Zi Zhang was a disciple of Confucius, and after receiving Confucius's education, he applied and exerted confucius learning. In this account, we find that after The death of Confucius, different students have already had some transmutations and controversies when they carry forward his learning, which shows that it is impossible for a school to remain unchanged, and by the second generation it has begun to change.
This article mainly excerpts the remarks of five students, including Zi Zhang, Zi Xia, Zi You, Zeng Zi and Zi Gong.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="3" > sub-zhang:</h1>
Zi Zhang Yue: Soldiers see danger and death, see righteousness, sacrifice and respect, mourn and mourn, it can be finished.
Zi Zhang Yue: If you do not carry out morality and do not believe in the tao, can you do it? Can you die?
Zi Xia's doorman asked Zi Zhang, Zi Zhang Yue: Zi Xia Yun He? Right: Zi Xia Yue: 'Whoever can do it with it, and he who cannot refuse it.' Zi Zhang Yue: It's different from what I heard. A gentleman is virtuous and tolerant of the multitude, and a gentleman is kind but not reserved. What is the intolerable nature of My GreatNess? If I am not virtuous, will people reject me, and if they reject others?
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Zi Zhang Yue: Soldiers see danger and death, see righteousness, sacrifice and respect, mourn and mourn, it can be finished. Zi Zhang said that a soldier, when he encounters danger and needs to go up, can give his life, can think of whether it is righteous when he sees what is available, can think of whether he is serious and respectful when he sacrifices, and can think of whether to mourn when he is mourning (in the broad sense of mourning includes all failures and dissatisfaction), so that it is okay. Here it is said that gentlemen should have a kind of introspection and awareness anytime and anywhere.
Zi Zhang Yue: If you do not carry out morality and do not believe in the tao, can you do it? Can you die? It is very common to be unscrupulous and not to believe in the way, which is equal to the ticket holders who play tickets now, saying that he has nothing and he has a little, saying that he has well, he is also a half-hanger, not only ordinary people, but also many well-known professionals are prone to this problem. Seeing that others are virtuous and admiring, but they can't do it themselves, the reason is known, but the habits can't be managed as soon as they come up, and the essence is still not solid. Therefore, Zi Zhang said that practicing virtue cannot be carried forward, believing in the Tao but not being faithful and firm, such a person does not have a firm understanding, and when he is proud and frustrated, he will forget his form, how can he be said to have morality, and how can he be said that he has no morality?
After the death of Confucius, Zi Zhang and Zi Xia were both lecturing, with their own students, and one day their disciples communicated. Zi Xia's doorman asked Zi Zhang, Zi Zhang Yue: Zi Xia Yun He? Right: Zi Xia Yue: 'Whoever can do it with it, and he who cannot refuse it.' Zi Zhang Yue: It's different from what I heard. A gentleman is virtuous and tolerant of the multitude, and a gentleman is kind but not reserved. What is the intolerable nature of My GreatNess? If I am not virtuous, will people reject me, and if they reject others? Zixia's students came to ask Zi Zhang how to make friends, Zi Zhang first asked your teacher what he said, and the students said: Our teacher said that we can make friends with him, and if we can't make friends, we will reject him. Zi Zhang listened and said, this is not the same as what I heard from my teacher, a gentleman can respect the wise, but also tolerate ordinary people, can praise good people and sympathize with people who are not enough, if I am a very virtuous person, what person can not tolerate? If I am not virtuous myself, others will reject me, where is the need for me to reject others?
From the above paragraph, Zi Zhang's view is different from Zi Xia's, we stand in the perspective of posterity to judge, it seems that Zi Zhang's view is a little more intelligent than Zi Xia, closer to Confucius, next look at Zi Xia's teaching.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="67" > Zixia:</h1>
Zi Xia Yue: Although there must be considerable people in the small road, zhiyuan is afraid of mud, and it is a gentleman who does not do anything.
Zi Xia Yue: The day knows its death, and the moon does not forget what it can do, which can be said to be eager to learn.
Zi Xia Yue: Erudite and determined, asking questions and thinking closely, benevolence in it.
