Read the Analects once a year (2022.18)

Ten lectures in the Analects

Comment on each passage of the original book, and give each quotation cluster class;

The large categories were sorted according to certain rules, so there was a new Analects.

The fifth lecture is benevolence and wisdom

"Benevolent" and "wise" are two types of people, but Confucius liked to put these two types of people together.

The benevolent person is not necessarily wise, unless it is a true benevolent person;

A wise person does not necessarily have benevolence, unless he is a great wise man.

【Chongde】【Discernment】

12.10 Zi Zhang asks chongde and discernment. Zi Yue: "The Lord is faithful, righteous, and revered." Love wants to live, and the evil one wants to die. To desire both his life and his death is confusion. 'Sincerity is not rich, nor is it different.' ’”

9.25 The Son says, "The Lord is faithful, and he who is not as good as his own friend, and he who has passed away should not be afraid to change." ”〗

"Virtue" is the way to go and to gain the heart. Reverence for virtue is to respect virtue, that is, to respect virtue, to be virtuous, and to seek virtue.

"Confusion" is the confusion of the mind. To discern is to discern what is unclear, to see clearly, to think clearly.

Zi Zhang asked these two questions, and Confucius answered them separately.

Lord Faithfulness: Faithfulness is in one's own heart. Take "loyalty" and "integrity" as the main adherence and main purpose, rather than competing for fame and fortune outside the body.

Migration: Hearing righteousness, migrating one's own will to follow it, and "moving good" to the clouds.

Migration, the meaning of closer togetherness, and the "restoration" of self-denial and restoration, and the "return" of the world's guiren, mean the same and interchangeable.

The faithfulness of the Lord is the original, and the migration of righteousness is the day-to-day progress, which is the party of reverence.

Man's confusion comes mainly from the likes and dislikes of his heart. Therefore, it is especially important to discern the likes and dislikes of one's own heart.

To love a person is to hope that he will live a long life, and to hate a person is to hope that he will die immediately, but the life and death of others cannot be diverted by your "hope". When you love him, you want him to live forever; when you don't love him, you want him to die quickly. You love and hate the same person, and that's confusion.

"Ming" is to be able to make correct analysis and judgment of foreign information. And "discernment" is the clarification of inner thoughts and ideas.

Finally, Confucius also quoted a sentence from the Book of Poetry, which means: You left me not because she is richer or better than me, but because you see different thoughts and think differently, like the new and dislike the old nature. Confucius quoted this sentence probably to say: You don't want this person to live or die quickly because of how he is, but only because your emotions have changed.

【Chongde】【Xiuyun】【Discernment】

12.21 Fan Chi, who swims under the dancing goose, says, "Dare to ask questions of reverence, cultivation, and discernment." Zi Yue: "Zenya asked!" Before and after the fact, non-reverence and? Attack its evil, do not attack the evil of man, not repair and? A day of anger, forgetting his body and his relatives, is not confused? ”

〖6.22 Fan Chi Asked. Zi Yue: "The righteousness of the people, the worship of ghosts and gods and the distance, can be described as knowledge." "Ask Ren. "The benevolent one is difficult first and then obtained, which can be described as benevolent." ”〗

Get it first, work on it first, and put the harvest aside. There are tasks to take first, do and then say the reward, there is a reward is good, more work and more, no pay and no regrets. I was born to do things, do more and get more, as for the advice of the cadres, that is what the leader needs to consider.

Attack, criticize, accuse.

慝, te, 4 sounds, is the meaning of "evil".

Anger: Anger, anger.

Fan Chi followed the teacher for a walk under the dance platform, and asked three questions in one breath: "May I ask the teacher what is 'chongde', 'cultivation', and 'discernment'?" ”

The teacher encouraged him to say, "Good question! Good questions to ask, good to ask questions! Confucius said in his heart, I have been waiting for this opportunity to educate you for a long time!

Confucius taught Fan Chi that it is necessary to get it first, pay the labor first, and then consider the harvest. The purpose of cultivation is to harvest, but just staring at the harvest may not have a good harvest, or we must first do a good job of cultivation, put the mentality flat, do not rush, step by step.

