A Brief History of Zhengzhou Part XI From the Southern Song Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty

VI. Southern Song Dynasty to Late Qing Dynasty (1127-1911)

In 1126, jin soldiers marched south and captured Tokyo (Kaifeng). In April 1127, Emperor Huizong and Emperor Qinzong returned to the north. Militarily, the revival of the Yuan army and the re-restoration of the Qing army Chinese mainland prelude to the shift of the political, military, and economic center of gravity to the southeast. By the abdication of the Qing Emperor in February 1912, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing, except for the 276 years of the Ming Dynasty, Chinese mainland were under the rule of ethnic minorities for more than 500 years. Chang'an is no more, and the central axis area of Zheng Luobian is also gone. The fiercer armed and ideological struggles of the Chinese nation, as well as the economic and cultural integration of the Chinese nation, have been carried out more extensively and deeply in the eastern region, especially in Nanjing in the southeast region and Beijing in the northeast region.

From the Southern Song Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, in more than 780 years, the political, military, economic and cultural decline of Xingyang and even Zhengzhou began to decline in an all-round way.

Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279)

Change of course - helpless flowers fall, dry go to 800 years

Before the Shang and after the Shang, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, the capital of the country was moved, and Zhengzhou withered and declined. The decline of Zhengzhou began with the eastward migration of the ancient Chinese capital to the north during the Southern Song Dynasty, and the people took tea and cool, and the former capital of the country deteriorated. Zhengzhou, Xi'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng, Anyang, Handan and other capitals in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River for three generations, and the capitals of the Qin dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, which lasted for about 4,000 years, were all abandoned.

The autocratic society is a deformed society that centralizes power over the emperor, the world is the emperor's world, and everything revolves around the emperor. Only the emperor's every move is worth recording, and only the emperor's achievements are worthy of a big book. However, the Western Zhou, Qin, Western Han, and Tang dynasties were all in Xi'an, and the status of the ancient capital of Zhengluo was second only to that of the capital. After the Southern Song Dynasty, the capital moved east to the north, and the ancient capitals in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River plummeted, and the scenery was no longer beautiful. Not only did it fall into ruin, but it gradually fell from the commanding heights of politics, economy, and culture to a valley.

Like the Later Shang, the southward relocation of the capital of the Song Dynasty was forced. In order to capture the capital of China, in September 1127, Yue Fei led his troops north. In 1128, the Northern Expedition of the Yue family army and the Jin soldiers fought at Fenshui Pass, and won three battles and three victories. The head of the present-day Shuishui Yue Formation is the place where Yue Fei tun soldiers were located.

In 1140, the Yue family army conquered Luoyang in the western capital and marched east to retake the Yong'an army. On June 25, Zhengzhou was conquered by Xinzheng. Yue Fei worshipped the Song Tombs and repaired them. In the same year, he defeated jin bing in Zhuxian Town. However, Emperor Gaozong of Song, who feared that Yue Fei would win the victory to save Emperor Huizong and Emperor Qinzong and lose the throne, urgently ordered Yue Fei's division to return to the army, causing the recovery of the land to be lost. In 1142, Yue Fei, the most prominent military figure of the Southern Song Dynasty who had been recalled by 12 gold medals, was killed in Hangzhou. In 1163, the Northern Expedition of the Southern Song Dynasty ended in failure.

Liao, Jin (907-1234)

Liao (Yelü, 907-1125), former state name Khitan and Jin (完燕氏, 1115-1234), which lasted more than 300 years and occupied Zheng Luobian for more than 100 years. During this period, the fighting continued. In Zhengzhou, the destruction was mainly based on the Song Tombs, and the construction was based on the reconstruction of the Zhongyue Temple. From 1174 to 1182, in the fourteenth to twenty-second years of Jin Sejong's reign, jin guo, who advocated Taoism, did not hesitate to rebuild the Zhongyue Temple, counting 238 temples.

Officials and thieves do not shy away from suspicion - Liu Yu's father and son robbed the Song Tombs on a large scale

In March 1127, the Jin soldiers not only plundered the capital kaifeng, but also used methods such as the roofing of small tombs and the digging of holes on the side slopes of the large tombs to steal gold, silver, jade, antique calligraphy and paintings in the Song Tomb Underground Palace.

In 1128, in the second year of Song Jianyan, the Song rebel Liu Yu killed Song Xiao and demoted Guan Sheng to Jin. In September 1130, Liu Yu was made the "Emperor of Daqi" by the Jin dynasty, establishing the capital of Hebei Daimyo, and later moving to Kaifeng. By chance, Liu Yu discovered the treasure buried with the Song Tombs, so he asked his son Liu Lin to organize the second official full-time tomb robbery organization in Chinese history, the "Sand Tao team".

History of Song. Liu Yu's biography says: In April of the second year of Shaoxing, Liu Yu's son Liu Lin (劉麟), the army stationed in northern Manchuria in He, Huai, Shaanxi, and Shandong, enlisted "more than 100,000 township soldiers for the 13th Army of the Crown Prince's Palace." The sand officials in Henan and Beijing were separated, and the tombs of the two capital tombs were excavated. At this point, the huge Song Tomb was stripped of only a broken empty shell.

Liu Yu's father and son's destructive official thieves made it a common practice for people to steal. Legend has it that the great thief Zhu Qi took Taizu's jade belt when he stole the tomb of Song Taizu, and when he moved the body, he was sprayed with black water by Taizu, leaving a large black face.

Liu Yu's father and son, who made fortune in the country, were hateful, and tomb robbers were hateful. In fact, it is even more hateful to regard the treasure of zhenguo as an emperor who has been brought to the tomb, and it is no wonder that Cao Cao was the initiator of the first official tomb robbery agency. Raising war with war and making money for the country is justified by officials and thieves. Ironically, Cao Cao set up "General Fa Qiu Zhonglang" and "Lieutenant Touching Gold" to organize full-time teams to dig up other people's graves, but painstakingly built 72 mausoleums to prevent others from digging their own graves.

The destruction of the Song Tombs did not end there. 150 years later, in 1278, the Southern Song Dynasty was destroyed and the Yuan Dynasty was established. In order to prevent the remnants of the Song Dynasty from remembering the former emperor, the Yuan army burned down the buildings and cypress trees of the Song Tombs and smashed the remaining shells of the Song Tombs into ruins. At this point, only the stone carvings in the Great Song Imperial Tomb complex have survived with their solidity and bulkiness, alone guarding the empty tomb after the stolen tomb thieves threw their corpses and scratched their heads. Among the imperial tombs in China, the Song Tombs were the most serious and thoroughly destroyed.

Crooked, an imperial tomb is a museum. The Song Tombs have no cultural relics, destroyed the mausoleums, and the song tombs that are almost empty are left with this thought-provoking history. The Chinese emperor's practice of building mausoleums and burying them with national treasures at great expense is a world away from the establishment of personal libraries at their own expense after successive presidents of the United States left office. Painstaking efforts were made to build the mausoleum, and in the end the stolen tomb was empty. Build a personal library out of your own pocket, but you can pass it on from generation to generation. Man will die, and his words will be good. The emperor is dying and doing many evils. Man's attitude toward death is the ultimate embodiment of the synthetic nature of his qualities. The preciousness of the simple burial of the children lies in this: keep the tomb, those who come do not refuse, the tomb robbers respect and stay away, and the posterity solemnly respects. Man stands on his mind, and he who seeks a false name decays quickly, and he will be placed on the judgment bench of history, on the gallows of justice.

The battle of the golden dollar - the front door rejects the wolf, and the back door enters the tiger

In 1214, in the second year of Jin Xuanzong's zhenyou and the seventh year of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Mongol army invaded the south, and under pressure, Jin Xuanzong moved the capital from the central capital Daxingfu to KaifengFu in Nanjing, and the population of Kaifeng increased sharply to more than 1.7 million. And moved to the Marquis of Donghai, and the family of The Prince of Ho Li belonged to Zhengzhou. In 1216, Emperor Xuanzong of Jin changed Guancheng County to Gushi County (guancheng county until the Yuan dynasty restored its name to Guancheng). In 1127, in the second year of Emperor Jingkang of Song Qinzong, Jin soldiers captured the capitals of the Song Dynasty, such as Beijing, Xingyang, Fenshui, and Guangwu, and abducted Emperor Huizong of Song and Emperor Qinzong of Song, and the Northern Song Dynasty fell. In 1153, in the first year of the reign of King Zhenyuan of Jinhailing, yong'an jun was changed to Zhitian County, and Zhengzhou belonged to Nanjing Road, which administered 8 counties, including Guancheng, Xingyang, Fenshui, Heyin, Yuanwu, Mixian, Xinzheng, and Xingze.

In 1232, in the first year of the reign of Emperor Kaixing of jin and the fourth year of the Mongol Wokoutai Khan, in the first month, the Mongol Wokoutai (posthumously known as Emperor Taizong) crossed the Yellow River from Niukouyu and entered Zhengzhou. The defense of Jinzhengzhou caused Ma Bojian to surrender. Marshal Yan Yanshou of the Jin Dynasty was stationed at The Taiping Village (Imperial Village) on Shaomu Mountain, but was attacked by Mongol soldiers on the night of the Lantern Festival. The Villages were captured by the Mongol army. Jin Guo commander Yan Heda and Hengshan Gongwu Xian attracted an army of 100,000 to help. Fought the Mongol army at the Three Peaks Mountain. The Jin army collapsed, and Yan Heda fled to Junzhou (junzhou) (present-day Yuzhou), where the city was destroyed and killed. Wu Xian led more than 30 horses to flee to MiXian County. The Mongol army then occupied most of the prefectures and counties of Zhongzhou. In April, Wokou returned to Taipei, including the residents of Zhengzhou, to the north to replenish their labor. With the Emperor's brother-in-law Tuolei as the commander, he continued to lead the army to attack Jin. Emperor Aizong of Jin fled from Beijing to Guide, and the following year, from Guide to Caizhou. In 1234, in the sixth year of the Mongol Wokoutai Khan, in the first month, the Mongol army broke Cai Prefecture (present-day Runan), the Jin Emperor hanged himself, and Jin died.

In the process of the fall of the Song Dynasty, Jin Bing served as the vanguard of the Yuan army. It can be said that "the praying mantis catches cicadas, and the yellow finches are in the back"; the front foot enters the wolf, and the back foot enters the tiger.

Yuan (1206-1368)

In the middle of the 13th century, the song and Liaojin dynasties changed dynasties for decades of overlap, transition, killing, and turmoil. In the Yuan Dynasty, the barbaric conquest of civilization lasted for a long time and reached its peak, which was the largest catastrophe in the history of the world. In the Yuan Dynasty, the rulers attached no blame to water conservancy, astronomy, etc., and the long-term rule of the population of many culturally advanced areas with the least culturally backward area was astonishing. The barrel of the gun produces political power, and the consolidation of political power is indispensable to the barrel of the pen. Civilization's soft conquest and counter-conquest of barbarism are like Zhou Yu's yellow cover - one willing to fight, one willing to be beaten, and more thoroughly manifested, with the result that both sides continue to this day in a comprehensive assimilation.

In 1215, Genghis Khan's men conquered the Jinzhong capital. In 1216, Guancheng County was changed to Gushi County.

In 1232, the Yuan army defeated the Jin army and entered Zheng. In the same year, the Yuan army besieged Kaifeng twice, and after the first siege, there was a major epidemic in Beijing, and hundreds of thousands of coffins were carried out of the city gate, not including those who were poor and could not be buried. At this time, Zhengzhou was cold with lips and teeth.

In 1233, after the Yuan army captured Kaifeng, it attacked the Jin army with the Southern Song army. In 1234, the Jin Dynasty collapsed. In 1235, the city and county were restored to Guancheng County. In 1265, Xinzheng and Mi counties were transferred to Jun prefectures, and Xingze and Yuanwu were transferred to Kaifeng Province. Zhengzhou administers four counties: Guancheng, Xingyang, Fenshui and Heyin. In 1279, the Yuan army captured Taishan, Guangdong, and the Southern Song Dynasty, which lasted 152 years, fell. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhengzhou belonged to Bieliang Road, and had jurisdiction over 8 counties of Guancheng, Xingyang, Fenshui, Heyin, Mi, Xinzheng, Xingze, and Yuanwu.

Yuan hao ask - Jin Yuan poetry leader Ju Dengfeng 9 years to take the exam Bieliang

Yuan Haoqing, Zi Yuzhi, The Number Of The Mountain, was the most accomplished poet and historian of the Jin Dynasty. Born in Xiurong, Shanxi (present-day Xinzhou), 1190, his ancestors were the Tuoba clan of the Xianbei clan of the Northern Wei imperial family, from a family of officials and eunuchs who had been scholars for generations, and were descendants of the Tang poet Yuan Jie.

He was able to write poetry at the age of 7 and studied at the age of 14. In 1205, Jin Zhangzong Taihe five years, only 16 years old Yuan Haowen used the martyrdom of the geese as the background to compose "Touching the Fish • Yanqiu Words". The beginning of the word, "Ask the world, what is love, and the Orthodox religion promises life and death?" "Let people remember him forever.

