Review
In the long historical development, human beings have created many mysterious creations, and even in the backward stage of civilization in ancient human society, they have built what shocks us today
"Miracle"
。
The most famous in the world is Egypt
pyramid
finish. These man-made, huge and mysterious tower-like mausoleums, dating back more than 4,000 years, existed in the Third to Sixth Dynasties of Ancient Egypt, usually by the rulers—
Pharaoh's home after his death.
In fact, before, egyptians used rectangular tombs, no matter what status, what status, after death will be buried in it.
Later, when a young man was designing a tomb for the pharaoh, he suddenly came up with the style of the pyramid, discarded the material of the previous mud brick, used stone, and finally built the prototype of the pyramid -
A six-step trapezoidal tower
Egyptian pyramids
Later, the Egyptians saw the pyramids as being able to fly after death."
Ladder
So the trapezoidal pyramid was built into a corner cone, and at the same time expressed the respect and admiration for the sun god.
To modern people, however, these pyramids are undoubtedly incomprehensible buildings — it's
The design is bold and fantastic
The stones of the tower are only stacked on top of each other, without any cement or other things glued together, but under great pressure, a triangular entrance is opened, and this is actually a structure designed by the ancients.
At the same time world famous
Pyramid of Khufu
It is more than 100 meters high and has a tower
2.3 million stones
Each stone comes down on average
2.5 tons
, even the largest stones have
160 tons
Amazing weight.
However, in Egypt at that time, people did not have the current train to transport stones, nor did they have cranes to lift stones, how did the Egyptians use human power to transport these amazing weight stones? No wonder some people call it
The product of an alien civilization
finish
In addition to the pyramids, there are also a lot of breathtaking antiquities, and there are also world-famous ancient ruins in China, such as
The Great Wall, Terracotta Warriors
Wait, and what we know today is Sichuan
Samsung Pile
Samsung Pile
The sanxingdui ancient ruins are now away
5000 to 3000 years
This is not only a treasure trove of excavated cultural relics, but also a treasure trove with many ancient cultural relics
Huge group of ruins
It plays a very important role in the study of the countries within the ancient Shu land.
Sanxingdui ancient ruins group
The Sanxingdui ruins are relatively well preserved
The walls of the ancient city
According to these utensils, archaeologists have found that they are widely distributed in Sichuan, have distinct local cultural characteristics, are different from other cultures, and are self-contained, so they name these special cultures
"Sanxingdui Culture"
Through the archaeological research of Sanxingdui, archaeologists have also realized that the Sanxingdui culture is a splendid and wonderful ancient civilization that has it
Buildings, cities, bronzes, writing and etiquette
Like the Yellow River civilization, it is the main constituent element of Chinese civilization that develops and grows on the two mother rivers, and is known as yes
"The Source of Yangtze River Civilization"
, is also considered to be
One of the greatest archaeological discoveries of mankind since the 20th century
Sanxingdui culture
The Sanxingdui culture was not produced in isolation, and it is generally believed by scholars to be of origin
Xia culture or Shang culture
The influence spread from the Central Plains to the Chengdu Plain, but although it was affected, the Sanxingdui culture had a unique style and characteristics that were different from the Central Plains. For example, in the Sanxingdui culture
Bronze manufacturing technology
This may be the result of the integration with the cultural exchanges of the Central Plains at that time.
First discovery
In 1929, a farmer in Guanghan, Sichuan Province, stumbled upon one while digging a ditch in the water
Pits piled high with jade tools
This is the first discovery of Sanxingdui. After the news spread, a British missionary came here in 1931, found the local garrison to protect and investigate the treasures, and handed over some of the artifacts found
West China University Museum.
Therefore, the curator and assistant of this museum are in
An archaeological team was formed in 1934
Rushed to the place where the jade was found to excavate, and dug out a lot of valuable cultural relics.
Three-star pile jade
However, because China was suffering from war at that time, the excavation of the Sanxingdui site was stopped. It was not until after the founding of new China that the archaeological work of Sanxingdui continued, and archaeologists at that time did not expect the scale of Sanxingdui to be so large that they only regarded the two sites found in the south and the north as separate sites.