To cultivate is to go to evil. Confucius taught Fan Chi to be strict with himself and lenient with others. More self-criticism, less criticism of others. Keep your eyes looking inward and don't just stare at other people's mistakes.

In other words, do not make personal attacks, do not make comments, and do not put hats on others without permission.

Because of a moment of anger, losing reason, losing one's mind, throwing a tantrum casually, and even committing violence, regardless of disregard, without considering the consequences, putting oneself in a dangerous situation, and ignoring the worries of parents, is this not 'confusion'?

These are clear criticisms of Fan Chi's shortcomings.

【Ren】【Wisdom】

12.22 Fan Chi asked Ren. Zi Yue: "Lover." "Ask. Zi Yue: "Know people." "Fan is late. Zi Yue: "Straightening out the wrongdoers can make the wrongdoers straight." Fan chi withdrew, and saw Zi Xia Yue: "Xiang Ya I also saw the master and asked, the son said: 'Straightening out all the wrongdoers can make the wrongdoers straight.'" 'What is also?' Zi Xia Yue: "Fu Ya Yan Ke! Shun has the world, chooses the crowd, lifts gao pottery, and the unkind are far away. Tang has the world, chooses the public, lifts Yi Yin, and the unkind are far away. ”

[2.19] "If you straighten up the wrongs, the people will obey; if you lift up the wrongs, the people will not obey." 〗

Fan Chi asked the teacher for advice on the meaning of "benevolence", and Confucius said: "Ren is to love people, to love both oneself and others." Push yourself and others, and be kind to others. ”

Fan Chi also asked the teacher about the meaning of "wisdom", and Confucius said: "Wisdom is to know people, not only to accept oneself, but also to understand and tolerate others." ”

Zhiren, or Zhiren? It's all one thing, knowing who in the crowd is benevolent and who is up to the task.

Heaven is also benevolent, love all sentient beings. Heaven is also wise and knows all sentient beings, so sentient beings are not equal, and it is God who divides sentient beings into three, six, and nine.

Seeing that Fan Chi did not understand, Confucius went on to explain: "Promoting and reusing righteous people can make evil people rehabilitate." ”

Fan Chi was even more confused, but he didn't bother to ask the teacher again. After retiring, when he saw Zixia, he told Zixia about the question and answer just now, and asked Zixia to explain it again.

Township, leading to "direction", just meant.

Zi Xia said, "The meaning of the teacher's words is really rich! In Shun's time, Gao Tao (gao, 1 sound; yao, 2 sounds) was selected from among the masses, and the unkind people avoided it. In Tang's time, Yi Yin was elected from among the masses, and the unkind people avoided it. ”

Knowing people is only "knowing" and still staying at the level of consciousness; good responsibility is "doing" and reaching the level of practice. Knowing people and being good at their duties, discovering people with high ability and good morals, promoting them, and setting an example, people without ability or bad virtues will not become a climate, and they will be transformed into good aspects to some extent.

Only when the atmosphere is good can good people do good things.

The atmosphere is not good, good people are difficult, and good things are difficult to be good.

【Ren】

13.19 Fan Chi asked Ren. Zi Yue: "Respectful in residence, respectful in deacons, loyal to people." Although it is yidi, it should not be abandoned. ”

Fan Chi asked "Ren" again.

Confucius taught three principles: be respectful at home, work diligently at work, and be honest and not deceitful to others (be loyal to the superior, and believe in friends). Even if you go to the land of Yidi, which is backward and ignorant, and follow the customs of the countryside, these three principles must still be observed.

【Good People】

13.29 Zi Yue: "A good man who teaches the people for seven years can also be a monk." ”

"Gentlemen" pay attention to personal cultivation, and "saints" need a certain platform to practice.

"Good people" is a level of Confucius's division of the moral qualities of rulers. Higher than "gentleman", clan to "saint".

That is, rong, join the army to fight.

At that time, training the army was very time-consuming, and in order to enable the participants to meet the requirements of actual combat, Confucius said that it would take seven years.

【Line】

15.6 Zi Zhang asks for the line. Zi Yue: "Faithful in words and respectful in deeds, though the state of barbarism is doing good." Unfaithful in words, disrespectful in deeds, though what is the state doing? Standing, see its participation in the front also; in public opinion, see its dependence on the balance, and then the husband and then act. "Zi Zhang Shu gentlemen."