Zi Xia Yue: A hundred workers live recklessly to achieve their own things, and a gentleman learns to do his way.
Zi Xia Yue: The fault of the villain must also be written.
Zi Xia Yue: There are three changes in a gentleman: looking at it is like it, that is, it is also warm, and listening to his words is also strong.
Zi Xia Yue: A gentleman believes and then works for his people, but if he does not believe, he thinks that he is strong and self-righteous; if he believes and then advises, if he does not believe, he thinks that he has slandered himself.
Zi Xia Yue: Dade is not idle, and Xiaode can come in and out.
Zi You Yue: Zi Xia's gate man boy, when the sprinkling sweep should deal with the advance and retreat. Or is it true that there is nothing in the original, as in what? Zi Xia smelled it, and said: Oh, words have wandered! The way of a gentleman, who passes it on first? Tired? For example, the grass and trees, the district is different. Is the way of a gentleman slanderous? He who has a beginning and a pawn is only a saint!
Zi Xia Yue: Shi and excellent are learning, learning and excellent is Shi.
ZiXiaXihe lectured
Zi Xia Yue: Although there must be considerable people in the small road, zhiyuan is afraid of mud, and it is a gentleman who does not do anything. The trail here is relative to Confucius's avenue of learning, referring to some specific skills, Zixia said that even the trail has certain merits, there is its reason, but if you want to go higher and farther, then the trail will not work, so the gentleman will not take the path. A gentleman can enter the path and be outside, and not be trapped, so that he can cultivate greatly.
Next, Zi Xia told the students the principle of learning, Zi Xia said: The sun knows its death, the moon does not forget what it can do, it can be said that it is easy to learn. He said that every day he can reflect on what he lacks, learn some knowledge that he does not know, and every month he can not forget what he has learned, so that he can call it a good learning, which sounds very plain and very operable.
Zi Xia Yue: Erudite and determined, asking questions and thinking closely, benevolence in it. Zixia said that a person should be knowledgeable and at the same time have firm ambitions, that is, they should have their own central ideas. Judging from historical experience, the more knowledgeable it is, the easier it is to lose the central idea, understand too many temptations, and choose too many to persist, so I have not seen a few intellectuals succeed in the revolution. Asking questions is asking questions about one's own personal experience, which is equivalent to summing up experience, and thinking closely is thinking plainly, not thinking about things that are mysterious and mysterious. The use of these "benevolences" lies in them.
Zi Xia Yue: A hundred workers live recklessly to achieve their own things, and a gentleman learns to do his way. Craftsmen from all walks of life are to complete their work in the workshop, and gentlemen are to master the Tao through study.
Zi Xia Yue: The fault of the villain must also be written. ZiXia said that the villain always wanted to find a reason to cover it up.
Zi Xia Yue: There are three changes in a gentleman: looking at it is like it, that is, it is also warm, and listening to his words is also strong. This sentence was also mentioned earlier, it is to praise Confucius's style, here Zixia used to describe a gentleman, saying that a gentleman has three disguises: he looks inviolable, he is close and very gentle, and listening to him has a very solemn and serious speech.
Zi Xia Yue: A gentleman believes and then works for his people, but if he does not believe, he thinks that he is strong and self-righteous; if he believes and then advises, if he does not believe, he thinks that he has slandered himself. Here Zi Xia talks about the way of kings and subjects, a superior person wants to command his subordinates or the masses, first of all, he must establish faith and trust in themselves, if there is no trust, they will think that they are causing trouble for them, using and enslaving them. Also as a subordinate cadre, you must build trust in yourself in the leader's heart before you can advise, otherwise he will misunderstand that you are slandering him. It really explains the superiors and subordinates and even the interpersonal relationship thoroughly, and it is still applicable to this day.
Zi Xia Yue: Dade is not idle, and Xiaode can come in and out. Zi Xia said that great virtue and great principles should not go beyond the scope and be non-negotiable, and some discrepancies in the subsections were still possible.