Wait until
In 1963
, as the archaeological team excavated deeper and deeper again, more and more dense sites appeared,
The basic framework of the Sanxingdui site has been roughly revealed.
After the 1980s, archaeologists began to grow up
20 years
Large-scale excavations of the Sanxingdui site were unearthed
Tens of thousands of precious specimens and ancient architectural remains
At the same time, it is pointed out that these are another ancient culture that is different from other archaeological cultures.
Sanxingdui cultural relics
Why was it excavated again after 34 years?
In March 2021, archaeologists made a new discovery from the Sanxingdui site
6 sacrificial pits,
And excavated in it for example
Fragments of golden masks, giant bronze masks, bronze sacred trees
wait
More than 500 pieces
Precious artifacts, by September, these 6 pits have been excavated
Nearly 10,000 cultural relics
, and even found in many pits
ivory
There are also many new discoveries at the national treasure level.
Some therefore believe that this is the time after the 80s of the last century
34 years
Archaeologists have re-excavated the Sanxingdui site.
In fact, archaeologists have been carrying out smaller excavations at Sanxingdui over the years, and have never stopped studying Sanxingdui, but because there are fewer cultural relics unearthed, they have not attracted the attention of the public.
Sanxingdui archaeological site
1989 to 1995
At that time, the staff excavated the perimeter of Sanxingdui and delineated the ancient city of Sanxingdui. at
From 2012 to 2015
During this time, archaeologists have also been busy, and found the large ones in the Sanxingdui site
The base site of the house
There are even several sections of the city wall that have survived.
So why did we suddenly speed up the process in 2021 and unearth a large number of cultural relics from the Sanxingdui site?
The station master of the Sanxingdui Ruins Workstation said that one is because
The areas of Pit No. 1 and No. 2 in the Sanxingdui site have been protected accordingly
In the past, its excavations were forced rescue excavations, usually for the emergency measures to protect cultural relics, and with protection, the Sanxingdui site can also be actively excavated.
Pit 3 artifacts
The second reason is that after 1986, archaeologists need to do a lot, not just
restoration of cultural relics,
Also digest the data from the excavations from Sanxingdui, and
Organize into a report
wait. The excavation of cultural relics is not very simple, not as simple as what we have seen in some of the "tomb robbery novels", digging a hole, bringing a black donkey hoof and a Luoyang shovel, and beating away the zombies and carrying the funerary goods into the backpack.
Archaeologists are extremely cautious about the excavation of cultural relics, if anyone has seen the video of cultural relics excavation, they can find that a Sanxingdui bronze is a board hanging by a machine, a certain distance from the bottom of the pit, using a brush and a small shovel to clean up little by little. They dig into these cultures, and the first principle is that
The original appearance of the artifacts cannot be destroyed, so the movement is very careful.
In the absence of protective measures, large-scale excavations of the Sanxingdui site, although there may be many treasures, but
It is highly likely that serious damage will be caused to more artifacts.
2021 Sanxingdui "hanging" archaeology
Long before
Guo Moruo
Presiding over the excavation of the Dingling Tomb by the archaeological team, it is because of the lack of protection that a large number of cultural relics cannot come to us, which has also become a regret for our country, and since then the country has been
The excavation of imperial tombs was explicitly prohibited
It is precisely for the protection of these cultural relics.
The 2021 excavation of sanxingdui is also on the basis that China's archaeological research and protection technology has reached the international leading level, and is a project jointly organized and implemented by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage and Sichuan Province.
The mystery of Sanxingdui
Since the Sanxingdui site began to be excavated in the 30s of the last century, archaeologists have only excavated two-thousandths of its total area, and with the national restart of the Sanxingdui excavation plan in 2021, more strange and mysterious cultural relics have appeared in front of people, making people "dig more and more ignorant". For the Sanxingdui site, we still have many questions that have not been answered, and here are only three more famous doubts.
Square cabin technology archaeology
origin
The Sanxingdui site may be as far away as the present is possible depending on the study
5000 years
History, and where exactly did sanxingdui culture originate,
There is still no accurate answer
Although archaeologists believe that the Sanxingdui culture was influenced by the Central Plains culture at that time, the bronze statues, animals and other cultural relics excavated in the area indicate that the style type that has nothing to do with the Central Plains bronzes, and even the Central Plains culture does not appear in the site
Oracle
It is even more curious about the origin of Sanxingdui culture.
