took it off."
illiterate
"Hat.
Elder Xu has made outstanding contributions to the cause of the Chinese revolution and dedicated his life to the cause of education he loves!
CAO Ying (
yīng
There have been poems praising:
"Moral articles are immortal, and they can be called the end of the revolution."
I would like to use this document to Give This Literature to Comrade Xu Teli, this prosperous world, as you wish!