The people of Jiaodong have made indelible historical contributions to the struggle of the new democratic revolution led by the Communist Party of China. From these major contributions, we can sum up many valuable experiences, which are a vivid display of the revolutionary spirit of Jiaodong and our precious spiritual wealth. "History is the best textbook. For us Communists, the history of the Chinese revolution is the best nourishment. If you relive these great histories, you will add a lot of positive energy to your heart. [1] In the struggle for the new democratic revolution led by the Communist Party of China, the people of Jiaodong have made historic contributions. From these major contributions, we can sum up many valuable experiences, which are a vivid display of the revolutionary spirit of Jiaodong and our precious spiritual wealth.
In recent years, I have made great efforts and made some new breakthroughs in my research on major issues in the Jiaodong base area. The history of the Jiaodong Revolution can be traced back to the Xinhai Revolution and the founding of the Communist Party of China, and there is an extraordinary process. After 1937, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the people of Jiaodong formed an important revolutionary force, which played a pivotal role in the history of the Chinese revolution. This article will go back to that war-torn era with readers, and review the glorious history of the Jiaodong base area in the 12 years since the establishment of the Jiaodong base in the early days of the Anti-Japanese War. Jiaodong, one of the birthplaces of the Red Revolution in Shandong and one of the earliest regions in China to carry out the Red Revolution, has made great sacrifices for the victory of the Chinese Revolution and the birth of New China, made historic special contributions, and played an irreplaceable role.
1. Party building, the Jiaodong Communist Party organization was established early, developed rapidly, and was a party member
In the spring of 1920, Li Zhilong and Guo Shousheng, students of Yantai Naval Academy, organized and established a reading club, and soon became a member of the Marxist Theory Research Society of Peking University initiated by Li Dazhao and others. Shortly after the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in July 1921, the party's early leaders Deng Zhongxia and Wang Hebo went to Yantai to carry out party activities and introduce Guo Shousheng to join the Chinese Socialist Youth League. In 1923, Guo Shousheng joined the Communist Party of China through the introduction of Yun Daiying and Wang Hebo, and became one of the earliest Communist Party members in Jiaodong. In 1924, the Yantai Party Group of the Communist Party of China was established, which was directly under the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
The Jiaodong Special Committee of the Communist Party of China, established in 1933, has integrated and stabilized the party's organization and party members through arduous efforts. In December 1938, the Jiaodong District Committee of the Communist Party of China, which was established in the smoke of anti-Japanese resistance, was the first district party committee in Shandong Province.
As a result, the party organization and party members in Jiaodong continued to grow and develop, and the number of communist party members grew from 1,840 in the early days of the Anti-Japanese War to 63,064 at the time of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War (excluding some counties in Qingdao, Binbei District and Weifang), accounting for 31.5% of the total number of party members in the anti-Japanese base areas of Shandong and 5.38% of the total number of party members in the country. By September 1949, the number of Jiaodong Communist Party members had grown to 324233, accounting for 7.23% of the total number of party members in the country, and the proportion of the total population was 2.87%, compared with 1.66% in Shandong and 0.8% in the whole country.
Second, in military construction, the people's armed forces were established early, expanded rapidly, and became strong
In June 1928, in accordance with the spirit of the party's "87" meeting, the Laiyang County Committee of the Communist Party of China held an armed uprising against the grain army in Jiaodong, which created a precedent for the Jiaodong area to resist the counter-revolutionary armed struggle with revolutionary armed forces; in 1935, the "11.4" uprising led by the Jiaodong Special Committee of the Communist Party of China was the largest peasant armed struggle in the Jiaodong area before the Anti-Japanese War. It was also the only contingent of the Red Army that our party retained in the northern coastal areas.
During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the leaders of the Jiaodong Special Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Yexian County Party Committee launched a series of anti-Japanese armed uprisings such as Tianfushan, Weihai, and Yuhuangding, and successively established an anti-Japanese team of nearly 8,000 people of the "Third Army of the Shandong People's Anti-Japanese Salvation Army" and the "Third Detachment of the Jiaodong Anti-Japanese Guerrilla" Breakout battles, battles of Changbao in Hai Duong and mine warfare and other popular legends. During the War of Liberation, the military and people of Jiaodong conscientiously implemented the strategic policy of the CPC Central Committee, smashed the US army's attempt to land in Yantai in a special way of diplomatic struggle and military struggle, and secured an important sea passage to the northeast; starting in September 1945, more than 70,000 troops of the Eighth Route Army (mainly Jiaodong people) and more than 6,000 local cadres were successively transported to the northeast by sea, laying the foundation for the establishment of a consolidated base area in the northeast Mao Zedong repeatedly arranged the campaign by telegram, Rao Shushi, Li Yu, Zhang Yunyi, Zeng Shan and others led the East China Bureau organs into Ye County to lead and command, Xu Shiyou and Tan Zhenlin led the East China Field Army East Front Corps, after five months of fighting, a total of 63,000 Kuomintang troops were annihilated, completely smashing the Kuomintang army's key offensive on the liberated area of Shandong, and fundamentally changing the strategic situation of the Shandong battlefield. Among them, the Battle of Yexian County, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China personally sent a congratulatory telegram.