In 1213, after his hometown was slaughtered, Yuan Haowen's family moved to Fuchang (present-day Yiyang), Henan. In 2016, he traveled to Dengfeng and composed "Jishan". In 1217, Yuan Haowen transferred from Fuchang to Dengfeng, lived in Songyue Shaomu Nanyuan, immersed himself in learning, made friends and worshiped teachers, and began to take the exam. In 1221, Xingding Wujinshi and di, was falsely accused of being a "Yuanshi party member" and refused to take office. In 1224, in the first year of Zhengda, zhongxue Hongzike was taught Ru LinLang and edited by the Chongguo History Academy. During the 9 years of intermittent residence in Dengfeng, Yuan Haowen and his friends traveled to scenic spots in the mountains and rivers, sang poetry and wine, modeled mountains and fan water, lyrically lyrically on the scenery, and created a lot of works. His works include "Yu Yu", "Autumn Huai", "West Garden", "Jiashan GuiMengtu", "Du Shi Xueyin", "Drinking", "After Drinking", "Nanxi", "Yingting Farewell", "Shaomu Nanyuan", "Yingting", "Liangxian Daozhong", "Hengbo Pavilion", "Lost to the Twilight Lights" and so on.

From 1226 to 1227, Yuan Haowen served as the commander of Zhenping, Nanyang, and Neixiang County, Henan. In 1231, in the autumn of the eighth year of The Great Dynasty, he should be ordered to enter the capital and be promoted to Shangshu Province. In 1232, in the first year of Tianxing, in addition to Zuo Si Dushi, he changed to Shangshu Province's Zuo Si Lang. In 1233, in the second year of Tianxing, the Mongol army occupied Kaifeng, and Yuan Haowen was captured with a large number of officials and taken to Shandong under house arrest. In 1238, Emperor Taizong of Yuan was freed with the help of the Mongol Han army leaders Yan Shi and Zhao Tianxi.

In the autumn of 1239, the 50-year-old Yuan Haowen abandoned his career again and returned to his hometown, concentrating on preserving history with poetry, known as "Wild History". He is the author of several volumes of poems: "On Poetry" with thirty sentences, which has a considerable position in the history of Chinese literary criticism; the article "Du Shixue" in one volume, "Dongpo Shiya" in three volumes, "Jin Yu" in one volume, "Poetry Self-Vigilance" in ten volumes; and collecting and sorting out a large number of materials for the compilation of Jin Shi. On October 12, 1257, he died in Hebei and was buried in his hometown of Hanyan Village.

Yuan Hao asked Huai Jingshi's ambition to govern the country and help the world, experienced migration, entered the army, was captured, released, entered the army, returned to his hometown, suffered from natural disasters and man-made disasters, and combined poetry and historiography, was the most accomplished poet in the late Jin Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty, and was the main representative of northern literature during the Song-Jin confrontation period. Looking at his life, from the prisoners of the Mongol army to the guests of Kublai Khan, Yuan Haowen did not lack loyalty to his ancestors, xianbei tribes, pertinent recognition of Mongolian rule, and extraordinary achievements in Han culture. As a bridge between the past and the future in literature on the occasion of the Jin Dynasty, Yuan Haoqing is a very typical and exceptionally excellent figure in the ideological integration and cultural assimilation of the Chinese nation in the process of armed annexation.

Xu Heng was a thinker, educator and astronomer in the early Yuan Dynasty

In 1209, in the first year of King Da'an of JinWeishao. Earlier, in order to avoid war, Xu Heng's father Xu Tong moved from Hanoi (present-day Qin (秦) Yang, Henan, under Jiaozuo) and his family to Huanli (present-day Xugang Village, Xindian Town), The New Zhengcheng City. Xu Heng was born on September 29 of that year.

In 1232, in the first year of Emperor Tianxing of Jin, the Mongol army crossed the river to attack the Jin capital Fenjing, and in a major battle around Zhengzhou, Xu Heng and his family returned to their hometown in Hanoi. On the way to escape, the thirst was unbearable, there was a pear tree on the side of the road, pedestrians rushed to pick pears, Xu Heng did not move. Ask him why he didn't pick it? Xu Heng said: "It is not necessary to take it from it, and it must not be taken." Pears have no master, my heart has no master!"

After that, Xu Heng traveled to Lu and Wei to study, lived in the daimyo for three years, and studied the Song Ru Zhou Chengzhi in Heluo, Yao Shu, and Dou Mo for ten years in Sumen Mountain (in the area of present-day Baiquan Town, Huixian City).

In 1276, in the thirteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan ordered Wang Ke, Guo Shoujing and others to revise the calendar, "order (Xu Heng) to change the calendar", and participated in the formulation of the "Chronological Calendar". In the seventeenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, he presided over the Chronological Calendar. After the event, Xu Heng became ill with hard work and resigned his official post and returned to his hometown of Hanoi County (Yuan was Huaiqing Road). The following year, he died of illness and was buried in Li Feng Village, northeast of Hanoi County.

Xu Heng (1209-1281), also known as Mr. Lu Zhai, was a famous courtier in the early Yuan Dynasty. He served as Zhongshu Zuo Cheng (中書左丞), a scholar of Jixian University and a member of the Kuniko Festival, and as a member of the Taishi Academy. He was an outstanding politician, thinker, educator and astronomer in the early Yuan Dynasty. The main heir and disseminator of Confucianism in the Yuan Dynasty. After his death, he was posthumously honored as the Duke of Wei. Later generations collected his writings and compiled them into the "Testament of Lu Zhai", also known as the "Testament of Xu Wenzheng".

Chronological Calendar – Guo Shoujing is the oldest surviving observatory in China

In 1276, Xu Heng, who was proficient in easy learning, was the editor-in-chief, and Wang Gongli, together with Guo Shoujing and Yang Gongyi, compiled a new calendar. In 1279, in the sixteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan army captured Taishan, Guangdong, and the Southern Song Dynasty, which lasted for 152 years, completely perished, and the Yuan unified China. Yuan set up a tiantai in Dadu (present-day Beijing), and five observatories in the country, east, west, south, and central. In March, Guo Shoujing, the head of the Tongzhi Taishi Academy, was sent to Shangdu (present-day Duolun, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region) to pass through Luoyang Tiandi and the South China Sea to supervise the construction of observatory facilities and test the shadow of guǐ. The Zhenzhen Observatory, the Central Observatory built by Guo Shoujing in the Yuan Dynasty. During the Ming Dynasty, later generations built two huts on the stage to watch the stars, which was originally called "stargazing platform".

In 1280, in the seventeenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, the new calendar was revised by Xu Heng, Wang Ke, and Guo Shoujing, named "Chronological Calendar", which was promulgated and implemented nationwide this year. This calendar occupies an important position in the history of our calendar. In the same year, Wang Ke died. In 1281, Xu Heng fell ill and died. Guo Shoujing took up the burden of the final draft of the new calendar, such as the calculation method and the calculation table, and became a hero in the compilation of the new calendar. In the same year, the "Chronological Calendar" was promulgated in the world, replacing the "Great Ming Calendar" that had been used for more than 700 years. The Chronological Calendar calculates a year of 365.2425 days, with an accuracy equivalent to the Roman Gregorian calendar adopted more than 300 years later. At this point, it is unbelievable: how can such a primitive tool calculate so precisely!

According to the "Biography of Guo Shoujing of Yuan Shi", when the observatory was built, there were also 27 observation stations throughout the country, and 14 supervisors were sent to observe separately. During the ancestral years of the Yuan Dynasty, the great scientist Guo Shoujing innovated astronomical instruments, transformed the armillary instrument into a "simple instrument", created a "Jing Symbol", played more than 10 astronomical instruments, and explained the calendar to the emperor. From morning to afternoon, Kublai Khan listened carefully and without any weariness. Yuan Shizu ordered Guo Shoujing to preside over the revision of the new calendar.

The Observatory, one of the eight scenic spots in the Songshan Scenic Area, is located in The Town of Gongcheng in Dengfeng City, and was founded by Guo Shoujing. It is the oldest surviving observatory in China and one of the world-famous astronomical buildings. The observatory is a blue-brick and stone structure, the platform is small and large, shaped like a bucket, it is for "watching the shadow of the day, watching the polar stars at night, and watching the day and night". The height of the platform is 9.46 meters, and the height of the cabin is 12.62 meters. The bottom of the platform is more than 16 meters wide. There are two symmetrical entrances and exits to the north of the platform, with brick and stone treadways and ladder bars, and the platform is circling and clustering. The retracted roof is built on each side as a female wall, and between the huts at both ends of the platform, from the bottom of the platform to the top of the platform, there is a grooved "high table". Just north of the groove is a 36-piece bluestone paved stone gui (commonly known as a measuring ruler), 31.19 meters long. The whole building area is not large, but the layout is rigorous, reasonable, solemn, beautiful and generous. The courtyard before and after the observatory is divided into seven entrances: the wall, the mountain gate, the weeping flower gate, the Zhou Gong Measurement Studio, the main hall, the stargazing platform, and the Hall of the Oysters. 20 meters south of the observatory, there are 723 years, the eleventh year of Tang Kaiyuan, by the Tang Dynasty astronomer Nangong said to carve a commemorative stone table, the south side of the table is engraved with the words "Zhou Gong Observatory" five characters. The height of the table is 196.5 cm, about 8 feet of Tang Xiao foot, and the upper north edge of the stone seat under the table is 6.6-37 cm, which is close to Tang Xiao foot 1.5 feet, which is similar to the Tugui surveying theory contained in the Zhou Li in terms of regulation.

Dengfeng Observatory is a physical object of China's ancient Gui watch measurement, a milestone in the development of film measurement technology since the Zhou Gongtu Gui shadow measurement, reflecting the outstanding achievements of the development of astronomical science in China, and has important value for the study of astronomical history and architectural history. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, the observatory was bombed by Japanese aircraft as a military target, but fortunately failed to hit. On March 4, 1961, Dengfeng Observatory was announced by the State Council as the first batch of China's key cultural relics protection units.

Guo Shoujing (郭守敬), also spelled Ruosi, was born in 1231 in Xingtai, Hebei Province, an astronomer, water conservancy and mathematician of the Yuan Dynasty. He died in 1316 at the age of 86. Xingtai Guo Shoujing Memorial Hall is a national science popularization education base and a national youth science and technology education base. Beijing Guo Shoujing Memorial Hall is located at No. 60, Deshengmen West Street, Xicheng District, huitong ancestral hall on the north bank of the West Sea of Shichahai.

Sexual assimilation – war forces countless people to become "bastards"

After the Northern Song Dynasty, the ecological environment of Zhengzhou is less than that of Jiangnan and more than that of the northwest grassland. Therefore, in history, China's population migration has two aspects, one is that the population of the Central Plains region is moving south, and the other is that the population of the northwest grassland is stationed in the Central Plains. In addition, the victorious side of the war swept the population of the defeated side to its own territory to replenish the missing labor, which became an important part of population migration and an important factor in ethnic hybridization.

In 1232, the first year of the reign of Emperor Aizong of Jin, the fourth year of the Mongol Wokoutai Khan, the first month, the defense of Jin Zhengzhou made Ma Bojian surrender, and the Mongolian Wokoutai was stationed in Zhengzhou, including the residents of Zhengzhou to the north to replenish their labor. In 1236, eight years after the Mongol Wokoutai Khan, the Mongol army again conquered the Southern Song Dynasty. Returning to the north in June, more than 100,000 residents in the area around Zhengzhou moved north and gave them to kings, nobles, and merchants as a blessing.

More than 1.1 million! This figure in the Yuan Shi Vol. 3 is staggering, which is equivalent to or even more than half of the total population of the Mongols at that time, and most of them are unlikely to return alive. In Mongolia, in the harsh environment, especially in the face of discrimination and abuse, even if assimilated or assimilated, it is difficult for the vast majority of them to survive for a long time.

Of all assimilation, sexual assimilation is the most direct, effective, long-lasting, and inextricable and contributes to the improvement of the human race. The war turned the Central Plains, especially Zhengzhou, into multi-ethnic settlements. More than 30 villages in Zhongmu County, such as Dongzhangdong Village, Xuezhuang and Dahong, are inhabited by about 5,000 residents with the surname of Han, who have been identified by experts from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Chinese Yuan History Society, the Henan Academy of Social Sciences, and the Inner Mongolia University, and are descendants of Genghis Khan of the Yuan Taizu. If so, this is another miracle, and it is difficult to imagine how they have escaped the extraordinary cruelty of national revenge for so many years. In China, some strange names originate from hiding from family or ethnic revenge.

Time heals all wounds. Today, after the reunification of Mongolia and Han, the Chinese nation does not care about the past and is as close as a family. However, if Mongolia is an independent country like Japan, I really don't know how to calculate the hatred of this country and the national hatred.

At the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the population of each county in the post-disaster Zhengzhou area was less than 6,000 people, but the population composition was more diverse, and there were fewer and fewer pure Han chinese and ethnic minorities. The Hui people grew from scratch, the population soared, and even after the founding of the People's Republic of China, guancheng, an ancient post station, became the earliest Hui autonomous region established in Henan Province.