〖13.19 Fan Chi Ask Ren. Zi Yue: "Respectful in residence, respectful in deacons, loyal to people." Although it is yidi, it should not be abandoned. ”〗

Yes, it works, it works, it gets people to see.

Barbarian refers to the ethnic minorities in southern China, and 貊 (mo, 4 sounds) refers to the ethnic minorities in northeast China. The barbarian state refers to the barbaric region in general.

In the state, it refers to the civilized area. In the ancient system of national wilderness, the outskirts of the city were organized into states.

Standing, standing on the ground, walking on the ground.

In public opinion, it refers to the ride.

References, references. Before participating, it is as if there is a word written in front.

Leaning on the scale, it seems that there is a word across the yoke (e, 4 sounds, the front of the wheel, the short thick curved wood that is on the neck when the cow pulls things).

Zi Zhang asked how to recruit people to meet. Confucius taught him two things: be faithful in your words, be loyal and honest in your words, and be respectful in your conduct and be simple and respectful in your conduct. Do both, go anywhere. If you can't do these two things, don't lose people everywhere as soon as possible. Remember these two points at all times, standing as if you saw these six words in front of you, and when you sit in the car, it is as if these six words are carved on the horizontal wood in front of the car.

Zi Zhang immediately implemented it and quickly wrote down these six words on the gentleman.

The gentleman is the part of the waist with a large belt that droops.

13.27 Zi Yue: "Gang, Yi, Mu, Ne, Jinren." ”

Rigid, strong, desireless is rigid. King Kong's Gang.

Perseverance, fortitude, courage, might can not yield, pifu can not conquer the will also.

Wooden, rustic, true feelings. The reverse side of the wood is the color, and the color is the pretense.

Ne, slow speech, clumsy expression. Contrary to clever words, clever words are rhetorical words, can speak the tao, and talk endlessly.

Rigidity and fortitude are positive words, and people like it. Wood and ne are not positive words, and many people don't like it, but Confucius likes it.

Confucius especially hated "clever words and colors", so he liked "Mu Ne". "Clever words" is not good, but "Mu Ne" is not necessarily good? How about taking the middle?

"Ren" is the highest standard of Confucius, and the standard is subdivided, or the specific requirements of the standard are rigidity, perseverance, wood, and ne.

【Ren】【Advance and Retreat】

14.1 Constitutional shame. Zi Yue: "The state has a way, the valley; the state has no way, the valley, shame also." ”

"Gram, cut, complain, desire is not good, can be benevolent?" Zi Yue: "It can be difficult, but Ren Zewu doesn't know it." ”

"Constitution" is the original constitution, the word Zi Si. "Original thought" also refers to him, which is called by a word. His people are quiet and observant, poor and happy. Confucius Xianglu was once his Yizai. After Confucius's death, he lived in seclusion to defend the country.

Yuan Xian asked two questions, one asked shame and the other asked Ren.

Ask Ren, Yuan Xian asked if he had overcome the four major problems of "restraint, cutting, resentment, and desire" and could he be called Ren? Confucius said that it is indeed rare and valuable to be able to achieve this kind of point, but it cannot be called ren.

Ke is to be strong and competitive, to cut is to boast and boast, to complain is to complain, to complain, to complain, to complain, to be greedy, to overcome these four major problems is not easy, difficult, but not enough to be benevolent. Ren should take the initiative to do good, not just not be wrong.

A benevolent person must do this, but just doing this cannot be called a benevolent person.

【Youde】【Ren】【Yong】

14.4 Zi said, "He who has virtue must speak, and he who speaks does not have to be virtuous." The benevolent must have courage, and the brave do not have to be benevolent. ”

There are words: good words, valuable words, words are meaningful, reasonable, kind, interesting.

The moral person himself is the teaching material of goodness, the example of others to learn. What the moral man believes, what he stands for, and what he preaches must have content. However, many people who preach and preach and talk only talk about the bible and do not put it into action.

"Courage" is the meaning of "benevolence", but people who claim to be brave may not be able to meet the standards of benevolence.