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China's earthworm aquaculture industry is a new industry that began to appear in the 1970s, with rapid development speed, and has now become an important part of China's urban and rural special aquaculture industry. Since the 21st century, China's earthworm breeding industry has developed rapidly, and at present, more than 600 counties, hundreds of thousands of units and farmers have carried out earthworm farming, and tens of thousands of scientific and technological workers engaged in earthworm research have reached tens of thousands. It has initially formed a cross-departmental, cross-professional, and interpenetrating marginal branch scientific and technological team that includes more than 10 disciplines and majors such as agriculture, industry, environmental protection, energy, medicine, and food. With the adjustment of China's agricultural structure, with the in-depth development and application of earthworms in feed, medicine, health care products, and environmental protection, the demand for earthworms is increasing day by day, and a new round of larger-scale earthworm farming is being launched throughout the country.
1 Overview of earthworm culture at home and abroad
1.1 At the end of the 1970s in China, Shanghai introduced red earthworm "Daping No. 2" from Japan, Tianjin introduced red earthworm "North Star No. 2" from Japan, and Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Beijing, Jilin and other provinces and cities also carried out research on artificially cultivated earthworms, forming the first earthworm breeding fever in China. However, in 1994, earthworm farming deviated from the purpose of breeding should focus on and development and utilization, mainly keen on frying seeds, ignoring the development and utilization of products, resulting in many farmers raising earthworms without marketing, resulting in bankruptcy and bankruptcy. This seriously dampened farmers' enthusiasm to cultivate earthworms. In recent years, due to the development of earthworm medicinal and feed applications, the wide application of earthworms in ecological agriculture, and the maturity of large-scale and high-yield farming technologies for earthworms, a new round of earthworm culture has been promoted.
1.2 Abroad
At present, the earthworm farming industry in Japan, the United States, Australia, Canada, India, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore and other countries are booming, earthworm farming scale is larger, some countries have developed to the degree of factory breeding and commercial production. There are more than 200 large and small earthworm breeding factories or companies in Japan, and there is a large earthworm breeding plant in Hyogo Prefecture, with more than one billion breeding plants. It can treat 60,000 tons of sludge from food factories and fiber processing plants every year. The national earthworm association has been established; the earthworm farming industry in the United States has developed rapidly, with more than 50 larger ones, and a company in California breeds 500 million earthworms, which can process 200 t of industrial organic waste per day. There are currently 90,000 earthworm farms in the United States that farm and sell earthworms, and thousands of families use earthworms to improve soil and decompose waste for garden and greenhouse planting of flowers and vegetables. In order to promote the cultivation of earthworms, Myanmar organized an exhibition in Yangon in the first half of 1979. In addition, the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, India and other countries are also developing artificially farmed earthworms. Earthworm farming has become a new global industry. The annual international transaction volume of earthworms reaches 1 billion US dollars, and it grows at a rate of 30% to 40% per year. With an annual trading volume of 2 billion yen, Japanese earthworms are currently one of the world's largest consumers of earthworms. With the development of earthworm commercial production, the world earthworm trade is also increasing.
2 Significance of earthworm farming
2.1 The average land of a household with obvious economic benefits is 66.7 m2, a labor force, 1,000 yuan input, according to the current market price, can earn 10,000 yuan. 50 ~ 60m2 area, raise 1 million earthworms per year, can treat 40t of organic waste such as feces; can produce earthworm stock solution (earthworm pretreatment of an enzyme to solve an earthworm stock solution) 1t; earthworm manure 20 t. According to the purchase price of the enterprise, the income per kilogram of earthworm liquid is 7.5 yuan, which can be earned 7 500 yuan, and the income per ton of earthworm manure is 150 yuan, which can earn 3 000 yuan, a total of 10 500 yuan, and the economic benefits are considerable. If large-scale industrial production, the enterprise itself to establish a large-scale treatment field, a standard earthworm reactor, the daily treatment of organic waste 6 t, while the production of biological fertilizer 4 ~ 5 t, each bioreactor cost of 100,000 ~ 150,000 yuan (excluding the plant), the annual output of earthworm organic fertilizer 1 800 t, according to 500 yuan per ton of organic fertilizer, the annual output value of 900,000 yuan.
2.2 Outstanding environmental protection significance
The use of earthworms to treat organic waste (including domestic waste) is an effective way to recycle waste, and it is also a new hot spot in the environmental protection industry. There are landfills or incinerators around every city, and the treatment of thousands of tons of garbage not only requires a lot of manpower and material resources, occupies a lot of land, but also causes new pollution to the soil, water, and atmosphere: the excrement of some livestock and poultry farms is not well utilized, which not only wastes nutrients in the waste, but also seriously pollutes the environment. Earthworms eat these organic wastes, producing high-quality protein and high-quality organic fertilizers. In view of this, many countries in the world are making earthworms become processors of organic waste, which not only uses waste as a "resource", but also opens up new ways to prevent and control pollution.