The rise and fall of the Jialu River in the water network of the Little Yellow River - Zhengluobi Canal

The Jialu River, known in ancient times as the Little Yellow River, is the second largest river after the Yellow River that flows through the Zhengzhou area. About two-thirds of zhengzhou's jinshui river, Suosu river, Xiong'er river, Qili river and other rivers are tributaries of the Jialu River. Present-day Jialu River flows southeast to Zhoukou and merges into the Yinghe River, and then follows the Huai River into the sea.

When the capital of China was located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, the Sui-Tang Grand Canal was the most important canal passage in China. However, since the Northern Song Dynasty, the vegetation in the north has been more seriously damaged, soil erosion has become more prominent, and under the erosion of floods and sediment, the lifeline water conservancy project of Zhengluofen water network is difficult to sustain. After the Southern Song Dynasty, the water of the Yellow River became more and more untamed and difficult to control, and the flood disaster could not be prevented, and the Water Network of the Zhengluobi Canal, which was the main force of the Jialu River and supported the former lifeblood of Kyoto, gradually withered away. The nature of the Yellow River water conservancy project has changed, and the basic content is in addition to flood control, the main is to create fields in silt soil. In the Yuan Dynasty, the governance of the water network of the Zhengbei Canal was based on the highest principle of "Baocao". The Grand Canal was once again dredged and extended. In 1293, the new Grand Canal not only ran through Jianghuai and Huguang, but also through Sichuan and overseas Provinces, and the Bida Jing division. In addition to the official smuggling of grain, salt, tea, local products, handicrafts, and tributes were all transported through the canal.

In the late Yuan Dynasty, water transportation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River became more difficult. In 1351, Jia Lu served as the Shangshu of the Ministry of Works, generally managed the river defense, and worked hard to rectify the Zhengzhou Canal water network. Since then, the river in the upper tributary of the Yuanbei River, which has been dredged from Zhengzhou to Zhuxian Town, has been renamed the Jialu River.

Jialu is conscientious and courageous in the management of the Jalu River. In ancient times, when he ruled the water, his life was hanging in the balance, and if he failed, he would be beheaded like Dayu's father. Even if you don't die, it is inevitable that you will cut your post to the people. At this time, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, which was mainly repaired, became the first canal in Chinese mainland. Today, in the face of most of the dry riverbed, shallow water flow, dirty water quality of the upstream source, there is no cargo ship in sight, and one cannot imagine the former glory of the Jalu River, the first canal that was once Chinese mainland.

The establishment and formation of the Zhengluobei Canal water network lasted for about a thousand years, and the Sui, Tang and Northern Song Dynasties (581-1127) were in a period of development for more than 500 years. From the Southern Song Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, it gradually withered and declined for hundreds of years. After the founding of New China, in Zhengzhou, you can still see motorized boats passing from Luoyang from the Yiluo River through the Yellow River. The complete disappearance of Zheng Luobei's water network was not only due to drought and floods, but also due to the new road transport in the mid-20th century, especially rail transport, which made it redundant to make ends meet. To this day, the Dongfeng Canal leading directly to Tianjin is still there, the wide riverbed of the Jialu River is still the same, if the urban ecological restoration, landscaping or tourism is urgently needed, the benefits are commendable, so that the ravines along the Yaoshan Chasm are restored to rivers and lakes, and it is possible for the Jialu River to reproduce small transport ships. Without roads and railways, the Zhengluobei Canal network would not have completely disappeared.

The Zhengluobei Canal water network in the Zhengzhou area mainly involves the chasm system and the Jialu River system. Whether the chasm system and the Jialu River system converge in the Zhengzhou area remains to be examined. To be sure: First, the ancient Yellow River was mighty, with thousands of lakes on both sides. Second, from the Longyang Gorge in Qinghai, especially in Gansu, there is shipping, and the Hexi Corridor was once rich in water and grass. Third, the water conservancy transportation in the middle reaches of the Yellow River was quite developed in ancient times, not inferior to today's Jiangnan. Fourth, the number of trees decreased and increased, the sand receded into the water, and the construction of embankments and hanging rivers began roughly in the Han Dynasty. Fifth, the Yellow River was transgendered, and the capital moved east to the north, which occurred in the last year of the Northern Song Dynasty. Sixth, endless predatory development, time and time again easy to lead the army, natural disasters and man-made disasters, and the decline of waste. Seventh, the rise of highways, especially the rising star- railway transportation, suffocated the water conservancy transportation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and almost killed the entire transportation water network in the Central Plains.

Ming (1368-1644)

The Jin, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties totaled nearly 800 years, but in the 276th year of the Ming Dynasty, Chinese mainland returned to The Political Rule of the Han Nationality. In the Ming Dynasty, the capital moved south, the Emperor of Tiangao was far away, compared with the rule of ethnic minorities, Zhengzhou's economy and society did not seem to have much improvement, just like the Southern Song Dynasty, Jin, yuan, still in the sunset afterglow of the lonely melancholy. Occasionally a few prominent characters and events stir up ripples, unobstructed the flow of the great river, and helpless flowers blossom and fall. What is more eye-catching is the gap between the rich and the poor, which is becoming more and more disparate in the decline of the river.

The ecology is still deteriorating – disasters in the once rich lands are still frequent

In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang sent Xu Da and Chang Yuchun to the Northern Expedition to the Central Plains. Along the way, you can see Shandong, Hebei and Henan "mostly no man's land". In April, the Ming army entered Zhengzhou from Hu Prison Pass and defeated the yuan army, which was invincible but now vulnerable, in the "Battle of Ta'er Bay". Subsequently, in order to support the War against the Yuan, the Ming army sent people to dredge the canal and transport grain to Shaanxi, but due to the interference of the Yellow River flood peak, the water transport was blocked at all times. In 1370, the Yuan Dynasty set up a special agricultural department to take charge of Henan agriculture, no matter how much wasteland was reclaimed, it was tax-free for three years. And to feed the soldiers among the people, to practice military tuns, and to cultivate and fight. In 1395, farmers in Shandong and Henan planted mulberry and fruit trees.

During the Ming Dynasty, Zhengzhou was subordinate to Kaifeng Province. In the Ming Dynasty, the Grand Canal was collectively known as the Cao River. In 1411, before The Ming Dynasty ancestor Zhu Di moved the capital to Beijing, he repaired the Huitong River excavated in the Yuan Dynasty to connect the lifeline from Jiangnan to Beijing. During the Jiajing period, in order to protect the Ming Emperor's imperial tomb in Fengyang from flooding, the Yellow River and other river control projects added the sacred purpose of "protecting the tomb", "Baocao" was not the only important goal of governance, and Zheng Luo's transportation was even more withered. In 1426, the Yellow River flooded 10 prefectures and counties, including Xingze. In 1430, Yu Qian was appointed as the governor of Henan. In 1431, the Yellow River overflowed in Zhongmu, flooding more than 5,200 hectares of farmland in eight counties. In 1445, more than 200,000 displaced people from Shandong and Shaanxi fled to Henan, and Yu Qian distributed grain to help, and distributed cattle and seeds to the fields to arrange production, which won the hearts of the people. In 1448, Yu Qian returned to Beijing.

In 1484, xingyang suffered a terrible drought, and people were starving and starving. In 1528, there was a terrible drought, for 3 consecutive years, locusts were born. Xingyang, Shuishui, and Heyin died more than half.

In 1552, the thirty-first year of Jiajing's son, Xu Shuxiu and Wang Jiluo compiled the Zhengzhou Zhi. This is the earliest surviving Zhengzhou Zhishu. In 1985, Zhang Wanjun completed the proofreading of this book in 1987, and in July 1988, the "Jiajing Zhengzhou Zhi School Interpretation" was compiled and published by the Zhengzhou Municipal Local History Compilation Committee. Judging from Ming Jiajing's "Zhengzhou Chronicle", Zhengzhou during the Three Kingdoms, Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Ming Dynasty does not include the areas of present-day Gongyi and Dengfeng. During the Hongwu period, about 1368, the population of Zhengzhou was 3706 households and 23455 people, and by the Jiajing period, about 1540, about 160 years, it had increased to 6522 households and 59658 people.

December 12, 1555 - January 23, 1556 in the Gregorian calendar, 34 years after Jiajing, another major earthquake broke out in Shaanxi, with a magnitude 8 earthquake taking Huazhou as the epicenter and an intensity of 11 degrees. "Many mountains collapse, Tongguan Road Barrier", landslides, the Yellow River water poured into the Wei River, and the Wei River channel moved 5 kilometers north. Houses within a radius of 2,000 square kilometers basically collapsed. The earliest capital of the Zheng people, Huazhou, died six-tenths of the time, and the buildings collapsed. Zhengzhou must have a sense of shock. The "Jiajing Earthquake" caused the death of more than 830,000 people, and a terrible haze shrouded the Central Plains.

High arch - everything has a scripture, and things should be weighed

In 1578, in the sixth year of the Wanli Calendar, Gao Gong, a politician who had been the first assistant to the cabinet at the time of Jiajing and Longqing, died in the Xinzheng family.

Gao Gong, whose ancestral home is Hongdong, Shanxi, was born in Xinzheng in 1512, "five years old good couplet, eight years old reciting a thousand words". His appearance is magnificent, he is proud and talented, and he is quite self-assured. Zhang Juzheng accused him of arbitrariness, and Gao Gong was deposed and returned to Xinzheng's hometown. The high arch is good at reading, and the text is deep and powerful. His writings "Question and Discernment Record", "Spring and Autumn Zhengyi", "BenYu", "BianLuo", "Lun Zhi Wai Manuscript", "Palm Quan Inscription Draft", "Nangong Song Mu", "Government Letter Answers", "Lun Title Collection", "Cheng Shi Collection", "Foreign Volume", "Rijin Zhizhi", "Xianchen Collection", etc., were all compiled into the "Gao WenXiang Gongwen Collection".

Gao Gong is not confined to the pre-Confucian cheng theory, denouncing the pedantic viewpoint that "gentlemen do not speak of profits" and "the slightness of the economic system is ignored", that those who are good at managing money do not hear about it, and that they will bring calamity to the country and the people. Attach importance to financial management, attach importance to the national economy and people's livelihood, and advocate pragmatism. He likened "quan" and "jing" to the unity of the opposites of the "hammer" and "balance" of the scale. Emphasize that everything has a scripture, and the pros and cons should be weighed in case of trouble. I think that as long as the relationship between justice and profit is set, it is not bad to say profit.

Xu Xiake - Songshan Six-day Tour into the Famous Chapters of Chinese Studies

In 1623, the third year of the Ming Dynasty's Apocalypse, on February 19, Xu Xiake, a Geographer, traveler, explorer, and essayist of the Ming Dynasty, came to Dengfeng at the age of 36 to visit the Song Mountains that he admired in his childhood.

From Qimushi, Songyang Academy, Big Cypress Tree, the peak of Junji Peak, through the "Land and Sea", hands and siblings and climbing the "Dangerous Cliff Wanling" up the mountain, stepping on the snow tiger trail down the mountain, staying in Shaolin overnight, riding XuanyuanLing, daxia in 6 days, walking horses and flowers, counting the nature and humanities of Zhongyue, according to what he saw, he made a true, simple, immediate, and touching account of the "land of cultural relics" in Songshan, leaving behind the famous chinese essay of The Model Mountain Fan Shui - "Diary of You Song Mountain".

Between the lines of less than 3800 words, but see the Song Mountain in mid-spring, warm and cold, and the cangsong jinbai that survived the harsh winter sits the ancient temple (chà) of the former first mountain. Outside the mountain, there are the majestic, beautiful and quiet of the three mountains and five mountains, the temples and monasteries of Confucianism, the solidified Han Que, Tang tablets, and Song inscriptions, and the world's oldest original cypress that is still lush. It is zhongyue, which dates back 500 years, and after the capital moved south, it was still a land of abundant water and forest.

In the seventeenth century, Mixian was still guarding against tiger plagues. In Zhengzhou, the extinction of tigers and wolves lies in the use and popularization of fast guns.

Xingyang Assembly - The strategic decision of the leaders of the 72nd Battalion of the 13 rebel armies

In 1634, seven years after Emperor Mingsizong Chongzhen, Gao Yingxiang and Li Zicheng's rebel army entered Henan from Shaanxi, lianke Xingyang, Fenshui and other places, heard that Zuo Liangyu's army was coming, so he moved his camp to the meishan area southwest of Zhengzhou to insist.

In 1635, in the eighth year of Chongzhen, in the first month, in order to crush the "encirclement and suppression" of the Ming Dynasty, the peasant rebels Gao Yingxiang, Zhang Xianzhong, Luo Rucai (Cao Cao), Ma Shouying (Lao Huihui), He Yilong (Ge Liyan), He Jin (Zuo Jin Wang), Li Wanqing, Heng Tianwang, Hui Dengxiang, Ma Jinzhong (mixed 100,000), Jiu Tiaolong, Shun Tianwang and other 13 rebel 72 battalions, reaching more than 200,000 people, gathered in Xingyang to discuss the operational strategy, Li Zicheng put forward the operational strategy of "dividing the troops and attacking in four ways", which was affirmed by all the rebels. History is called "Xingyang Conference". In November, Gao Yingxiang, Li Zicheng, and Zhang Xianzhong attacked Luoyang. After that, Zhang Xianzhong marched to Songshan and Ruzhou, and Gao Yingxiang and Li Zicheng marched to Yanshi and Gong County.

