Qiao Shining (1503-1563), also known as Jingshu, was a native of Xiaoqiu Village (now Xiaoqiu Town) in Xiangpoli, Mingyao Prefecture. When he was young, he studied at Sanshi Mountain (present-day Daxiangshan, Yaozhou) and called himself a Sanshishan native. In the fourth year of Jiajing (1525), Shaanxi Township tried to solve the problem of ethyl unitary family (that is, the first place in Shaanxi). In the seventeenth year (1538), the eight jinshi of the second class of the high school Pengshu Branch, that is, the eighth in the country, was the highest ranking among the Yaozhou literati in the Ming and Qing dynasties. He was initially appointed as the chief of the Guangxi Department of the Household Department of Nanjing, and successively served as a Fujian secretary Wailang, Guizhou Silangzhong, and Sichuan Youshi, and was a tired official to henan to participate in politics and Sichuan to be an envoy. Because of his serious handling of affairs, rewarding good and punishing evil, and distinguishing between right and wrong, he was promoted to inspector of Huguang, and the people of YaoXian County still call him Qiao Xuetai, which refers to this position. Throughout his life, Qiao Shining was a fair and honest official, did not favor favoritism, and did many good deeds to facilitate the people and crack down on the evil and adulterous businessmen. Later, he returned to his hometown with Ding Worry, immersed himself in literature and history, wrote books and said, and finally grew old at home.
When Qiao Shining was young, he was bright and studious, and he read poetry books diligently, especially poetry. When he was supervising Shaanxi, he Jingming (Zhongmo), a scholar, inspected Shi Ning's studies and praised him as "a peerless soldier in the country". He also taught Shi Ning the method of writing poetry personally, often "talking about the day that must be moved" ("Jing Zhiju Poetry"). Yu Shi Ningwen thought of great progress, the mood is not bad, so he used poetry to xiong Guanzhong.
Qiao Shining was not only a clean and honest official, but also a capable official, but also a scholar with thousands of volumes and rich works. For 15 years as an official, he did not eat heavily, did not leave the cloth clothes, and was intoxicated with poetry and writing. He is the author of the nineteen-volume poem "Qiu Yu Collection", and the "Ming Shi Yiwen Zhi", "Guanzhong Li Dynasty Wen Scribe", and "Wanyou Library" all record Qiao Shining's poetic works. In the "Hundred Poems of Sheng Ming", it is commented: "Jing Shu's poems are pushed heavy, above Kang Xiangshan and Wang Meipi".
Qiao Shining's father, Qiao Zhongjie, was enfeoffed with the title of Chengde Lang and the head of the household department because of The Name of Shi Ning. In his life, he was happy and charitable, and in the year of the famine, he donated hundreds of gold and more than 600 stones of grain and rice to help the disaster victims and the poor people, so that thousands of people could live, and he carved Sun Simiao's "Thousand Golden Fangs" to help the world. Influenced by this family style, it is not surprising that Qiao Shining has paid attention to people's livelihood and cared for the people all his life. Qiao Shining's two sons were studious. The eldest son, Qiao Yinfu, was a jinshi of Longqing Pengchenke (1568) and an official to the Nanjing Tongzheng envoy and Zhejiang governor of Zhejiang. When he was the inspector of Zhejiang, he adhered to the legacy of his father's xiuzhi and supervised the completion of the Wanli "Hangzhou Fuzhi". The style and scale of the zhi are more than the previous generation of several zhishu, and it is the most important Fang Zhi in the history of Hangzhou. The second son, Qiao Yinyu (乔 Inyu), was a jinshi of the Ming Dynasty (1580) and an official who was directly subordinate to the prefect of Guangping. Both brothers were officials and honest officials, had the style of their fathers, and had poems passed down from generation to generation, and Qiao Yinfu wrote the "Collection of Yuanzhitang". In front of the tomb of the Qiao family, there was originally a stone square (destroyed), and its forehead was "Three Dynasties Jiadi" on one side and "Two Dynasties Wenzong" on the other side, which is a true portrayal of the prestige of the Qiao family and the status of the father and son in the literary circle.