A Japanese paper mill imported 125 t of earthworms from the United States for the removal of pulp residues, 1 billion earthworms, eating 50 t of papermaking waste residue every day, and producing 25 t of earthworm manure. In Colombia, the cultivation of earthworms began in the 1970s, first on large farms and later on small and medium-sized farms. The farmers recognize that earthworms should dispose of the organic waste in the farm, carry out material recycling, and develop ecological agriculture. It is advantageous both economically and socially and biologically.
Earthworms eat organic waste, garbage, and produce high-protein - worms and high-quality organic fertilizer - earthworm manure. It purifies the environment in which human beings live, and the social benefits are remarkable.
2.3 Provide new industrial and agricultural raw materials
2.3.1 Protein feed. According to the determination, the protein content of the worm body accounts for 53.5% to 65.1% of the dry weight, the fat content is 4.4% to 17.38%, the carbohydrate is 11% to 17.4%, and the ash content is 7.8% to 23%. Earthworm protein contains 18 to 20 kinds of amino acids, containing all the essential amino acids of the human body and livestock and poultry, and the content is rich, and its nutritional value is comparable to that of fishmeal. It is worth mentioning that the arginine content is 2 to 3 times higher than that of fishmeal, the tryptophan content is 7 times that of boletate liver, and the lysine content is as high as 4,3%. It is also rich in vitamins A, B, E, D and a variety of trace elements, hormones, enzymes, and carbohydrates, of which VB12.5 mg and VB223 mg per kilogram of worms. In addition, the iron, copper, zinc and manganese content in earthworms is also higher than that of fishmeal, and the utilization rate of phosphorus is as high as more than 90%. The analysis of the nutritional and biochemical composition of earthworms shows that earthworms are a rare high-quality animal protein feed, which can replace fishmeal as a feed additive for poultry, livestock, fish and special poultry and special aquatic products. As a source of animal protein nutrition, earthworm powder has been widely used in human nutrition and animal breeding industry in the past 20 to 30 years.
2.3.2 Pharmaceutical raw materials. Earthworm commonly known as the earth dragon, also known as the curved silkworm, kidney silkworm, insect stingra, etc., for the link animal phylum oligochaetes, in China has been used in medicine for more than 4,000 years of history, "Materia Medica" has been recorded in detail. Active ingredients and pharmacological effects have shown that earthworms are rich in proteins, amino acids and enzymes, of which enzymes can dissolve earthworms at pH 8.O~8.2; in addition, they also contain earthworms to relieve heat alkali, earthworms, earthworms, earthworm toxins, lipids, purines, choline, phospholipids, guanides, linoleic acid, a variety of vitamins and trace elements, with active blood stasis, thrombolytic blood pressure, fever and alarm, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, asthma and cough, through the menstrual diuresis, etc., Chinese medicine clinic can treat bronchitis and bronchial asthma, stroke hemiplegia, There are more than 40 diseases such as hypertension, typhoid fever, mumps, lower extremity ulcers, fractures and shingles. Since the early 1980s, The Japanese scholar Professor Mihara Tsuneharu extracted extremely high activity plasmin from earthworms, the research on earthworms at home and abroad has been unprecedentedly active, and the research on plasmin has become a hot topic and has made great progress. Studies have shown that its active ingredients and their pharmacologically active substances include earthworm plasmin, plasminogen activator, superoxide dismutase (sOD) and so on. At present, the new anti-cancer drugs "Fu Nai Kang", "Earthworm Enzyme" blood lipid kang, thrombolytic glue, Longjin gum, Tsinghua No. 2 and so on are used to extract earthworms. In addition, there are other products such as dragon syrup, dragon wine, dragon bone, etc.
2.3.3 Fertilizer raw materials. Earthworm manure is a natural, highly effective organic fertilizer that has not been chemically altered and mixed with other man-made substances. Earthworm manure can be used as a more comprehensive organic fertilizer in most aspects of plant growth. Fertilization is simple, safe and free of toxic side effects for all plants and animals.
The tiny granular form of earthworm manure can also help to improve the contact between the soil and the air as much as possible, because when they are mixed with the soil, the soil is no longer compact and hard, so that the roots of the plant can grow easily in the soil, which greatly improves the growth capacity of the plant. According to the inspection results of the Soil and Fertilizer Testing Center of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, earthworm manure contains 2.15% nitrogen, 1.76% phosphorus, 0.27% potassium, 32.4% organic matter, and contains 23 kinds of hydrogen-based acids, which is a good fertilizer for flowers and turf grasses. Earthworm manure can be formulated into a variety of special fertilizers, with an annual consumption of more than 10,000 tons, and the foreign market is vast.