From 1641 to 1642, Li Zicheng led the three open seals. Yi Shui led the troops, and Kaifeng was once again destroyed.

Qing (1616-1911)

The succession of the Ming and Qing dynasties took about 30 years of transition and overlap. In 1616, in the forty-fourth year of the Ming Dynasty, Nurhaci established himself as Khan and established Houjin, until February 12, 1912, when the 6-year-old emperor Puyi abdicated, and the Qing Dynasty lasted for 12 emperors and ruled the whole country for 268 years, similar to the reign of the Ming Dynasty. The dominant Qing Dynasty divided the country into 26 provinces, more than 200 provinces, and more than 70 directly subordinate states. Zhengzhou is under the administration of Kaifeng Province.

Human flesh grinding plate - Li Zicheng's soldiers in Zheng Luofeng before and after entering Beijing

Before and after Li Zicheng entered Beijing, his troops had many battles with the Ming and Qing officials in the area of Zheng Luobian, and the battle of tug-of-war was extremely cruel and another round of killing.

In 1636, in the ninth year of Chongzhen, in March, Gao Yingxiang and Li Zicheng led their troops to fight with the Ming generals Wang Jinzhong and Zhou Weiyong. In August, he fought against Zuo Liangyubu in Tangzhuang, which was unfavorable. From Gong County back to Shaanxi. Soon, Gao Yingxiang was killed in battle, and Li Zicheng succeeded him as the king of Chuang. In 1638, in the eleventh year of Emperor Mingsizong's reign, Li Jiyu was shackled to the leg of a stone lion in front of the Yamen of Dengfeng County for "beating up a servant and leading the crowd to make a disturbance". Li smashed the lion, raised the Jianshan Shuyi Banner, gathered about 50,000 troops, and moved in Xingyang, Fenshui, Dengfeng, Mixian and other places.

In 1639, in the twelfth year of Chongzhen, Yang Sichang, the shangshu of the military department, called on 70 warrior monks of the Shaolin Temple to accompany the army to recruit Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong. It was a year of earthquakes, droughts, locust plagues, cannibalism. Nicknamed "YidouGu (Liang and Songjian) and "One Dragon" (Yuan Laosan) and other peasant uprisings, gathering 300,000 people, stationed in Songshan, often haunting Gong County and other places.

In 1640, Chongzhen thirteen years, two consecutive years of severe drought, the Yellow River dry. "Bucket rice and thousands of dollars, years of famine, flesh and bones, the people died more than halfway, the road is less pedestrian." Locusts have grown, and the wilderness has broken green." Hungry and dying, even father and son cannibalize. In the same year, Dengfeng Li Jiyu joined forces with Shen Jingbang, Zhang Ding, and Ren Chen to garrison the area around Yuzhai. He was often active on the south bank of the Yellow River, killing the official Yao Ruo in Gong County. Wang Sheng gathered 5,000 people in the eastern part of Gong County in response to Li Ji's uprising and threatened gong county. On June 15, the squire Zhang Taiding led Xiang Yong and Wang Sheng in a fierce battle north of Koucun. Later, Wang Sheng was framed by internal traitors.

In 1641, in the fourteenth year of Chongzhen, in the first month, Li Zicheng led a rebel army to conquer Luoyang, and the "Fulu (Deer) Feast" cooked Zhu Changxun, the King of Fu, and killed countless people who insisted on holding the city. In February, he led his troops to attack Kaifeng for the first time, and took the initiative to retreat after 7 days and nights of siege and strong attack. He then joined forces with Li Jiyu to capture dengfeng county, killing Yan Tingjie and Dianshi Wang Dabi of Zhi County. In March, the Zhongyue Temple caught fire, and the main hall, two corridors, and Junji Gate were burned down. In the spring, hunger and epidemic arrive, and the dead sleep with each other. In November, Dengfeng Li Jichun led a peasant rebel army to attack the county seat of Xinzheng. From December to January of the following year, Li Zicheng led his troops to attack Kaifeng for the second time, attacking day and night with artillery fire for 20 days and then retreating again. It is the year, natural and man-made disasters, great famine, cannibalism.

In 1642, in the fifteenth year of Chongzhen, on the fifteenth day of the first month, three days after the attack, Li Zicheng's troops invaded Xinzheng County and killed Liu Konghui of Zhi County. On February 29, Li Zicheng's forces again captured the county seat of Dengfeng and killed Liu Yu (yīn) of Zhi County. April to September. Li Zicheng led his troops to attack Kaifeng for the third time, and Inspector Gao Mingheng decided to take the Yellow River to irrigate the rebel army, leaving a vast ocean outside the city, with several meters deep water inside the city and floating corpses like fish. After the flood, more than 30,000 people of more than 370,000 people remain. During this period, on May 4, the defenders of Zhengzhou opened the east gate to welcome Li Zicheng's army into the city, and Zhizhou Lu Shiren abandoned the city and fled.

In 1643, in the sixteenth year of Chongzhen, in July, Li Jiyu and Shen Jingbang led a rebel army to attack dengfeng county, and the siege was not conquered for 20 days. In August, Li Zicheng's army conquered Gong County and killed Yan Shixuan of Zhi County. On August 8, Li Zicheng led his troops to attack Dengfeng, broke the city and went west, killing Shen Jingbang at Dengfeng Jindian Village, besieging shaomushan yuzhai and besieging Li Jiyu, who had rebelled after surrendering. After hearing that the Ming army was approaching, he retreated to Baofeng. Li Jiyu led his troops into Dengfeng. Li Zicheng turned the horse's head and swung his division north, pointing his sword at Kyoto.

The defeat of the king's army - the Qing army killed two birds with one stone, and Shi Kefa and Li Ji were killed

In 1644, the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, due to the great drought of the previous year, spring, cannibalism. The rebels captured Shuishui twice. In March, Li Zicheng led the Dashun army to capture Beijing, and the Ming dynasty was killed. In April, the rebel army gained an unstable foothold and was defeated by the Eight Banners Brigade led by Wu Sangui after the qing dynasty and the Qing regent Dolgun, and the Qing army entered the pass (it is said that the collapse of the rebel army was related to the plague after entering Beijing). The whereabouts of the king who escaped all the way are unknown from now on, and he has been defeated for eternity. In May, the Ming ministers Shi Kefa and Ma Shiying supported Zhu Yousong, the Prince of Fu, as emperor in Nanjing, with the era name Hongguang and the historical name Nanming. In October, Li Jiyu accepted the appointment of Emperor Hongguang of the Southern Ming Dynasty as the commander-in-chief of Henan and led the people to resist the Qing.

Shi Kefa (1602-1645), a native of Shijia Village, WolfchengGang, Zhongmu County (formerly belonging to Kaifeng Xiangfu County, which was assigned to Zhongmu County in 1965), chongzhen yuannian jinshi, southern Ming Dynasty soldier Of the Bingbu Shangshu, Wuyingdian University scholar. Expelled from the dynasty by Ma Shiying, he went to Yangzhou to supervise the division, and the Qing soldiers broke Yangzhou and were killed without yielding. His posthumous works were compiled by later generations as the "Shi Zhongzheng Gongji".

Also in 1644, the Yellow River broke through twice, flooding the countryside of Zhongmu and other places in Zhengzhou, and floating more than 10,000 households. In the same year, the Qing army entered the customs and invaded Zhengzhou in December. In the following 20 years, the Qing Dynasty destroyed the Dashun and Daxi regimes and ruled the whole country. Years of fighting, coupled with severe drought, are cannibalism and corpses.

In 1645, in the first month of the second year of Qing Shunzhi, Duo Duo, the Prince of Qingyu, crossed the Yellow River from Mengzhou to pursue Li Zicheng. In the same month, Li Jiyu, the chief military officer of Henan, and Xu Dingguo, the chief military officer of Sui prefecture, surrendered to Qing, and the fifteen forts along the river in Henan were returned to Qing. On March 7, the Qing army of Duoduo left the Tiger Prison Pass and continued to march east. In 1647, four years after Shunzhi, Li Jiyu was killed for conspiring with Wang Daoshi to rebel against the Qing Dynasty. Brother and wife sit side by side.

Kangqian's prosperous life - repairing temples, writing books and sayings, and the population increased dramatically

The Qing Dynasty during the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong periods was an important period of development and peace in Chinese history for more than 130 years. During this period, in 1671, the tenth year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty, Wang Gong and others raised funds to rebuild the Zhongyue Temple. In 1674, in the thirteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Ye Feng of Dengfeng Zhi County rebuilt the Ercheng Ancestral Hall at the site of the songyang academy. In 1677, in the sixteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Gengjie began to expand the Songyang Academy. In 1694, the thirty-third year of the Kangxi Dynasty, the Kangxi Emperor inscribed a plaque for the Zhongyue Temple "Song Gao Junji", and the Chaguan Zhen (jī) plaque was hung in the Junji Hall. In 1704, the forty-third year of the Kangxi Dynasty, the imperial book "Shaolin Temple" and "Baoshu Lianfang" plaques were awarded to the Shaolin Temple Heavenly King Hall and the Daxiong Treasure Hall hanging. In 1724, in the second year of Qing Yongzheng, Zhengzhou was elevated to a prefecture directly under its jurisdiction, with four counties under its jurisdiction: Xingyang, Xingze, Fenshui, and Heyin. In 1734, in the twelfth year of Qing Yongzheng, Zhengzhou was changed to an ordinary prefecture and came under the jurisdiction of Kaifeng Province. It still administers the four counties of Xingyang, Xingze, Fenshui and Heyin. In 1735, the thirteenth year of Yongzheng, the Yongzheng Emperor issued an edict to renovate the Shaolin Temple on a large scale. There is a cypress in the southeast of the temple, and the Ming monks have no words to plant thousands of cypress trees, which are covered with cliffs and valleys. Because of the materials used in the temple, it was cut down. In 1748, thirteen years after the Qianlong Qing Dynasty, the Zhengzhou Bureau appointed He Yuansu of Zhizhou to rebuild the "Zichan Ancestral Hall".

In the Qing Dynasty, Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Guangxu gradually implemented the tax of "dividing Ding into mu", the land endowment and Ding Gong were merged into one, urban industrialists and merchants were exempted from Ding Yin, private ownership of land and land commodification were developed, commercial capital and monetary capital penetrated into the rural areas of the economically developed areas of Jiangnan, and China's agricultural economy evolved into a market economy. During the Qing Dynasty, the yield of rice per mu in the south was about double that of rice mu in the north, and it was also double, double, or even triple the yield of wheat mu in the north. In the Qing Dynasty, the folk proverb "The lake is widely ripe, and the world is full." "The grain needed by the Qing Dynasty state depended on Jiangnan. Rice production provides the material basis for the migration of northern migrants to the south. In the peaceful environment of great reunification, the Economy, Ideology, and Culture of the Qing Dynasty all developed, and the total population of China exceeded 100 million for the first time during the "Kangqian Prosperous Era". During this period, after the national economic center of gravity shifted to the northeast and southeast, the ecological environment of Zhengluobi, which deviated from the capital, continued to deteriorate, and zhengzhou's economy continued to polarize in the ravages of disasters such as floods and droughts.

Qing Dynasty famous Confucians - Geng Jie, Ran Xiaozu, Jing Rixun, Zhang Yu

Geng Jie, born in 1621 in The Southwest Street of Dengfeng Castle, Shuxiang Mendi. In 1652, Shunzhi entered the ninth year. The following year, he entered Beijing and served as a direct subordinate to Daimyo Province. In 1664, when he buried his mother, he abandoned his official and returned to his hometown, with the aim of restoring songyang academy. Donated family property and 200 acres of land for funding, and opened up 130 acres of land in the academy, with more than 500 students, Dengfengzhi County also often came to listen to lectures and lectures, cultivating Jing Risheng, Yao Ershen and other high-ranking people, famous for a while. He is the author of "The Book of Filial Piety", "The Essentials of Science", "Songyang Academy Chronicle", "Jingshutang Anthology Chronicle" and so on. Died in 1693.

Ran Xiaozu, born in 1638 in Zhongmu, was a Qing bibliophile and scribe. Ran is 17 years old. In 1691, Kangxi thirty years into the army, the official Hanlin Academy review. In the forty-third year of the Kangxi Dynasty, at the age of 68, he resigned from his official post and returned to his hometown, built the LunHan Hall, concentrated on writing, and taught his children. In 1719, Kangxi died of illness in the fifty-seventh year at the age of 81. On his deathbed, he instructed his children to publish his manuscripts and build a library without talking about a personal matter. Ran Xiaozuqian psychology, once taught at Artemisia College, and wrote "For the Study of the Great Finger" and "Heavenly Reason Lord Respect Map" as teaching materials. He is the chief editor of "Zhongzhou Tongzhi", and has authored more than 20 kinds of poems and miscellaneous works, such as "Detailed Explanations of the Five Classics and Four Books", "Outline of Sexual Theory", "Yangming Doubtful Case", "Zhengmeng Supplementary Training", "Detailed Explanation of Shang Shu", "Notes on the Four Books of Play", and poetry miscellaneous works. Known as a generation of giants.