Qiao Shining's greatest contribution to his hometown was that he compiled a "Yaozhou Zhi", referred to as "Qiao Zhi", which is the second state chronicle in the history of Yaozhou, which was selected into the "Four Libraries, History Department and Geography Category" during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, and was known as one of the eight famous records of Shaanxi in the Ming Dynasty. The book consists of ten zhi and twelve volumes, covering the three districts and counties of present-day Yaozhou District (Yao County), Fuping, and Tongchuan (Tongguan), comprehensively recording the local historical materials of more than 2,000 years before Ming Jiajing, and standing with the three zhi of "Wugong Zhi" and "Chaoyi Zhi", which are famous in the Three Qins. The content of the journal runs through ancient and modern times, encompasses eight directions, has a complete style, is rigorous and orderly, is concise and verified, and the text is elegant and correct, and it is worthy of the reputation of the famous zhi. The Qing Dynasty scholar Wang Yuyang commented: "As you have heard, the former Ming Commandery Yi Zhi Zhi is nothing less than Chongdong, and the wen jian shi nucleus, the precepts are elegant, no such as Kang to Shan Zhi Wu Gong, other Ruo Wang Mei Pi Zhi Yi, Lü Jing Ye Zhi Gao Ling, Han Wuquan Zhi ChaoYi, Qiao Shan Shi Zhi Yao Zhou ... , its land rate Qin land, its people rate Qin people also." Therefore, yu yu is said to be the former Ming County's Zhi Zhi No Healing Qin. (The preface to the Wugong County Chronicle is accompanied by comments from various families)
Today, from the perspective of the content, style, and use of words in "Qiao Zhi", there are indeed many advantages and characteristics that are worth emulating.
The first is to seek truth from facts, abide by historical laws, and not blindly follow or be superstitious. The old zhi generally has the "hoshino" eye, that is, the geographical location of the local realm corresponding to the stars in the sky. The Qing Dynasty Fang Zhi scholar Zhang Xuecheng also did not jump out of this historical limitation, criticizing Han Wuquan's "Chaoyi Zhi" for not listing "Xingye" at a glance. The "Qiao Zhi" does not list "Hoshino", and clearly expounds the reason for not listing "Hoshino" in ordinary cases: "Hoshino was ancient with the theory of the state, covering the land far away, and the two counties of the present-day Zhi Prefecture are small and not written. Qiao Shining was more than two hundred years earlier than Zhang Xuecheng, and his insight had surpassed That of Zhang Shi, and he was not confused by the trend of the style he adhered to, but sought truth from facts and scientifically set up the style of "Yaozhou Zhi". For another example, "Qiao Zhi" adheres to the traditional rules of history and law that "life does not stand up", believing that "the survivors of the characters do not record their actions, and the things are determined after the death of the gentleman." ”
The second is to remove the false and store the truth, and to pass on the letter in doubt. "Zhi belongs to the messenger", "Qiao Zhi" always follows this principle. In order to review the facts and distinguish between correct and wrong, Qiao Shining audited various groups of nationalities, examined in many ways, personally inspected, and obtained first-hand information. For example, it clarifies the mistake of the "Chang'an Zhi" in recording the Stork Valley as a tumen. According to the golden mountain, it is rumored that the mountain has light, and after the rain, the people are dressed like gold, and Yu has tried again and again. Ji Tai Xuan Cave: "The cave stone has chisel marks, not a natural one." The fact that the legend of the "dragon piercing the hole" is denied. In addition, he did not make his own opinions and draw conclusions about what was unclear at that time, but held a skeptical scientific attitude. Taking "Cangjie Tomb" as an example, the Lead DanLu said: "There are several places in the Cangjie Tomb "Fang Yu Sheng", which is based on the Guanzhong Zuo Feng Yi Yaozhou. However, the "Qiao Zhi" records that "his suspects are known as CangjieZuka", indicating that Qiao Shining's spirit of governance is rigorous and not easily blind to the conclusions of his predecessors and other books.