Zi You Yue: Zi Xia's gate man boy, when the sprinkling sweep should deal with the advance and retreat. Or is it true that there is nothing in the original, as in what? Zi Xia smelled it, and said: Oh, words have wandered! The way of a gentleman, who passes it on first? Tired? For example, the grass and trees, the district is different. Is the way of a gentleman slanderous? He who has a beginning and a pawn is only a saint! Ziyou commented on Zixia's students, saying that it was okay for them to do some cleaning labor, treat people and things, and weigh in and out (these three things belonged to the Mongolian learning of young people in ancient times), but these were trivial things, and the fundamental things were not taught. Zi Xia listened and said, Oh, Zi You is wrong. In the way of a gentleman, which ones are fixed to be taught first and which are taught later? Like grass and wood, the qualifications of talents should be classified and differentiated. How can the gentleman's way be distorted and deceived by students at will? The only one who can learn the beginning and the end is the saint.
Ziyou and Zixia had a dispute over the way they taught students, and it was still fierce, but it was difficult to judge who was right and who was wrong, but the way of education was different.
Zi Xia Yue: Shi and excellent are learning, learning and excellent is Shi. Those who have done a good job in administering officials and still have spare strength can study, and those who study well and have spare strength can go to administer for officials.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="78" > ziyou and Zengzi</h1>
Zi Youyu: The mourning ends with mourning.
Zi You yue: My friend Zhang is also embarrassed to be able to do it, but he is not kind.
Zeng Ziyi: Tang Tang Is also zhang ye, difficult to reconcile with and benevolent.
Zeng Zi said: I have heard of the masters, and those who have not attained self-help will also be mourned!
Zeng Zi yue: I have heard of the masters, the filial piety of Meng Zhuangzi, and other possibilities; it is difficult for him not to change the father's subjects and the father's government.
Meng Shi made Yang Pi a scholar and asked Yu Zengzi. Zeng Ziyi: The people have lost their way, and the people have been scattered for a long time. If you get it, mourn and don't rejoice!
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Zi Youyu: The mourning ends with mourning. Ziyou put forward a revised opinion on the funeral at that time, the ancient Chinese people attached great importance to the two ends of life and death, so the funeral was very complicated, Ziyou believed that the funeral as long as the heart is deep and sad, on the surface there is no need to be so extravagant.
Zi You yue: My friend Zhang is also embarrassed to be able to do it, but he is not kind. Here we discuss Zi Zhang, Zi Lobby my classmate Zi Zhang is very rare, ordinary people can't do things, he can do it, but he has not yet reached the realm of benevolence that Master said
Zeng Zi also came to echo it, and Zeng Zi said: Tang Tang Hu Zhang Ye, difficult to reconcile and benevolent. He said that Zi Zhang was an upright person, but it was difficult to reach the realm of benevolence with him. The second half of the sentence is very level, so that people do not know whether Yang is yang or not, combined with the above should be said that Zi Zhang has not yet reached ren.
Zeng Zi said: I have heard of the masters, and those who have not attained self-help will also be mourned! Zeng Zi said that I had heard it from my teacher, and he said that it is impossible for people to spontaneously exert their feelings to the extreme, and it is hard to say that there is only when a loved one dies. Self-ence is to automatically and spontaneously achieve the ultimate, not necessarily only to feelings, including learning, skills and everything else, Confucius believed that this kind of thing is difficult, and the ultimate is often driven, guided and persecuted by the external environment.
Zeng Zi yue: I have heard of the masters, the filial piety of Meng Zhuangzi, and other possibilities; it is difficult for him not to change the father's subjects and the father's government. I heard my teacher say that the filial piety of Meng Zhuangzi (one of the three secretaries of Lu Guoqing) can also be done by others, but he does not replace his father's old courtiers and his political measures, which is difficult for others to do. Of course, the latter approach is very debatable now, and sticking to filial piety in the narrow sense without thinking about reform and innovation will not work in this society.