Jing Rixun, Dengfeng Dayeren, born in 1658 and 1661, died in the eleventh year of Yongzheng in 1733 and was buried in Chen Village, Tangzhuang, Dengfeng. In 1691, Kangxi entered the army for thirty years. Official to hubu waiter. Jing Richen attended Songyang Academy as a teenager and was personally instructed by Geng Jie. His biography is extremely rich. There is a book "Saying Song", and the song mountain information collected is the most detailed one of the works on song mountain in the past. His medical work "Songya Zunsheng" is the most well-known, circulating throughout the country, from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, and there are many reprints and reprints.

Zhang Yu (張钺), also spelled 虔, was a native of Qingyuan County, Baoding Province. (1738-1741) Qianlong three to six years, (1743-1747) Qianlong eight to twelve years, two Zhengzhou Zhizhou. Qianlong took office in the first month of the third year, and rebuilt the Xiong'er River Bridge outside the south gate of Zhengzhou City that year, which was later washed away by water, and then repaired in the ninth year of Qianlong, rebuilt into a stone bridge, and added a bridge hole, which became the most important bridge project in the history of Zhengzhou City. Qianlong was built in ten years, and after more than 200 years, it is still as strong as ever. In the fifth year of Qianlong, the Zhengzhou City God Temple, which was built in the Ming Dynasty, was restored. From the fourth to the ninth year of Qianlong, he successively dredged the old canal of Liangjia Lake in Zhengzhou and the water conservancy facilities of the Erlang Temple Canal. In the spring of the tenth year of Qianlong, the Zhengzhou Tianzhong Academy was renovated. He has presided over the compilation and revision of the "Zhengzhou Chronicle", and has left a series of famous works for the "Eight Views of Zhengzhou" - Fengtai Lotus Fragrance, Ancient Pagoda Qingyun, Meifeng Yuanguan, Guatai Wonderland, Longgang Xueji, Putian Chuncao, Haisi Morning Bell, and Bianhe Xinliu, and created poems such as "Zichan Ancestral Hall", "Sunset Building Long Abandoned After the Second Jade Birth Original Rhyme", "Past Pei Jin Cemetery" and so on.

Xiu Zhi - facing the future, dialyzing reality, summarizing history

There are limitations to examining history. The more ancient the capital, the fewer relics left behind, the more difficult it is to be excavated and characterized. The longer the history, the less historical materials are left behind, and the easier it is to be misjudged. Before the Ming and Qing dynasties, when it was handed down for three generations, There were already full-time historians in China, but there were systematic writings in the Later Shang. Previously, if there were historical officials, there was a lack of writing, and the language was limited, or the records were written in symbols or knotted ropes. The "Left Biography" mentions "Zheng Zhi", which cannot be examined. The Records of Song Mountain by Lu Yuanming of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Records of Song Mountains by Tang Lu Hongyi, the Records of Song Yue by Song Zhang Jingjian, and the Zhengzhou Tujing of the Northern Song Dynasty mentioned in the Southern Song Dynasty You Yuanming's Bibliography, only the bibliography remains. The historian did not remember the affairs of the dynasty, and was originally telling the truth. However, when the dynasty denies the affairs of the previous dynasty, it is a common disease to blame the former dynasty and flaunt the present dynasty. As far as the existing historical data is concerned, the Zhishu are mostly from the Ming and Qing dynasties. The establishment of the academy and the cultivation of zhi are the inheritance of the history and culture of the Chinese nation in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

The main chronicles compiled in the Zhengzhou area during the Ming Dynasty are: Ming Jingtai (1450-1457) "Zhengzhou Zhi", 佚. Ming Chenghua Sixteenth Year (1480) "Dengfeng County Chronicle". Ming Chenghua Twenty Years (1484) "Chronicle of Mixian County", 佚. In the first year of Akihiro's reign (1488), "汜志", 佚. In the eleventh year of Akihiroji (1499), "Chronicle of Shuishui County", 佚. Gongxian Zhiluo (Gongxian Zhiluo) of the reign of Ming Hongzhi (1488-1505), 佚. Ming Hongzhi - Zhengde (1488-1521) "Chronicle of Xinzheng County", You. Ming Zhengde's Seventh Year (1512) "Dengfeng County Chronicle". Ming Zhengde Ninth Year (1514) "Chronicle of Zhongmu County". Ming Jiajing's Fifth Year (1526) "Dengfeng Xinzhi". Ming Jiajing Gengzhi to Longqing 4th year (1550-1570) Song Yue Zhi. Ming Jiajing Thirty-one Years (1552) Zhengzhou Zhi. Ming Jiajing Thirty-three Years (1554) "Records of Fenshui County". Ming Jiajing Thirty-four Years (1555) "GongXian Zhi". Ming Jiajing's "Xingyang County Chronicle", manuscript. Ming Longqing III (1569) "Dengfeng County Chronicle". Ming Wanli 3rd Year (1575) "Xinzheng County Chronicle", 佚. In the fourth year of the Ming Dynasty (1576), "Xingyang County Chronicle", You. In the twelfth year of the Ming Dynasty (1582), "Chronicle of Zhongmu County", Anon. In the fourteenth year of the Ming Dynasty (1586), "Dengfeng County Chronicle", You. Twenty-third year of the Ming Dynasty (1594) "Chronicle of Zhongmu County". Thirty-fifth year of the Ming Dynasty (1607) Book of Song. Forty-second year of the Ming Dynasty (1614), Xingyang County Chronicle, Anon. Forty-three years of the Ming Dynasty (1615) "The Ride". Forty-sixth year of the Ming Dynasty (1618), "Records of Xinzheng County", Anon. Ming Wan's "Zhengzhou Zhi", "Xingze County Chronicle", "Heyin County Chronicle", "Mixian Zhi", all of them. Tomorrow Qi (1623) "Zhongmu County Chronicle". Ming Chongzhen Seven Years (1634) "Chronicle of Mixian County", An.

The main chronicles compiled in zhengzhou during the Qing dynasty were: The Chronicle of Dengfeng County in the Fifth Year of Shunzhi (1648). Shunzhi VIII (1661) "Song Gaozhi". Shunzhi Decade (1653) "Chronicle of Mixian County". Shunzhi Sixteenth Year (1659) "Mixian Chronicle". In the sixteenth year of Shunzhi (1659), "Xinzheng County Chronicle", "Songshan Zhi", "Xingze County Chronicle", "Zhongmu County Chronicle", "FengZhi", and "Gongxian Zhi", "Zhengzhou Zhi", "Xingyang County Zhi", "Xingyang County Zhi", "Gong County Zhi", "Zhengzhou Zhi", "Xingyang County Zhi", "Zhi", "Xingyang County Zhi", "Xingyang County Zhi", "Zhi", "Zhengzhou County Zhi", "Xingyang County Zhi", "Zhi", "Xingyang County Zhi", "Zhi", "Zhi Kangxi Ninth Year (1670) "Chronicle of Zhongmu County". Kangxi Twelfth Year (1673) Songyang Stone Carvings. Kangxi Seventeenth Year (1678) "Xingyang County Chronicle". Kangxi Eighteenth Year (1679) "Dengfeng County Chronicle", 佚. Kangxi Twenty-second Year (1683) Songyang Academy Chronicle. Kangxi Thirty Years "GongXian Chronicle", 佚. Kangxi Thirty Years (1691) "Chronicle of Heyin County". Thirty-second year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1693) Zhengzhou Zhi. Kangxi Thirty-three Years (1694) "Xinzheng County Chronicle". Kangxi Thirty-four Years (1695) "Mixian Chronicle" and "Xingze County Chronicle". The Chronicle of Dengfeng County and the History of Songyang Temple, compiled by kangxi in the thirty-fifth year (1693). Kangxi Fifty-first Year (1712) "GongXian Chronicle", 佚. Kangxi Fifty-five Years (1716) "Saying Song". The Huishan Temple Chronicle compiled between the 35th year of the Kangxi Dynasty and the 10th year of the Yongzheng Dynasty (1696-1733). Qianlong Three Years (1738) "Zhengzhou Zhili Zhou Zhi". Qianlong Ninth Year (1744) "Records of Fenshui County". Qianlong Ninth Year (1744) "Dengfeng County Chronicle". Qianlong Decade (1745) "Gongxian Chronicle". Qianlong Eleventh Year (1746) "Xingyang County Chronicle". Qianlong Thirteenth Year (1748) "Zhongmu County Chronicle", "Xingze County Chronicle" and "Shaolin Temple Chronicle". Qianlong Fifteenth Year of the Qing Dynasty (1750) "Chronicle of Mixian County". Forty-first year of the Qianlong Dynasty (1776) "Chronicle of Xinzheng County". Fifty-second year of the Qianlong Dynasty (1786) "Dengfeng County Chronicle". Fifty-fourth year of the Qianlong Dynasty (1789) "Gongxian Chronicle". Qing Jiaqing sixteen to twenty years (1811-1815) "Mixian Chronicle". In the eighth year of Qing Tongzhi (1869), "Chronicle of Zhongmu County". Qing Guangxu Twenty-four Years (1898) "Heyin Zhi Manuscript".

XiuZhi, why Xiuzhi? What is the point of practicing for the sake of practicing? If we do not sum up history and do not draw lessons and lessons to benefit development, what is the purpose of cultivating our aspirations?

"Without an investigation, there is no voice." Who investigates history the most deeply and thoroughly? Historians, of course. But the emperor quoted Confucius as saying that "to describe but not to do" said that historians only have the right to record, not the right to speak. Therefore, there is no historical conclusion, no deduction of the future, let alone quantitative analysis in the digital age. As a result, without higher goals and requirements, the elasticity of faith and unbelief is too great. For the sake of recounting, it has become an excuse for many flashy and famous pseudo-scholars, and the quality of the zhishu is getting worse and worse, and the face is swollen and fat, and the self-illness is unconscious.

The emperor used Confucius's words to block the mouths of historians, and such an absurd principle of cultivation was enshrined as the most reasonable and famous words by successive generations of Confucians and imperial literati, and became the basic principle of cultivation. No wonder Fan Wenlan and Guo Moruo both violated principles and had insinuation masterpieces and suspicions. It is said that Confucius and Sima Qian both "said but did not do." "I feel like I'm blind. The "Taigong Shi Yue", which was recited like a poem when he was less than 20 years old, is still fresh in his memory 40 years later. As for Confucius, needless to say, it is not difficult to see his comments on the words of Zichan and Deng Xian, and it is not difficult to understand what a master he is and is good at doing. Confucius and Sima Qian "made" the finishing touch, and the ink was like gold. Confucius told but did not do it, but he was afraid of trying to discipline the misinterpretation and kitsch of ah yi feng ying.

Remove the adjectives, copy the body of the article, combine the reported points into a large platter, hire a responsible editor with a high salary, cut out the wrong typos, add a large font, print a large stack of antiques, and add a delicate packaging box, and then say it is not ashamed, it is conclusive, it is called a fine product, it is called a messenger. He has won many awards, left a name in the history of stealing, received fame and fortune, and is self-satisfied, not only does not jump out of the kitsch, but also collects the great drawbacks of the old ambition. The essence of saying one thousand and saying ten thousand is not whether to do or not to do, nor is it whether contemporary people can record contemporary events, but how to accurately record history in a democratic, scientific, and truth-seeking manner, and reveal the true meaning that history gives to reality and the future. This may be the reason why historians such as Fan Wenlan and Guo Moruo involuntarily "knowingly committed crimes".

Seeing through the red dust, the old man is full of economics, and the old man repeats "rare and confused" with a heavy heart, but can he ever know that "it is suspected to be the sound of folk suffering" and "a branch and a leaf are always concerned"? Did you know that that was the real Itabashi wind bone? Sima Qian took the lead in writing about the dynasty and touched the emperor's "reverse scales", precisely to seek truth from facts. Because of this, Sima Qian's whereabouts are a mystery for thousands of years. It is precisely because of this that this historian who has both moral integrity and ability, endures humiliation and burdens, and puts his life and death on the line is still "unprecedented and unprecedented." ”

Preface, exposition, discussion, discussion. Description, polysemantic word. Accounting, stating, elaborating, expounding. Elaboration is the discussion of esoteric questions. In the Hanyu Da Zidian, there are nearly 20 meanings of "zuo". The Analects of Shu Er says: "To speak but not to do, to believe is to be ancient." Confucius's "doing" here should refer to mannerism and fabrication. In the ancient pre-Qin texts, "zuo" refers to false words or expositions in many places. The "Explanation of Words and Characters" says that "doing" is from the beginning of the person, and "deception" is from the beginning of the word, and random fabrication is "deception".