Third, "Qiao Zhi" has the outstanding characteristic of obvious people's nature. Although Qiao Shining's xiuzhi was a personal work, published in the name of the government, it was bound to be bound by the official concepts of the time, and it was also limited by many factors such as regions, times, and traditional ideas. However, judging from the choice of materials in "Qiao Zhi" and his own extensive narrative and commentary, he dared to speak out and praise the main officials in power of the Ming Dynasty, or praise their merits, or debase their greed, without concealing his curvature and scrupulously avoiding it. Through the records of the greed, honesty, promotion, demotion, and retention of some officials in Yaozhou in the Ming Dynasty, it fully reflects the darkness, corruption, and hardships of the ming dynasty's officialdom and the hardships and hardships of the people's lives. "Qiao Zhi" contains: The Turbid Valley River is in the west of Chencun Ridge, the Jiangu River is in the east of Lingdong, the ridge is narrow, and the number three steps are narrow. The Turbid Valley River flows into the Sanyuan Irrigation Field, and the Jiangu River flows south through Chen Village to Fuping, and the land it passes through is high and difficult to cultivate, and the rate is based on the river water. At the beginning of Jiajing, the Sanyuan people wanted to penetrate the Chen Cunling, divert the water from the valley into the turbid valley, and drain the bottom of the Yiduo building and the fields below. Since the matter was examined by the officials of the Yushi Lower Prefecture, all the people who drank the river were worried about their own affairs, and the officials of the prefecture were in a hurry, and the pedestrians were in a hurry, and Chen Wei of Zhizhou protested: "Is the irrigation field and the people's lives urgent? If you open more caves, I am afraid that I will collapse and cut off people's walks, so why not? And the power of mountains and rivers, the nature of heaven and earth, there are those who divert water from the mountains to benefit! "It's over. For a while, there were folk songs and carved stone instruments under the door. In such an account by Qiao Gong, Chen Gong's urgent words of concern for the people and the people's lives jumped on the paper. This is the virtue of Chen Gong, and it is also the virtue of Qiao Gong. In light of the current people-oriented scientific concept of development, is history not a mirror in connection with the behavior of some officials who only look at the eyes of their superiors and act in disregard of the interests of the people?
The fourth is to remember its phenomenon and investigate its essence. The old zhi discussed things on the basis of facts, only remembered the phenomenon, and did not seek the essence, but the "Qiao Zhi" did not fall into the old cliché, not only remembering its "natural", but also seeking its "so natural", leaving valuable historical information for future generations. Take the ancient local poverty phenomenon recorded in Yao County as an example. The "Qiao Zhi" makes a truthful account of the territory, property, market, land endowment, canal, customs, and poor fortunes. For example: "The state is only northwestern, the land is mountainous, and the harvest is poor, so the map book is one of four, and the more material resources are tithes." "The first cause of poverty is pointed out in terms of natural conditions." Nowadays, the people of Yaozhou specialize in weaving, do not weave and spin, do not practice merchants, and are poor because of their origins; those who produce no specialities... Fruit and vegetable categories are particularly small, only paid carbon work... No rice, no goose and duck; rice prices are several times higher than elsewhere, and there is no store of groceries in all directions. "Clarified that single production is the second cause of poverty." Yaozhou Canal is next to lacquer and depression, ruojian valley, qinggu valley, bath valley, with the river narrow field, so there is no canal. However, there are also fields near the river, commonly known as river bay land, this place is the easiest paddy field, take care of tipping and lose big profits, why not? It is difficult for the so-called worriers to be with. "The failure to never repair water conservancy points to a third cause of poverty." Succeeding the husband, he prefecture county rate use county set up Li Jia, Yao Zhou to Li Jia less, is and The state of Yan Zhou Ding three draw one use, this set no time to rest also. Also, "Coal and porcelain are the same official property, but the common rate is taken from Yaozhou." Yaozhou from the same official to the three original, the three original alone do not lose with the transfer, suffering so come for a long time! "Pointing out that heavy taxes and labor are the fourth causes of poverty. The four aspects of poor natural conditions, many mountainous areas, poor products, a single industrial structure, poor water conservancy, and heavy enlistment have indeed grasped the main cause of poverty in Yaozhou and pointed out the direction of reform and revitalization for those who will rule Yaozhou in the future.