During the war years, 134,000 Japanese puppet troops and more than 160,000 Kuomintang troops were wiped out in the Jiaodong area; 500,000 people joined the army (400,000 during the Liberation War), 2.8 million people supported the front, and more than 7,250 cadres went north and south to open up and build new liberated areas; the people's children and soldiers who went out amounted to 4 armies, 2 divisions, and 25 regiments, and the 37th, 31st, and 41st group armies were still in formation, accounting for one-sixth of the existing 18 group armies in the country; 76,000 outstanding sons and daughters sacrificed their precious lives; A large number of high-ranking generals, represented by Chi Haotian and the two vice chairmen of the Central Military Commission, have emerged heroic collectives such as the "Eighth Company on the Nanjing Road," the "First Regiment of Jinan," the "Tashan Heroic Regiment," the "Garrison Hero Regiment," and the "Baitaishan Heroic Regiment," as well as famous combat heroes such as Yang Zirong, Ren Changlun, and Xiahou Sumin, as well as famous militia heroes such as Zhao Shoufu, Yu Huahu, and Sun Yumin.
Jiaodong Kangda is a model for Shandong to carry out military education. In January 1940, after the first branch of Kang University moved east to Shandong, three branch schools were set up successively. After the second branch school (Luxi) was assigned to the Hebei-Shandong-Henan border area, Jiaodong Kang University became one of the only two branch schools in the province. Jiaodong Kang University has trained more than 5,000 revolutionary cadres and written a glorious page in the history of cadre education. According to incomplete statistics, 27 generals who worked and fought in Jiaodong were awarded the rank of major general or above in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and 10 of them came out of Jiaodong Kangdali. General Chi Haotian, former vice chairman of the Central Military Commission and minister of national defense, is a representative of the outstanding students of Jiaodong Anti-Japanese University.
Third, the establishment of political power, the people's government was established early, the position is firm, and the experience is sufficient
The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China praised the "great achievements" of the Jiaodong base area. Jiaodong is the pioneer of local party organizations in opening up and building anti-Japanese base areas behind enemy lines, and is the earliest old revolutionary base area in Shandong. The establishment of the Jiaodong base area was started and marked by the establishment of the anti-Japanese democratic government in Ye County (now Laizhou City) on March 12, 1938, and it was the first anti-Japanese democratic regime led by our party in Shandong. On August 15, the Jiaodong Special Committee of the Communist Party of China established the Beihai Administrative Inspectorate Commissioner's Office on this basis. In January and February of that year, the Jin-Cha-Ji and Shanxi-Hebei-Henan base areas created by the 115th and 129th Divisions of the Eighth Route Army had just been established, and in March a base area appeared in Jiaodong.
The success of Jiaodong quickly attracted the attention of the central government. On May 13, 1939, the Central Committee issued the "Instructions of the Central Committee on the Work of Jiaodong", believing that Jiaodong "has developed thousands of party members in more than a year and created a party leadership team of 6 or 7,000 people, which is a great achievement", and called for "the establishment of a solid anti-Japanese base in Jiaodong". This instruction is a historic symbol of the Jiaodong base area. On December 6, the Central Committee's "Instructions on the Work of the Shandong and Sulu Theaters" further proposed: "A certain regime under our leadership (such as the three counties of Jiaodong) should become a model area of the anti-Japanese democratic regime, and strive to expand its influence to the whole province and the whole country", and the Central Committee headed by Mao Zedong put forward high expectations for Jiaodong. The Shandong Branch attaches great importance to the instructions of the central government, and continuously issues "Opinions on the Work of Jiaodong", and Li Yu personally went to Jiaodong to guide the work.
In the early days of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Mao Zedong paid attention to Jiaodong from the perspective of the overall strategic situation and pointed out that Jiaodong's strategic position was very important. At that time, the main force of the Eighth Route Army was fighting and unfolding in Shanxi, and it was not yet possible to take into account Shandong and Jiaodong, which was more farther away, and the Eighth Route Army led by our party only had the main force of more than 40,000 people, and the Jiaodong party organization relied on its own strength to establish a base area and launched an anti-Japanese armed force of more than 7,000 people. The practice in Jiaodong has made valuable explorations for the local party organizations to establish base areas and strengthened the central authorities' determination to establish base areas in the whole of Shandong. The subsequent development of the Jiaodong base area has lived up to the expectations of the central government, becoming a stable and prosperous strategic base and a "model area".