Cultivate the self first, cultivate the ambition first, and cultivate the morality first. "Virtue is not cultivated, learning is not taught, righteousness cannot be migrated, and goodness cannot be changed," envying the virtuous and jealous, generalizing the whole, drawing the tiger according to the cat, not seeking to understand, not knowing how to pretend to understand, so loyal to "narration", is to use "narration without doing" to deceive the world and steal fame, sell fame and reputation. Since the reform and opening up, the implementation of "describing but not doing" in the compilation of many chronicles has been to treat feudal dross as the essence of ancient precepts. It is good to describe or to do it, and it is also possible to bite the text and chew the words. Lao Tzu and Confucius are human beings, not gods, nor are they 100 percent correct. Works such as character, the difference between words and deeds, and the quality of the book vary from person to person. In the final analysis, the unshirkable mission of historians is to do what they can and only ask for it. Yes, historical facts, reason, including well-deserved reputation. Proceeding step by step, following the same trend, following the script, eating the ancients, and having no connection with innovation, is not in line with the original intention of the era of reform and opening up.

The rise and fall of the academy - the successor of the Songshan cultural circle is weak

After the Song Dynasty, The Ming Dynasty, the Songyang Academy, there were other academies in Zhengzhou. Songyang Academy is famous, thanks to celebrities, famous mountains, and Han bai. The new construction, restoration and expansion of the academy, with the Qing Dynasty as the glory. The rise and fall of the zhengzhou regional academy diffracts the rise and fall of the Songshan cultural circle.

Yinggu Academy, located in Dengfeng Yingyang Town (宋颍阳县, Jinquan County as a town, belonging to Dengfeng), Song Shi had county schools, abandoned by soldiers. In the first year of daguan (1107), the imperial court promulgated the academic system and inscribed a monument. During the Song and Yuan dynasties (1271-1279), the school was built. In the second year of Emperor Qing of the Yuan Dynasty (1313), a Song Xue system monument was found at the site of xuansheng temple, and the people built the ancestral master hall and lecture hall. (Later) by the autumn of the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1339), Gongbu Langzhong Wenge did not see his narrow dirt, and led the people to donate it to build a college, the hall was spacious, "there was a room for perching, there was a room", and "the person who had completed the study and practiced was a teacher", and for a time "yancai li showed his feet outdoors, and the sound of string chanting was successive". In the fifth year of the Yuan Shun Emperor's reign (1345), Zhixian was known to the imperial court for its origins and ends, and was given the name "Yinggu Academy", and wang Yi of the Rebbe Shangshu wrote an inscription. In the thirteenth year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1674), Zhixian Yefeng was rebuilt. In the eighth year of Qianlong (1743), the gentlemen of Yingyang, Song Qi and Wang Zhen, were rebuilt in Yingyang South Street. Abandoned at the end of the Qing Dynasty.

Cungu Academy, located in Dengfeng. Ming Wanlijian (1573-1620) Zhixian Fu Meijian. There are several halls, boxes, and school buildings. Fu Mei is good at antiques and poems, and whenever he travels, he sees the broken stele, and after repeated examination, he sees that there is handwriting, that is, he carries it back to the academy and embeds it on the wall to preserve cultural relics and provide for students to appreciate and grow knowledge. Hence the name Ancient. Soon they will be extinct, and the antiquities will no longer exist.

Dongli Academy, located in Zhengzhou, was formerly known as Tianzhong Academy, which was built by the prefect in the 10th year of Ming Chongzhen (1637). In the nineteenth year of Qianlong (1754), Tianzhong Academy was changed to Dongli Academy. Zhizhou An Ergong was built inside the East Gate of Wonju Zhi. In the fifty-third year of Qianlong (1788), Wang Rujin of Zhizhou re-studied and gathered all the students to study diligently. In the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854), Zhizhou Huang Jiansan proposed to donate to the restoration, Yanzhou Xuezheng Song Xiaoya gave the main lecture, the discipline prince Yu Chong Prison, admitted 27 students, the best in the class test rewarded with bonuses, and the Hui and Zhusheng Dun "poems" said "rites"; and also set rules and regulations, so that all students obeyed. In the eighth year of Qing Guangxu (1882), Wang Chengde of Zhizhou, together with the gentlemen Yan Tan, Li Qiyuan, Meng Qi, Jing Kejian, Li Jiansan, Zhao Weisan, Chen Rongshou, Li Xun and others, donated funds to the Nangongguan, returned to the old site of The Zhongtian Academy, and Yan Tan wrote a record of Le Shi. Fa Yuen Mun Street is named after College Street. In the 30th year of Guangxu (1904), it was changed to a middle school.

Xingxue College, located in Xinzheng. In the twelfth year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1673), Li Yonggeng of Zhixian County proposed to build it outside the north gate of the old city. Li wrote his own inscription, agreed with the townspeople on the rules of the year and the monthly meeting, and published Zhu Xi's "White Deer Cave Study Rules" and Yang Dongming's Eight Rules of Study, named "Xingxue Great Righteousness", so that all beings could pass on the study day and night. In the eleventh year of Qianlong (1746), Lu Lie of Zhixian County donated money to rebuild, professors of Yanshi, and scholars came to learn. In the thirteenth year, Sun Yingbi of Zhixian County transferred more than 12 hectares of guantian to the academy and collected the annual rent to charge the fire fee. Fixed year repair fee 130 taels. The number of students in the industry is limited to 20, the thesis is taken, and the deficiency is made up, and the annual anointing is 6 taels, and those who have leavers are deducted daily. Among the students in the old age, 2 people who choose to excel in their studies and practice are filled with fasting chiefs, and they are in charge of the leave and bookkeeping. There is no limit to the number of students in the attached class, but there is no anointing fire. There is also a kitchen service, a gatekeeper and a ceremonial room for each of the books of the management college, and there is a difference in the work and food. Post-scrap.

Chenggao Academy, located on the other side of the Feng River outside the west gate of the county town of Fengshui County (present-day Xingyang Fenshui Town). In the fifteenth year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1676), Zheng Ruiguo of Zhixian County was built in the battle of Chu han Chenggao. More than 80 acres of land are used for teachers and students to anoint the fire. In the sixth year of Qianlong (1741), Xu Mianxiu of Zhixian County rebuilt and added school buildings to Guangduoshi, which was once praised. Yi Shi Yu Dian Ao fu poem praise: "Speaking of Wu was a livestock tiger prison in the past, and now the wenjiao Zhencheng Gao." Songguan is still quiet in autumn, and there are still sycamores leading to phoenix hair. "Post-waste.

Sanshan Academy, located in the west gate of the county seat of Shuishui County (present-day Xingyang). In the seventh year of the Qianlong Dynasty (1742), he Xiangu, a superintendent, donated funds to build the town of Fenshui. Set up 100 acres of land for teachers and students to anoint the fire. Xu Mian of ZhiXian county allocated more than 800 mu of beach land to support Qicheng, and personally remembered the original committee. Liu Shengzi of Yanluoyang presided over the lecture, and selected the talented men in the yi to do the work, and admonished the students: "Proclaim the holy scriptures and make clear the righteousness, the first revelation of learning and the practice of time as a training, the husband takes what is unknown today and learns it, the beginning of this learning is also; take the knowledge of those who have known the previous day and learn it, and this learning is also followed; and it is also taken from those who have been learned in ordinary days and sought from time to time, and this learning is uninterrupted and endless." "Post-waste.

Junyang Academy, originally known as Ruichun Academy, is a municipal cultural relics protection unit in Zhengzhou. Located in the back street of Xinmi Ancient City, sitting north facing south. Founded in the 40th year of The Qianlong Dynasty (1755), with a construction area of 5400 square meters. The existing gate, the house, the lecture hall, etc. on the central axis are divided into three courtyards, and the gate, front yard, middle courtyard and backyard are all hard mountain gray tile roof buildings. There are two existing stone tablets in the academy, one is the "Reconstruction of Zhuojun Temple and the New Ruichun Academy" in the 40th year of the Qianlong Dynasty (1775), and the other is the "Shrine of the Junyang Academy" in the third year of Daoguang (1823).

In addition, it is rumored that there are also Shaomu Academy, Nancheng Academy, etc., most of these ancient academies in Zhengzhou were destroyed by war, or people went to the room and moved it for other uses. According to Kao, the current Yingyang Primary School originated from Yinggu Academy, and Zhengzhou No. 1 Middle School originated from Dongli Academy. Today's Dengfeng is like a martial arts town. But in ancient times, most of the colleges were in Dengfeng, and the thickness was culture.

King's Landing Zhongyue - Qianlong Dengfeng Shooting Tiger, Letter Horse By Reins

In 1750, the fifteenth year of Qianlong, on September 27, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty (i.e., Qianlong) crossed the Yellow River from Mengjin and first went to the Zhongyue Temple to offer sacrifices, and the imperial system produced two poems of "Gurudwara Temple".

September 30 to the Songshan Shaolin Temple, overnight stay in the Shaolin Temple abbot's room to compose a poem: "Tomorrow Zhan Zhongyue, this night stay in Shaolin, the heart has six Zen quiet, the temple is based on the depth of the ten thousand mountains, the ancient wind of the trees remains, the earth spirit is yin, should teach half a rock rain, send me the night window chanting." "The next day, you will visit Huishan Temple, Songyang Academy, Zhongyue Temple, and Junji Peak. The 9 jade ruyis offered by Vietnam to the Taoist priests of Zhongyue Temple were given for sacrifice. For the enunciation Jing Ri, the three plaques were inscribed with "Upright Gentleman", "Guo Wushuangpin" and "JingShi Ancestral Hall". On the fourth day of the first month to MiXian County, Qianlong and the Empress Dowager passed through Mixian County, stopped in Niu'erdian Town, finished eating, rode around and hunted, shot tigers in Peijiawa, and stationed in the east camp of the city. The people put on incense and knelt by the side of the road to greet them. On the fifth day of the first month, Qianlong went to Zhengzhou, and on the sixth day of the first month, through Zhongmu to Kaifeng.

Ding Pengqi Famine - a major drought that occurred in 200 years, and the population fell sharply

From 1876 to 1878, when the Foreign Affairs Movement was "seeking strength" and "seeking wealth", about 200 years of the first time in the great catastrophe of northern China, the drought lasted for 4 years. The affected areas included Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Zhili (present-day Hebei), Shandong and other five northern provinces, and spread to northern Jiangsu, northern Anhui, Longdong and northern Sichuan; the death toll was tens of millions. In the "wù strange famine" that shocked the world, the speed of official disaster relief could not keep up with the growth rate of the victims, "the squatters snatched along the streets, sacrificed their lives without remorse", and even some disaster victims "starved and plundered people's food". At the end of 1877, there were more than 20,000 victims in Suzhou, a large number of victims continued to go south, the city of Hangzhou was overcrowded, and the "eating big households" riots continued, and the Qing government spared no expense to provide disaster relief, set up a "porridge factory", severely punished corrupt officials, appeased the victims, and rectified the riots. In 1876, there was a terrible drought, and there had been no heavy rain and snow for a year and a half, and the people were hungry with elm bark, leaves, and tribulus, and there was a tragic situation of cannibalism everywhere. In 1877, there was a great drought and a great famine, and many people died of starvation, and people couldnibalize each other, and the ten rooms were empty.

At that time, in 1876, xingyang and shuishui had no harvest in autumn. In 1877, Zhengzhou City, Zhongmu, Dengfeng, Xingyang, Xingze, Xinzheng encountered a severe drought, there was no rain in the spring, the red land was thousands of miles, the grain harvest failed, the people fed on elm bark and leaves, and tribulus terrestris for food, and gradually reached six livestock. There are many people who die of hunger, ten rooms and nine empty spaces, hunger and death, villages are ruins, and people cannibalize each other. Gong County has set up a porridge factory for men and women, and those within ten miles give up a meal of porridge every day; those who are ten miles away will be given 4 taels (125 grams) of rice per day. Zhixian Li Shuyuan used work as a substitute for relief, so that the starving people built the county town until the end of the year. In that year, the Yellow River broke through in Zhengzhou Shiqiao, more than 300 meters wide and 1.7 meters deep, flooding more than 40 counties such as Zhongmu. Capture the Jalu River into Huai. In 1878, in February of the fourth year of Guangxu, the grain price was expensive, and the millet in Gongxian County was 6300 yuan per stone (95 kg) (4.2 taels of silver); sorghum was 4400 yuan per stone (90 kg). It was the spring of the year, the epidemic was epidemic, and there were many dead people. The Qing court donated money and donations from various places to give away about 250,000 taels of silver. Disaster victims in the province are each given 5 silver cents and can buy 1.2 liters of rice. In the summer of the same year, cholera occurred in dengfengwang village, and more than half of the patients died, of which more than half died, and some of the whole family died.

In the "WÙ Strange Famine", how many people starved to death in the Zhengzhou area is unknown. However, cannibalism, from ancient times to the present, zhengzhou has occurred more than once in history, and this inhuman social phenomenon has continued from primitive society to the middle of the 20th century.

The gap between rich and poor - Kang Million Rich Three Provinces, Boat Travel Six Rivers

The fundamental reason for the country's poverty and backwardness is that the system is irrational. The more irrational the system, the more impoverished and backward the country becomes. The poorer and backward the country, the greater the gap between the rich and the poor in society. In Chinese society at the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was an extreme disparity between the rich and the poor.