2.3.4 Raw materials for food and health products. Earthworms contain a large number of fatty acids, nucleic acids and their derivatives, free amino acids, but also contain phosphorus, calcium, iron, potassium, zinc, copper and other minerals and a variety of vitamins, can be used as an ideal source of nutrition for the human body. It is very rich in protein, much higher than eggs and general meat, which has 8 kinds of amino acids that are essential to the human body. Earthworms are consumed in the United States, Oceania and some countries in Africa. In the United States, poached eggs and canned eggs made from earthworms are extremely popular. There are more than 200 kinds of earthworm foods in the United States. Earthworm biscuits, canned food, hamburgers made with earthworm meat and beef are sold all over Europe. In Japan, we have developed factory farming and commercial production, and developed various foods and health products. There is a restaurant in Keelung City, Taiwan, China, which produces dilong famous dishes; someone in Zhejiang Province once made an earthworm recipe, as many as 17 kinds. The Japanese food industry uses modern technology to develop earthworm health food contains 58.5% protein, 6.3% lipids, and 110 mg of linoleic acid. Clinical use has shown that it can regulate physical fatigue and remove excessive cholesterol components from blood vessels, especially suitable for patients with hypertension (www.cyone.com.cn/). At present, earthworms have been applied to a variety of amino acid-rich nutritional health products, such as pure dragon powder, longbao capsules, longtai and other products. A biochemical factory in Wuxi City has produced milk powder-like "Pure Dragon Powder" for export in small quantities; Nanjing has produced "Longshutai Capsules" drugs with earthworms as raw materials for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases; Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, has produced "Banlong Capsules" drugs with earthworms as raw materials for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. "Highly active earthworm kinase" made from earthworms is used to treat and prevent arteriosclerosis, cerebrovascular disease, and can improve platelet aggregation function. Superoxide dismutase in earthworms has a strong anti-tumor, anti-aging, anti-radiation, enhance immune function and other effects, but also can treat hypertension, heart disease, emphysema, anti-aging and other effects. Jiangxi researchers have successfully extracted superoxide dismutase (SOD) from earthworms to develop a natural series of "Dilong SOD" products. The Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Haidian District, Beijing produces SOD special dishes and SOD rice, which is a new type of health food.
3 Development and existing problems of the earthworm industry
3.1 The understanding of the significance of artificially farmed earthworms needs to be deepened Urgently The artificially farmed earthworms in China have good conditions, sufficient raw materials, low labor prices, low production costs, and have strong vitality and market competitiveness in the international and domestic markets. Due to the in-depth development and application of earthworms in medicine and health care products, the demand for earthworms in domestic and foreign markets is increasing day by day, and it has now developed into commercial aquaculture. Earthworms are priced at $15 per kilogram on the international market and earthworms are $300 per ton. However, China's awareness of these social and economic significance is not high, the popularization is not enough, and the degree of attention is still low.
3.2 The breeding system of fine seeds needs to be strengthened urgently
At present, the main varieties of artificially cultivated earthworms in China are the red son Aisheng worm, the William ring hairworm and the Daping No. 2 introduced to Japan, as well as the dark lip worm, the tiny double-breasted earthworm, the straight-affiliated ring hairworm, the Bing's ring hairworm, and the Chinese gastric worm can be used as selected breeding worm species. However, there are problems in the cultivation of earthworms in China, such as species degradation, disorderly varieties, poor production performance, and poor germplasm. China's earthworm breeding has not yet formulated breeding standards, the lack of good breeding system, do not pay attention to the selection, purification, optimization of earthworm breeding, let their generations overlap and mate, resulting in the decline of breeding offspring, growth and development is inhibited, individuals are small, low vitality, less spawning, resulting in a decline in productivity, and even a large number of deaths, seriously affecting the improvement of earthworm production and breeding efficiency. It is necessary to quickly establish a three-group breeding system of planting, breeding and producing, and completely abolish the "generational overlap" breeding method so that earthworms can grow better from generation to generation.
3.3 The development and utilization of earthworms urgently needs further support Although scientific research on the development and utilization of earthworms has achieved some results in environmental protection, fertilizer, feed, medicine, health care and other fields, it is still lagging behind in publicity and popularization, achievement transformation, market development, and multi-sectoral cooperation. We should make greater efforts to organize a group of scientific and technological personnel with practical experience as soon as possible to solve the problems existing in the practice of earthworm production. Vigorously publicize the nutritional value and medicinal value of earthworms, further improve people's extensive understanding of earthworms and attach importance to the development and utilization of earthworms. Strengthen the close contact and cooperation between food, medicine, sanitation, agriculture and other departments and industries to form an efficient ecological chain of "agricultural waste, urban domestic waste, an earthworm, an earthworm biological preparation, a plant and animal production", and extend it into a strong-necked earthworm industry.
3.4 Large-scale commodity bases urgently need to establish China's earthworm industry from development to maturity, but it has not yet entered commercialization and industrialization. In order to accelerate the industrialization of earthworms, it is first necessary to establish and firmly establish and firmly develop the development idea of commercialization as the leading role, so as to clarify the development positioning and complete development system, so as to guide the development of the industry; adopt the "leading enterprise + base + farmer" and the integrated business model of production, processing and sales, vigorously cultivate and develop high-tech leading enterprises, build large-scale commodity bases, implement brand strategies, and occupy the vast consumer market at home and abroad with unique product advantages.