Most of the bronzes unearthed from Sanxingdui are
Sacrificial supplies
thereinto
Sun wheels, symbols and motifs of the golden scepter, and eerie shapes on bronzes
etc., all with
Ancient Egyptian culture, Mayan culture
etc. have very similar characteristics, are they related to each other?
Sanxingdui station manager Chen De'an said, "Sanxingdui culture either comes from other continents or is a hybrid civilization. ”
The excavated cultural relics are basically sacrificial items
Bronze statue
Perhaps the most famous of the Three Star Piles is
These bronze statues are very strange, carved with large eyes and mouths, the bridge of the nose is very high, the eyebrows are very thick, even the pupils in the eyes are protruding, the cheekbones are also quite high, and there are perforated wide ears. Some people think that this is not the typical Oriental look, probably
westerner
Sanxingdui No. 2 sacrifice pit was excavated
Type B bronze longitudinal mask
The shape is exaggerated and wonderful, the eyes are columnar, protruding a long length to the outside, and the yi ancient books have recorded and described the longitudinal people, and just happen to find the corresponding confirmation on the bronze longitudinal mask, so some people think that the bronze statue is
The ancient Yi people
Bronze longitudinal mask
technology
Most of the excavations from Sanxingdui are bronzes, but none of these bronzes are found
zinc
The existence of people who have studied chemistry knows that when creating bronze products, zinc and lead are usually together, but how did they separate the zinc and lead in bronze?
And according to archaeologists, humans were exactly what they were around 5,000 to 3,000 years ago
The end of the Neolithic period
And then metallurgical technology began to appear, and did not get much progress until
1600 BC
During the Shang Dynasty, it slowly became mature.
The Sanxingdui culture was precisely when metallurgical technology was not so developed, but it had countless exquisite bronze products. moreover
Bronze melts and solidifies very quickly
If you want to build a bronze tree, when the liquid bronze water is poured into the mold, it is too late to reach the branches from the trunk, it will quickly solidify, and it is impossible to complete a tall bronze sacred tree, let alone the delicate and delicate divine bird on the shoots.
Sanxingdui bronze tree
Some believe they joined in copper water
phosphorus
, can slow down the solidification rate of bronze, but also more delicate. But actually phosphorus is there
It was only discovered by a German merchant in 1669
And if you want to refine phosphorus, you have to use it
More high-calorie coal acts as fuel
The technology of the Sanxingdui civilization at that time
It is not suitable for the development of coal resources
So far, no one knows how they obtained phosphorus and added bronze smelting, and even some netizens believe that the forging technology they showed cannot be explained by scientific principles, and the technique is far ahead of the times.
significance
It is so-called: sleeping for three thousand years, waking up to shock the world.
This is the Three Star Pile. The study of Sanxingdui not only shows people the wonderful and diverse ancient historical development of ancient Shu, but also proves that the formation and development of Chinese culture is diverse and integrated, which makes people understand the origin of Chinese culture
It is no longer limited to the Yellow River Basin.
Sanxingdui multicultural
At the same time, with the study of the Sanxingdui site, archaeologists have discovered the Sanxingdui "kingdom"
Kingship and theocracy
Co-existence, especially
Worship the sun
A large number of sacrificial utensils also show the means by which the rulers of the time relied on sacrifices to maintain social stability, indicating the time
The Sanxingdui civilization has formed an early state
。 All of these are extremely important in the study of early human development in China.
epilogue
From ancient times to the present, the world's countless ancient civilizations have only left China alone, other cultures have been interrupted due to the disappearance or extinction, only Chinese culture has been developed for thousands of years, which is the pride of the Chinese nation, which is even more illustrated
The strong vitality and willpower of the Chinese nation.
Chinese civilization has a long history
The study of the Sanxingdui site has added diversity to Chinese culture, and has filled the gap in the development of other splendid cultures on Chinese soil other than the ancient Xia and Shang dynasties.
This also proves
Chinese civilization is a civilization of multiple origins
And since a long time ago, it has been harmoniously communicating and integrating with other cultures, so that we have the peaceful development of 56 nationalities today.