In 1900, the Eight-Power Coalition invaded Beijing. Empress Dowager Cixi fled Beijing with the Guangxu Emperor. The following year, when Gongyi was in full swing, Kang Yingkui donated two million in silver and was given the title of Empress Dowager Cixi. "Kang Million" is the general name for the Kang family since the Ming and Qing dynasties. Kang Yingkui in the middle of the Qing Dynasty made his fortune by river transportation, became rich by land, and won the official by "contribution". He was rewarded by the emperor many times, the highest official was three pins, and the three provinces of Fujia and the six rivers of the boat line reached 180,000 mu of land, and the wealth was innumerable. The people said: "Head rest Jingyang, Xi'an, foot on Linyi, Jinan; horses run thousands of miles without eating other grass, people travel thousands of miles are Kangjiatian." During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Kang Million, Shen Wansan, and Ruan Zilan were known as the three "living gods of wealth"; in the Cultural Revolution, Kang Million Manor was called the three major manors in China, along with Liu Wencai Manor in Sichuan and Mou Erhei Manor in Shandong.

Kang Million Manor covers an area of more than 240 acres, 33 courtyards, 53 buildings, 97 bungalows, 73 holes of cave kilns, a total of 571 rooms, construction area of 64300 square meters, a huge building complex with only one entrance, the appearance seems simple, the interior decoration is gorgeous, is a large landlord manor across the Ming, Qing and Republic of China three periods, is a masterpiece of feudal fortress architecture in North China.

The courtyard is still the same, and the country has changed. "Boating on six rivers" is like a fantasy for today's Gongyi.

The Yellow River roars— the mother river that floods once every four years

The Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties lasted 930 years. By the Song Dynasty onwards, Mother River's temper had become more and more grumpy, and the Yellow River had overflowed about 240 times, about 3 times higher than the 63 times in 1100 from the Western Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty. The water network of the Zhengluofen Canal is stretched to the limit.

Historically, the Yellow River has changed its course many times, and each time it has changed its course, it has built embankments along a new river channel. The levees on both sides of the lower reaches of the Yellow River east of the Mountain are mostly old embankments of the Ming and Qing dynasties, with a history of about 500 years. In the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, especially during the Qing Dynasty, the construction and blocking of the levee of the Yellow River east of Fengqiu was more and more expensive, the floods became more and more frequent, and the floods became more and more serious.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, about 40 years of war, the Yellow River embankment fell into disrepair, and some sections broke through all year round, and the water transport was damaged. Drought is water, waterlogging is water; success is also water, and failure is also water. Based on the terrain, in contrast, Luoyang has less floods and more droughts, Kaifeng has more floods and less droughts, and Zhengzhou is in the center, and droughts and floods are all wet.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the water conservancy construction of the Yellow River in central Henan was mainly based on flood control, taking into account the irrigation of farmland water conservancy. Kyoto's south-to-north grain diversion relies on canal trunk canals in Anhui, Shandong, and Hebei. In the Qing Dynasty, the cargo traffic of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal accounted for about three-quarters of the country. In order to ensure the supply of Beijing, the center of rule, the emperor could not but attach importance to caoyun. Kangxi and Qianlong repeatedly inspected the throat of the canal to clear the mouth, control the river, block the mouth, fix the embankment, divide the flood, guide the Huai, and transport the economy.

Shi Zai, in 1662, the first year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty, in June, the Yellow River broke through the Mouth of huang Lianji, and the three passes of the west, south and north of Zhongmu City were flooded. In 1683, in the 22nd year of the Kangxi Dynasty, the Embankment of the Yellow River was built, starting from Xingze County (east of the present-day Yaoshan Tourist Area) in the west and bordering the boundary of Yuanwu County in the east, with a height of 4 zhang and a width of 10 zhang. In 1695, the thirty-fourth year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty, on June 21, the third day of heavy rain, floods occurred, washing away the fields, sand crushing stones, and many people and animals drowned. In 1696, in the thirty-fifth year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty, the Yellow River channel invaded the south, and the county seat of Xingze was once again moved south to the former site of Guxingyang County (present-day Guxing Town, Zhengzhou). In the eighth year of Ming Hongwu, Xingze County was forced to move three times by river disasters. The old site is all collapsed (pī collapsed, destroyed) in the river. In the 21st-38th year of the Kangxi Dynasty, it was built into the Yellow River embankment. From Xingze, near the Dandong Village of present-day Guxing Town, down to Zhongmu Yang Bridge, it is 57 miles long. In 1723, in the first year of Qing Yongzheng, in June and September, the Yellow River broke through shilidian and Yangqiao twice, flooding hundreds of villages in Zhengzhou and Zhongmu and displacing 90,000 households.

During the Qianlong period, the flooding of the Yellow River was even more severe. In 1757, in the sixteenth year of Qianlong, the Huiji River was re-dredged. In 1761, the twenty-sixth year of Qianlong, on August 18, the Yellow River experienced a huge flood. In 1813, the Yellow River was executed many times, and the river governor Li Shixu was helpless and wanted to throw himself into the river in fear of sin. Folk proverb: two breaks in three years, one change of course in a hundred years. The Yellow River broke its mouth, and the county officials could not survive.

In 1834, when there was a big flood, the Zhengzhou river system flooded, and the villages along the Jialu River were adrifted, and countless houses were destroyed. In 1835, the fifteenth year of Qing Daoguang, a major flood, Xingyang and Xingze mountain floods soared, the Suosu River, Jingshui, Jialu River flooded, along the river villages people and livestock drifted, destroyed countless houses. There is no room in Xiaojing Water Village. Zhengzhou Doufu was flooded, and the water was more than deep. In 1843, the twenty-third year of Daoguang, on July 17, the Yellow River swelled, breaking the embankment for more than 100 meters, and the exceptionally large peak flow of the flood directly rushed to the new embankment of the Eight Forts under the flood in Zhongmu. On the twenty-third day, the Yellow River broke through the mouth of Zhongmu Jiubao, and the embankment collapsed more than 100 meters wide. In 1844, the twenty-fourth year of Daoguang, December 26 (February 2, 1845 in the Gregorian calendar), Zhongmu Jiubao River GongheLong, quanhuang Xi returned to the old road. The plugging project lasted one and a half years and cost a total of 12 million taels of silver. After this flood, the fertile farmland in the north of Zhongmu County became a land of sand and brine. In 1845, the river broke through Xingze, and the big slip passed through Zhengzhou, and Zhongmu became a Zeguo for more than 40 miles. In 1847, the twenty-seventh year of Daoguang, in the spring and summer, there was a continuous drought in zhengzhou counties, and there was no harvest for two seasons, and people mostly lived on bark and grass roots. In the autumn, Gongxian and other places encountered obscene rains, the villagers fled in all directions, and countless people sold their wives and children. In 1849, the twenty-ninth year of Daoguang, in the autumn, Zhengzhou, Zhongmu, Xingyang, Mixian and other places were successively affected by drought or flooding, and hailed and harvested badly. In 1855, in the fifth year of Qing Xianfeng, the Yellow River was diverted through Shandong into the sea, and the section from the Jialu River to the Yinghe River was no longer navigable, and the Jialu River no longer became a major waterway on land and water. In 1870, the ninth year of Qing Tongzhi, the Yellow River broke through at Xingze and flooded 157 villages in Zhengzhou. In 1871, the tenth year of Qing Tongzhi, on June 23, there was a sudden rainstorm in xingyang and shuishui, flash floods soared, the river overflowed, the houses in the second county collapsed, and countless people and animals drowned. Xingyang East City and East Gate were destroyed. In 1873, in the twelfth year of Qing Tongzhi, in June, the Jialu River was silted up and could not be canade. In the same year, Inspector Qian Dingming arrived and set up a water conservancy bureau to manage river affairs. In 1887, the thirteenth year of Qing Guangxu, August 14, 10 consecutive days of heavy rain, it was midnight on the Day when the Yellow River broke through the Ten Forts (i.e., Shiqiao) under the flood in Zhengzhou, and the mouth was more than 300 meters wide and the water depth was more than 1. 7 Zhang, submerged more than 40 counties such as Zhongmu below Zhengzhou. In September, the Qing court ordered Li Hongzao, the head of the Ministry of Rites, to go to Henan to inspect the river workers, and in December he was appointed as the inspector of the Yellow River Collapse Project in Zhengzhou.

The abolition of the Zhengluobei Waterway made Zhengzhou gradually lose an indispensable economic pillar in the development of the ancient social and urban economy from the Southern Song Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, the forerunner of the survival and development of the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, water conservancy transportation was not only no longer there, but also became a "harmful river" that ravaged the lower reaches of the Yellow River.

The four abandoned capitals of the middle reaches of the Yellow River - the thousand-year-old national capital has withered and declined in all directions

Of the four major capitals in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, the first to be reduced to the capital was Zhengzhou in the former Shang Dynasty, followed by Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty, then Luoyang in the Five Dynasties, and finally Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the capital began to move east and north, and after Xi'an, Zheng Luobi deviated from the capital.

In the Qing Dynasty, there was a gap in the economic development of the middle reaches of the Yellow River compared with the southeast, and there was also a gap between Zhengzhou and Luoyang and Kaifeng. The general trend is that the longer the history, the more the economy withers. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, as an ordinary county town, compared with Luoyang, the ancient capital of the Seven Dynasties, and Kaifeng, the ancient capital of the Nine Dynasties, the older History of Zhengzhou dwarfed. Moreover, this gap is not in a certain aspect, but in all aspects, it is the gradual weakening of Zhengzhou's overall strength, and it is a serious disease that hurts from head to toe.

Ecologically, the sand recedes, and the paradise where the former thousand-year-old national capital is located has finally degenerated into an area where droughts and floods are still overwhelmed; politically, from the ruling center to the ruling center and far from the ruling center, Zhengzhou, which has deteriorated in the environment, has gradually been abandoned by Kyoto and has gone downhill; architecturally, the once first-class capital city in China has become a waste capital; economically, the promotion and application of original agricultural achievements have transformed Zhengzhou from the main producing area in the central area of the agricultural revolution into a general agricultural production area, and the yield of Zhengzhou's main grain crops per mu has been hovering at 100 catties for a long time, and the growth is slow Militarily, the use of artillery has made the hu prison pass located in the hill no longer a strategic point that is easy to defend and difficult to attack, and the military strategic position of Xingyang and even the entire Zhengzhou area has begun to decline; ideologically, the capricious conquest has seriously eroded the will of the people, and the long-term blockade has made the people psychologically backward and conservative; psychologically, the people who have suffered for a long time in suffering and adversity have become more and more lacking in self-confidence, appearing fragile and even hypocritical, and the survival and enterprising of the mainstay of the brave and upright people are doubly difficult; culturally, the benevolent people have gone far away Zhengzhou has shifted from a cultural highland to a cultural hill, and then to a cultural flat land and even a cultural trough; in terms of transportation, water transportation is missing, making Zhengzhou lose the pillar of survival and development on which the metropolis depends, and economic and social development is fundamentally restricted; in terms of population quality, it has begun to decline seriously.

Since the Southern Song Dynasty, China's political, economic, military, and cultural centers have migrated from west to east, and the disappearance of the ancient capital in the middle reaches of the Yellow River is like the collapse of water transport. Zhengzhou, which has lost its advantages, is like a deflated leather ball, stumbling.

Partial generalization - an estimate of the total historical population of Zhengzhou

Beijing during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties was like Zhengzhou, Luoyang and Xi'an during the Xia, Shang, And Zhou Dynasties, the Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties. The difference is that in the past, it was sitting on the west facing the east, and later it was sitting on the north and facing the south, and the emperor's sharp edge was within sight, affecting the rise and fall of many cities. After the Southern Song Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zheng Luobian fought separately and lost many historical facts that are particularly worthy of accounting. The economic development of Zhengzhou is much the same as that of Luoyang and Kaifeng, and more often than Luoyang and Kaifeng. Guancheng District is located in the center of the city, and its historical data is of reference value for understanding Zhengzhou.

The Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties were three historical dynasties of great social unification, and the Chinese population increased significantly. Take Xinzheng, whose population data is relatively complete and less variable. In 1618, in the forty-sixth year of the Ming Dynasty, the population of Xinzheng County was 27,928 people, 4,659 Ding. In 1936, the population of Xinzheng was 233021. In 1943, Xinzheng had a population of 206,000. In 1948, the population of Xinzheng was 254919. In 330 years, the population of Xinzheng has increased by 8 times. This figure is in line with China's total population growth over the same period. In 1620, the population of the country was 51.66 million. In 1935, the population of the country was 462 million. In 1947, the population of the country was 461 million. In 1949, the population of the country was 541 million, 10 times that of about 330 years ago. In the same year, the population of Zhengzhou was 2.0987 million, which is estimated to be about 210,000 at the end of the Ming Dynasty 330 years ago; if the garrison is not included, the population of Zhengzhou in the Qin Dynasty is about 80,000.

