The Mongols once played an important historical role in the history of the world. They conquered all eurasia except Western Europe, and had a huge influence on both Eastern and Western civilizations. The rapid rise of the Mongols and the vastness of their conquests were comparable to those of no other people in ancient history. So how did the Mongols come about? How did you occupy the desert plateau?
The origin of the Mongols is multi-source, which can be said to be the product of the great integration of the northern ethnic groups. During the Tang Dynasty, the two major ethnic groups of Turks and Tiele (including Hui) were distributed in the north of the desert, and the Khitan, Xi, Murongwei, And Jing were distributed in the northeast. And these ethnic groups and Mongols have great roots.
In 843, the mighty Uighur Khaganate collapsed, and a power vacuum emerged on the desert plateau. As a result, the major ethnic groups living in the northeast have migrated to the desert, of which Murong Wei and Jing Wei are the two major ethnic groups that have to be said. Murong Wei, belonging to the Northeast Eastern Hu ethnic group, is of the same origin as the Xianbei and Khitans, and lives in the Daxing'anling area, making a living from fishing and hunting.
According to linguistic research, the Donghu peoples are the main source of the Mongols, and there are commonalities between Xianbei and Mongolian. During the Tang Dynasty, one of the tribes of Murwei was the Mongol Murwei, which was the main source of the Mongols.
After the fall of the Uighur Khaganate, Murong Wei crossed the Daxing'an Mountains and migrated to the Hulunbuir Grassland, where its economy changed from fishing and hunting to nomadic herding, and learned to smelt iron, gradually developing and growing. The map of the Khitan Chronicles shows the Mongol Mountains, which are located in the northern part of the Daxing'an Mountains, and the Mongol tribes live near the Mongolian Mountains. Historically, most of the Eastern Hu peoples used the mountain as a name, for example, after the Xiongnu broke the Eastern Hu, the Xianbei tribe retreated to the Xianbei Mountain, and the Wuhuan who retreated to the Wuhuan Mountain. It seems that this is the tradition of Donghu.
The early Mongols also lived in the Daxing'an Mountains to escape the slaughter of The Turkic tribes. According to the Persian "Historical Records", in ancient times, there was a war between the Mongols and the Turks, the Mongols were defeated, the Turks massacred the Mongols, and finally only two people were left, and they fled to the forest in the mountains to survive. The "Historical Records" also records that the Mongols later invented the blower box, learned the technology of ironmaking, and finally went out of the mountains and began to migrate to the steppe.
Mongolian legends are similarly documented. It is said that the Mongols had two ancestors who lived in the forests of the Erguna River, namely Pinchus and Beggar, who intermarried with each other. One of their descendants was a man named Boer Tichina, which means wolf. Thera's wife was Huemaranle (meaning white deer), and together they migrated to the upper reaches of the Onnen River.
The above legends reflect the history of the westward migration of the Mongols.
During the Liao-Jin dynasty, the Mongol tribes continued to move westward, while constantly annexing other tribes. According to the Secret History of the Mongols, the first large tribe annexed by the Mongols was the Zarayir. The tribe was a branch of the Tuoba army, defeated by the Liao army, and its remnants were incorporated into the Mongols.
Tatar, the Liao state is also called Tuoba Bu, and the Jin state is called Tatar. According to Song Bai in the early Northern Song Dynasty, "
Tatars, the northeastern yi, the part of the Gaijing. After Zhenyuan and Yuanhe, Xi and Khitan gradually flourished, mostly for raids, and the people were scattered, or they surrendered to the Khitan or depended on the Bohai Sea, and gradually migrated to the Yin Mountains.
"Ouyang Xiu's "Records of the Five Dynasties" also records"
Tartar, the relic of the Tartar
”。 It can be seen that the Tatars are the tatars who migrated west to the desert, and they are of the same origin as the Jurchens.
After establishing the Liao state, Apaoji conquered the Tatar departments, and later set up the Northwest Recruitment Division, established the city of Kedun, and garrisoned 20,000 elite troops. The northwest recruited sizhen to guard not only the Tatars, but also the Uighurs, Turks and other ethnic groups. In the Jin Dynasty, the control of the desert weakened, and the various departments of the desert took advantage of the opportunity to develop, and gradually developed several powerful tribes.
Among them, the Wanggubu, the Keliebu, the Naimanbu, the Huiyilaibu, and the Qi'erqibu are all Turkic tribes, including the two major ethnic groups of Turks and Uighurs, but it is difficult to distinguish between Turks and Uighurs. The Tatars are the eastern branch of the Tatars, distributed around Hulunbuir. By the late Jin Dynasty, the Tatars had begun to rebel against the Jin Dynasty. The forest people that the Mongols later conquered, located in the area of Lake Baikal, originally belonged to the Tiele people.
In the late 12th and early 13th centuries, the Mongols, led by Temujin, continued to annex other tribes, eventually unifying Northern Mobei in 1206. In the process of the rise of the Mongols, a large number of Khitan people also poured into the desert. The Jin Dynasty carried out a more brutal oppression and exploitation of the Khitan people, who either looked to the Western Liao, gathered a crowd to revolt, or fled their homeland. After the rise of the Mongols, a large number of Khitans defected to Temujin, and brought advanced culture, institutions and production techniques to the Mongols, accelerating the rise of the Mongols.
After the unification of the desert by Mongolia, all the tribes in the desert claimed to be Mongols, and Mongolia officially developed from tribes to ethnic groups. The Mongols have integrated the northern Tribes of Murwei, Tatars(Tatars), Uighurs, Turks, Khitans and other tribes, which can be said to be the product of the great integration of the northern ethnic groups, and also the collection of the integration of the northern ethnic groups. The Mongols also absorbed the Uighur alphabet and formulated the Mongolian language to be widely promoted in the desert, making the Mongols a relatively stable ethnic group.
Before the emergence of mongolia, there were powerful nomadic peoples such as Huns, Turks, and Uighurs in the north of the desert, but their peoples disappeared into the long river of history after the collapse of the khanate, and only the later Mongols could be stabilized until now, and have a history of nearly a thousand years. Today, the desert north has been changed to the Mongolian plateau. Of course, to put it another way: the Xiongnu, Turks, etc. have not disappeared, they just changed their names, and they have a relationship with the Mongols.