Fifth, "Qiao Zhi" has distinct local characteristics. The Tang Dynasty physician Sun Simiao and his hermit wutai mountain (now Yaowang mountain) are famous mountains throughout the country and the biggest highlight of Yaozhou. In order to fully display the local characteristics of this Yao County, "Qiao Zhi" did not introduce Sun Simiao as a biography of the characters and wutai mountain as a brief introduction to one of the mountains and rivers according to the convention, but instead upgraded the "Wutai Mountain" to a special zhi, appended to zhiwei, divided into dojos, palace views, historical sites, real practices, medical theories, writings, poems, inkblots, successive dynasties, apologetics, steles, etc. In the "Character History", Sun Simiao was the most intense, the longest, and detailed description of his life, that is, medical theories, works, etc., for "Qiao Zhi". Adds a vivid local color. The method of "upgrading" commonly used in the "Yaoxian Zhi" published in 1997 was actually used by the ancients, and "Qiao Zhi" is an excellent example.
Sixth, "Qiao Zhi" comments on things objectively and fairly, just as Zhang Mengxun said in the preface: there is no exaggeration, plagiarism is beautiful, and it is far from the true words. The people of this country who cultivate local history books have a special mood of praise for their hometown, and the hearts of ancient and modern people are one mile. However, when Qiao Shining narrated every specific thing, he did not exaggerate his words because of his hometown's "adding color and sticking gold", and always adhered to the rational attitude of scholars who are realistic and objective. For example, in the "Yaozhou Zhi WutaiShan Chronicle", the first article is "Ode to The True Man of Tang Taizong", and after the hymn, it is pointed out that "after the yanzong wall was carved, the later stele was broken, and the Yuan Daoist Li Jidao supplemented the carving." A special note was added: "Neither the old and new Tang Shu Si Miao Biography contains Taizong as an ode, and the ode is not similar to Tang Taizong's words, and the suspected Taoist pseudo-author." Many scholars of later generations have made research based on many factors such as the evolution of the stele and the content of the hymn, proving that Qiao Gong's judgment is accurate. But today, in a large number of official propaganda, this is ignored, but it is vigorously exaggerated with "Tang Taizong" as a signboard to expand the effect of recruitment. In recent years, this phenomenon can be said to be everywhere. For the sake of the immediate political and economic interests and sensational effects, we have robbed celebrities everywhere, fought for places, made up legends, built ruins, and "new theories" have emerged one after another. As long as you grasp the words and nouns that are on the edges, regardless of living facts and historical facts, let alone go through "painstaking research", you will go around publicizing them. It has become a typical reflection of contemporary people's eagerness for quick success and impetuousness.
Compared with the sages of four hundred years ago, reading their texts and tasting their people, there are indeed many places worthy of our reflection and reflection. Especially as a historian, there are more places worthy of our emulation and learning.
Reading through "Qiao Zhi", the guiding ideology of "showing the past, publicizing humanities" and "seeking truth from facts" runs through the whole zhi, whether it is the selection of materials, the recording of people, and the discussion of events, they all take this as the criterion for choosing, do not praise and disparage personal likes and dislikes, do not add or delete secular utilitarian interests, always focus on the progress of social history, people-oriented, and embody the author's firm view of historical materialism and rigorous literary writing style. The words "Zhang" and "Xuan" of Sanshi Gong are deeply intentional, not only passively and objectively reflecting the existence of history, but focusing on "propaganda" and actively guiding and expressing my own insights and judgments. Reading each paragraph of "Qiao Shining", the author's targeted comments always make us feel the great feelings of Mr. Worried about the country and the people, that is, a heart that pays attention to the people's livelihood and society, a heart that will always beat with the pulse of history, and will always be remembered by future generations.