Around 3050 of the Zhou Dynasty, among the several great migrations of the population in the Central Plains, the mechanical changes or migrations of the population of Zhengzhou were most obvious from the Zheng family. The ancestor of the Zheng surname is the Yellow Emperor, and the ancestor of the surname is Zheng Huan. In 375 BC, after the fall of the State of Zheng, the Zheng clan dispersed to eastern Henan, Luoyang, and neighboring countries in Shandong, Anhui, and Shaanxi. The "Yongjia Rebellion" caused the Zheng surname to move south on a large scale. During the Qing Dynasty, the Zheng clan began to move overseas. At the end of the 20th century, the surname Zheng was the 23rd largest surname in China, accounting for about 7% of the han population in the country. The surname Zheng is a typical surname in the south. The surname Zheng is the 12th largest surname in Taiwan, and Zheng Chenggong is the ancestor of the Zheng surname in Taiwan. Zheng Dan, a prominent figure in Wuyue in the late Spring and Autumn Period, Zheng Chenggong, a famous general at the end of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng Qian, a poet, calligrapher and painter of the Tang Dynasty, Zheng Guangzu, one of the "four great masters of the Yuan Qu", and Zheng Zhenduo, a contemporary writer and literary historian, were celebrities of the Zheng family. The Surname Zheng in the Hui people originated in 1399 and was given by the Emperor in view of Zheng He's achievements in the Battle of Jingnan in Zhengcunba, Beijing.

Private use of public power – a political ill that has long lingered in economic development

Ancient society, "under the whole world, can not be the king's land", "within the liuhe, the emperor's land". China's feudal society was "the state", with only the private property of the emperor, only the privileges of corrupt officials and corrupt officials, and few peasants' real private property. The emperor's private property was "state-owned." Peasants only have the right to manage land and have no autonomy, and the right to operate is not guaranteed. The field system, the well field system, and the equal field system are all good in the final analysis, the imperial ownership system and the bureaucratic landlord ownership system. Ding gong was a means of restraining the peasants and strengthening personal dependence. The vast number of peasants who make wedding dresses for others lack the pride of owning land, lack the internal motivation of intensive farming, lack the enthusiasm for continuous creation of high yields, and lack the premise and foundation for large-scale investment in improving agricultural tools. Like commerce, every dynasty had a seemingly powerful but in fact scarce government-run business. Therefore, in the period of about 5,000 years and society from the Five Emperors to the end of the Qing Dynasty, the development of China's national economy has never jumped out of the fence of the agricultural revolution and failed to realize the transformation to the industrial revolution.

Home world, a word. The state is the emperor, the emperor owns everything of the country, has the supreme power, and can use the public power for private use. This kind of fake state ownership, large private ownership, is a characteristic of the imperial system. Emperors who believe in horses and horses, do whatever they want, and bring calamity to the country and the people are a fatal stubborn disease that has lasted for thousands of years in China and the Chinese nation. It was under this primitive low-level rule that the production and sale of salt and iron was monopolized for a long time, merchants were suppressed for a long time, and the seven sesame officials who sold the official (yù) were like the earth emperor. Despite the advantages of warm temperate zones and subtropical weather and geographical advantages, the mainland economy has been standing still for a long time, wandering and wandering, until the middle of the 20th century, it has not been able to drive straight in, let alone make great strides forward, and Zhengzhou's economic and social development is beyond any circumstance.

Incredible - grain yield per acre has been consistent for thousands of years

In ancient and modern China and abroad, the major disasters, progress and changes in human society are usually inseparable from agriculture, and the qualitative changes and leaps in agriculture must eventually end in the yield of agricultural products and the industrial structure.

Relevant historians have deduced that during the Warring States period, the yield of millet per mu in northern China was about 40 kilograms, which was raised to about 46 kilograms during the Western Han Dynasty, and the high-yield field was about 60 kilograms. The yield of this seemingly low millet per mu is actually quite remarkable, because it is higher than the average yield of millet per mu in Zhengzhou before the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and during the founding of the People's Republic of China. According to statistics, in 1938, in Shaanxi Province, which was protected from the invasion of Japan and Kosovo, the average yield of millet per mu in the province was less than 58 kg, and it only reached 65 kg in 1949. In other words, the grain yield per mu in northern China estimated by this expert according to many historical sources means that in the long Chinese feudal society, the yield of millet, one of the main crops in Zhengzhou, did not increase, or even decreased. At the same time, it means that in the past 2500 years, the total grain output of Zhengzhou has increased, mainly relying on increasing the planting area of grain, the second is to increase the planting of high-yield crops such as wheat, rice, corn, sweet potatoes, and the third is to change single-season to double-season production and sowing. The yield per mu of its main crop, millet, has been standing still for a long time, and the yield growth per mu has been very small, which has put pressure on the rapid growth of the population in peacetime. It is no wonder that in the eyes of foreigners, China was once regarded as a "famine country" with "three years old and one hunger, six years old and one decline, and twelve years old and one famine".

Regarding the grain yield per mu in Zhengzhou, it is further described in the section "Agricultural Income Increase" in the second part of "A Brief History of Zhengzhou", and is also mentioned in the appendix to the book.

The pioneer of the times - electronic communication came into being to optimize the hundred industries

From the Five Emperors to the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhengzhou walked out of the trilogy from the capital of the country to the capital of the sub-state and the ordinary prefectures and counties, from the moment of prosperity to the fall of the Gange and the absence of purple qi. However, in the ancient land of Zhengzhou, there are people who have no shortage of good yearning and expectations for the future. At the beginning of the 20th century, a seemingly casual move inspired the unique personality of Zhengzhou, so that this ancient capital that had been sleeping for a thousand years was dead and rejuvenated in the spring.

At the beginning of the 20th century, it was not the emperor or politics that changed the historical destiny of Zhengzhou and brought more light to the ancient capital of China, the oldest historical capital, but about 720 years after the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty and the lack of water and land, which was enough to replace water conservancy transportation, which was more in line with Zhengzhou's geographical advantages and the pilot industry of the modern industrial revolution that came into being, and the pioneer of national economic development - railway transportation industry.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the railway transportation industry landed in Zhengzhou precisely through the 20th century, until the 21st century more emerging electronic communication industry.

In August 1901, the special telegraph line for the military and government of Biluo was opened, and the Henan Provincial Government set up a telegraph room in Qiantang, Zhengzhou. In December, a post office was set up at the mouth of Mopan Street, West Avenue, Zhengzhou. This is the beginning of Zhengzhou's telecommunications and postal industry. Interestingly, the most iconic industries of the times, telecommunications and postal information, were not produced in Zhengzhou as pioneers of national economic development, but served Cixi and Guangxu by Luányú (the emperor's car) and returned to Beijing. In November of that year, Cixi and Guangxu returned from Xi'an to Beijing via Henan, and for this reason, cities along the line from Xi'an to Zhengzhou added telephones. The telephone line was set up in Shuishui, and the Chema Bureau was established in Xingyang. Objectively speaking, favorable conditions have been created for the official opening of the Beijing-Hankou and Longhai railways, marking the beginning of the electronic information era. Electronic communications and electric power are indispensable pioneers and basic industries in the development of modern national economy.

Looking back, at the beginning of the 20th century, the electronic communication industry was like a petite, beloved girl, holding the pipa and half covering her face. Belatedly, she married a burly, flesh-and-blood railway man. No one matched, this couple who met in Pingshui were in love, made in heaven and earth, and they settled in Zhengzhou and built their own happy home. Since then, they have let more new things with extremely tenacious vitality in Zhengzhou from scratch, from small and large, from large to strong. As big as the rejuvenation of an ancient capital abandoned for a thousand years, to the opening up of a new digital era that is as strong as a bamboo, to the premise of the survival and development of other hundred industries - this vicissitudes were at the beginning of the 20th century, when it was in its infancy, no one could imagine, but now we really enjoy it.

At the beginning of the 21st century, this loving couple was in their prime and came to Japan for a long time, and the prospects of the digital age and three-dimensional transportation were unlimited. In fact, the closed country and the slow understanding of the new things make the inevitability of the allegorical meaning of this contingency only clearly visible today, a hundred years later. This is the unique charm of the pioneer of the national economy, the pilot industry. But here, we chewed with relish what the developed countries in the West had eaten. Being good at learning is indeed a shortcut. Without this shortcut, there would be no long-term drive of reform and opening up.

Yellow River Railway Bridge – one of the landmarks of China in the early 20th century

In 1900, the twenty-fifth year of Guangxu, sheng Xuanhuai, the minister of postal shipping, presided over the first single-track railway bridge of the Yellow River built by a Belgian engineering company, formerly known as the Pinghan Railway Zhengzhou Yellow River Bridge, selected the bridge site, and engineers from Germany, the United States and Italy conducted an investigation and survey, and the design was completed in 1902. In September 1903, construction of the Yellow River Bridge began. In the same year, Zhengzhou was elevated to a prefecture directly under its jurisdiction, with jurisdiction over Heyin, Xingze, Xingyang, and Fenshui. In March 1904, the Luján Railway was completed.

On November 15, 1905 (the 19th day of the tenth lunar month), the Zhengzhou Yellow River Iron Bridge of the Beijing-Hankou Railway was officially completed, and Sheng Xuanhuai, the number one foreign affairs figure under Li Hongzhang, presided over the inauguration ceremony. The bridge was the first railway bridge built on the Yellow River in China. The first railway bridge of the Yellow River was completed and landed at the end of Xiaoding Mountain. The bridge has a total of 102 holes, of which 26 holes are located at the north end, 24 holes are located at the south end, and the middle shoal part has 52 holes in the upper bearing steel plate girder with a span of 21.5 meters. The foundation of the bridge is made of cast steel pipe piles with an inner diameter of 30 cm, an outer diameter of 35 cm, and a spiral wing with a diameter of 120 cm at the lower end, with a total length of 3015 meters, which is the longest bridge before the founding of the People's Republic of China.

In February 1906, the Fenzheng section of the Biluo Railway was opened to traffic. On April 1, 1906, the Beijing-Hankou Railway was opened to traffic.

In 1987, the first railway bridge of the Yellow River was demolished, leaving 5 holes of piers for cultural relics preserved on the original site. The new Zhengzhou Yellow River Railway Bridge is located in the lower reaches of the old bridge, which is a double-track railway bridge, which is 375-500 meters away from the old bridge. Construction began on May 14, 1958, and was completed on April 20, 1960. The new bridge has 71 spans, each span is 40 meters long, and the total length is 2889.8 meters.

The Yellow River Railway Bridge Museum solidifies this very meaningful history. It goes without saying that if Zhengzhou had not been at the junction of hills and plains in the hinterland of the motherland, the Yellow River Railway Bridge would not have been built under the small top mountain at the end of Zhengzhou Mountain; if the railway bridge had not been built at the foot of Mount Yao, there would have been no later railway hub; if the hub of the Beijing-Hankou and Longhai railways were not in Zhengzhou, would Henan Province have moved from Zhengzhou to Zhengzhou; if Zhengzhou had not been the capital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou's economic and social development might not have been above Luobei.

Railway hub - the finishing touch to the revival of Zhengzhou after a thousand years of silence

In 1908, the year of Empress Dowager Cixi's death, which lasted 4 years of construction, the Hanzheng, Biluo, and Daoqing railways were opened one after another, and the railways at the intersection of Beijing-Han and Longhai stretched and radiated in all directions, constituting a major hub and artery that ran through the national economy of the motherland.

"As soon as the train rings, the gold is two." As the main artery of national economic development and the forerunner of modern industry, the traffic flow, people flow and logistics from the south to the north inject great impetus into the mall. In 1909, the freight volume sent by Zhengzhou Station of the Biluo Railway reached 52,000 tons, ranking first in the whole line. The ancient capital that had been sleeping for a thousand years suddenly became active, and the regional economy of Zhengzhou began to develop in an all-round way. As the most important transportation hub in the country, it quickly gathered a team of railway workers and became the main force in the political, economic and cultural development of Zhengzhou.

Since then, Zhengzhou's geographical location and potential advantages, Zhengzhou's strategic position as a transportation hub in the east, west, south, and north for thousands of years has been revitalized and highlighted by railway hubs - post and telecommunications, Qianzhuang, land transport, electric power, pipe transport, aviation, arsenals, spinning mills, aluminum factories, coal mining machinery factories, automobile factories, food factories, garment factories, commercial ports, cities, the Second Seventh Strike, Jiang Yanfeng's battle, the decisive garden mouth easy water to lead troops, the provincial capital from The relocation of Zheng, the commercial war, all from the completion of the railway hub to the arrival of the railway hub, the misfortune and blessing, some people are caught off guard. Revive, destroy, revive, destroy, rise again...

In the 20th century, the railway was the engine of Zhengzhou's economic and social development. The rise of the railway pilot industry laid the foundation for Zhengzhou's economic and social development in the 20th century, and Zhengzhou was formed from a railway hub to undergo earth-shaking changes. The railway not only gave birth to the contemporary Zhengzhou economy, but also gave birth to the politics, economy, ideology and culture of contemporary Zhengzhou. At the beginning of the 21st century, although this momentum has slowed down, it is still being explored and transformed into a new and higher level.

From ancient times to the present, Zhengzhou has not only been an important political hub, military hub and economic hub of the country for a long time, but also has always been an important transportation hub and water conservancy hub in the country, which is beyond the reach of the three ancient capitals of Luoyang, Xi'an and Kaifeng.