Meng Shi made Yang Pi a scholar and asked Yu Zengzi. Zeng Ziyi: The people have lost their way, and the people have been scattered for a long time. If you get it, mourn and don't rejoice! Meng Sun appointed Zengzi's disciple Yang Fu as a prison official, and Yang Fu came to ask the teacher for advice, and Zeng Zi told him that the rulers above had lost their principles, resulting in social turmoil, and the people's hearts had been scattered for a long time. As the official in charge of the judiciary, if you have the truth about them, you should have mercy on them, not be complacent.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="85" > Zigong:</h1>
Zi Gong Yue: It is not as good as it is even better. It is the evil of a gentleman who is inferior, and the evil of the world is returned.
Zi Gong Yue: The transgression of a gentleman, such as the eclipse of the sun and the moon. Everyone sees it, and everyone looks up to it.
Wei Gongsun Chao asked Yu Zi Gong yue: Zhongni Yanxue? Zi Gong Yue: The way of literature and martial arts has not fallen to the ground, in people. The sage knows the great, the unwise knows the small, is there no way of literature and martial arts, and the master does not learn? And what is the constant teacher?
Shusun Wu Shushu Yu Dafu Yu Chaoyue: Zi Gong Xian Yu Zhongni. Zifu Jingbo to tell Zi Gong, Zi Gong Yue: For example, the palace wall, the wall of the bestowal is also up to the shoulders, and the good of the chamber family is glimpsed; the wall of the master is counted, and it is not allowed to enter through its door, and the beauty of the temple and the wealth of the hundred officials are not seen. Those who have gained his door may be widowed, and the cloud of the Master is not suitable!
Uncle Wu destroyed Zhongni, ZiGong yue: Nothing can be done, Zhongni cannot be destroyed. The sages of others, the hills, can be surpassed, and the zhongni, the sun and the moon, are beyond the gain. Although people want to kill themselves, why does it hurt the sun and the moon? It is more common to see its unknown amount also.
Chen Zi Bird is called Zi Gong Yue: Zi is Gong Ye, Zhongni is xian Yu Zi Hu? Zi Gong Yue: A gentleman thinks he knows what he says, thinks he doesn't know what he says, and he must not be careless in his words. The Master's unattainable, judas's unattainable ascension. The Master of the Kingdom, the so-called Li Zhi Li, the Tao Si Xing, sui Si Lai, the Moving Si He. His life is also glorious, and his death is also mournful, so how can it be reached?
Statue of Zigong
The above is borrowed from Zengzi's words to illustrate the external use of learning, followed by Zigong's point of view. Zi Gong Yue: It is not as good as it is even better. It is the evil of a gentleman who is inferior, and the evil of the world is returned. Zigong said that the evil of the King of Sui was not as serious as in the legend, but a leader himself did indecently, and everyone blamed all the faults on him. Therefore, the gentleman in the upper position must put an end to the inferior environment, so as not to make all the bad reputations in the world belong to himself.
Zi Gong Yue: The transgression of a gentleman, such as the eclipse of the sun and the moon. Everyone sees it, and everyone looks up to it. Zigong said that the fault of a gentleman is like a solar eclipse and a lunar eclipse. He made mistakes, and what was originally glowing was covered up, and people could see it, and he corrected his mistake and shone again, and people looked up again.
Wei Gongsun Chao asked Yu Zi Gong yue: Zhongni Yanxue? Zi Gong Yue: The way of literature and martial arts has not fallen to the ground, in people. The sage knows the great, the unwise knows the small, is there no way of literature and martial arts, and the master does not learn? And what is the constant teacher? Gongsun Chao of the Wei kingdom asked Zigong where Confucius's learning came from, and Zigong replied that the Tao of King Wenwu had not been lost, and it was still left in the human world, and the wise people knew its roots, and ordinary people knew its end, and they were all circulating the way of Wenwu. We teachers learn everywhere, and there is no fixed teacher to teach.
Confucius shouldered the responsibility of inheriting the way of Shangyao Shunyu Tang Wenwu Zhou Gong and carrying it forward, which did not require anyone to teach Confucius. It shows the learning process of Confucius "not ashamed to ask questions" and "learn impermanence". Zigong was intelligent and mellow, and he could be said to have a deep understanding of Confucius, and the doctrine of Confucius was widely spread.
Shusun Wu Shushu Yu Dafu Yu Chaoyue: Zi Gong Xian Yu Zhongni. Zifu Jingbo to tell Zi Gong, Zi Gong Yue: For example, the palace wall, the wall of the bestowal is also up to the shoulders, and the good of the chamber family is glimpsed; the wall of the master is counted, and it is not allowed to enter through its door, and the beauty of the temple and the wealth of the hundred officials are not seen. Those who have gained his door may be widowed, and the cloud of the Master is not suitable! Uncle Wu was one of the three powerful ministers of the State of Lu, and once told other doctors on the imperial ceremony that Zigong's learning ability was greater than that of Confucius. At this time, Confucius had died, and Zigong was very prestigious among the princes, so there was such a saying. Zifu Jingbo told Zigong about this matter, and Zigong said that using the wall as a learning, the wall of my family is only shoulder-high, so it is easy to see the good and bad bottom inside, and everyone can see through it at a glance. The wall of the teacher's house is tens of feet high, and if you can't find the door to enter, you can't see the grandeur of the temple and the grandeur of the house. Not many people can find the teacher's door to enter. Isn't it also natural for Uncle Sun Wu to say that? The last rebuttal is equivalent to the loss of Uncle Sun Wu.
Uncle Wu destroyed Zhongni, ZiGong yue: Nothing can be done, Zhongni cannot be destroyed. The sages of others, the hills, can be surpassed, and the zhongni, the sun and the moon, are beyond the gain. Although people want to kill themselves, why does it hurt the sun and the moon? It is more common to see its unknown amount also. Uncle Wu once again slandered Confucius, and Zigong said that it was useless to do so, and Confucius could not be denigrated. The virtuousness of others is like a hill, and it can also be climbed over him, Confucius is like the sun and the moon, there is no way to surpass, even if some people want to cut themselves off from the sun and the moon, what damage is there to the sun and the moon? It just shows that he doesn't measure up. In other words, although you don't want to accept Confucius's ideas, it doesn't matter, his thoughts will still affect you like the sun and the moon, because people always need light.
Chen Ziyao was also a student of Confucius, but was suspicious of Confucius several times in the Analects, such as the Ji's passage to Kong Li. This time he said to Zigong, "You are very remarkable, you have reached the realm of Gong, how can Confucius be more virtuous than you?" Zigong's reply is different from the previous two paragraphs, and it has some lesson implications for this classmate, he said that a person's speech is very important, a gentleman can show his wisdom in one sentence, and a sentence can also show his ignorance, so he cannot speak without caution. Our teacher's realm is unattainable, like the sky, and we can't climb up the ladder.
Then Zigong further said that if the teacher wins the country and becomes a prince, or if he is a prince, or if he is a prince, then as people say, he will teach the people to stand, the people will stand, and if you want to guide the people, the people will follow; appease the people, the people will obey; mobilize the people, and the people will work together. It is the glory of everyone that he lives, and it is everyone's sorrow that he dies. How can I catch up with him?
Zi Zhang, Zi Xia, Zi You, and Zeng Zi are all students of the younger generation, belonging to the rising star, who have studied with Confucius for a short time and have a long teaching time, so they play differently on Confucius learning, but the disciples collect more quotations. Zigong in the lifetime of Confucius, the reputation has been revealed, for the head of the disciples, after the death of Confucius, and then led the group of sages, spread Confucianism, virtue is more prominent, so many people who have less contact with Confucius feel that he is more virtuous than Confucius, this article praises Confucius with Zigong After the three halls, with the greatness of The Cultivation of Zigong and Confucius.
Reference materials:
1. Notes on the Four Books, Chapters and Sentences, Zhu Xi
2. "Analects of Justice", Liu Baonan
3. "Analects of Neglect", Yang Shuda
4. "New Interpretation of the Analects", Qian Mu
5. "Analects of Language", Nan Huaijin