The Yexian Anti-Japanese Democratic Government established in March 1938 was the first county-level anti-Japanese democratic regime in Shandong Province, and the Jiaobeihai District Administrative Inspectorate's Office established in August was the first prefecture-level anti-Japanese democratic regime in Shandong Province. Beginning in 1940, the Jiaodong Anti-Japanese Base Area has developed and improved party organizations at all levels, established various systems to ensure the people's livelihood, strengthened the building of democracy and the rule of law, and paid attention to social fairness. Economically, the semi-colonial and semi-feudal factors were basically eliminated, the public economy was established, and the leadership over the private economy and the individual economy was realized. The Beihai Bank, which was born in Ye County, issued the Beihai currency as the standard currency of Shandong's anti-Japanese base areas, and later became one of the three cornerstones of the People's Bank of China; Jiaodong's military industry was "the main force of Shandong's military industry" in the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and "the main part of East China's military industry" in the War of Liberation; in 1942 and 1943, when the War of Resistance was the most difficult, the Jiaodong region contributed 42% of Shandong's anti-Japanese base areas The military and civilians of Jiaodong sent 130,000 taels of gold to the secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which became the main source of funds for our party to lead the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. Jiaodong District, with Yantai as the main body, is the strongest anti-Japanese base area with the strongest economic strength.
In 1945, the "Yantai No. 2 Central Committee Incident" and the "Yang Lukui Incident" were properly handled through reasonable, favorable and restrained diplomatic struggles to defend national sovereignty and national dignity. Among them, the proper resolution of the "Yang Lukui Incident" has set a precedent for the public trial of foreign criminals by local courts in China since the Opium War.
Fourth, cultural construction, the influence of revolutionary culture is early, the starting point is high, and the results are abundant
Before the May Fourth Movement, Yantai distributed progressive newspapers and periodicals such as New Youth to introduce Marxism and disseminate new trends of thought.
The development of a national, scientific, and popular new democratic culture is an important part of the construction of the Jiaodong anti-Japanese base area, and is a necessary and important means to mobilize the masses, unite the masses, boost morale, and strike at the enemy.
Founded in August 1938, Dazhong Bao, the organ of the Jiaodong Special Committee, was one of the earliest major party newspapers in Shandong Province during the Anti-Japanese War, and insisted on publishing for 12 years. Dazhong Bao not only publicized the party's principles and policies in a timely and comprehensive manner and expanded its influence among the troops and the masses, but also trained a large number of personnel in news and propaganda, telecommunications, publishing and distribution, and literary and artistic creation.
The Jiaodong Cultural Salvation Association, established in Ye County in September 1938, is a cultural organization under the leadership of the Party that was established earlier, has the longest time of activity and has great influence in the anti-Japanese base area of Shandong. The Jiaodong Literary Association has successively founded mass cultural groups such as the Popular Theater Troupe, the Lu Xun Theater Troupe, the Peking Opera Troupe, the Literary Experimental Troupe, and the Shengli Theater Troupe, and has also edited and published "Cultural Defense Line", "Jiaodong Public", "Jiaodong Youth", "Popular Drama", and "Popular Pictorial". As of June 1945, there were more than 23,000 members of the Literary Association in Jiaodong, more than 26,000 members of the Teachers Anti-Japanese Salvation Association, and more than 3,700 members of the Folk Artists Anti-Japanese Salvation Association.
Jiaodong is the most cultural base. The aggressor's cultural warfare was accompanied by military and political aggression, and the enslavement of education, the idea of "new people," "Japan-China goodwill," and "coexistence and common prosperity" were very sinister. In March 1944, Mao Zedong pointed out: "Culture is indispensable, and no society can be built without culture", and he summed up the prominent problems of cultural construction in the anti-Japanese base areas, "There are roughly four problems: newspapers, schools, art, and health...... The question of whether the Communist Party is useful or not, that is to say, whether it is necessary for the existence of the Communist Party is solved." Since the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, the achievements in the cultural construction of the Jiaodong base area have fully reflected this requirement of Mao Zedong.
Shandong's anti-Japanese war literary and artistic activities were carried out earlier and more actively. The press and publishing industry has risen rapidly, and there are dozens of newspapers and periodicals that have been published successively, the "Haitao" founded by Zheng Yaonan, Zhang Jialuo and others in Ye County, and the "Cultural Defense Line" founded by the Jiaodong Literary Association, which are the first two literary and artistic publications of our party in the province during the Anti-Japanese War, and the "Dazhong Daily" founded by the Party Committee of Jiaodong District is the earliest party newspaper in the province, with a circulation of 17,000 copies by 1945, and is the second largest newspaper in the province after the "Dazhong Daily", the organ of the East China Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The Jiaodong Cultural Circles Anti-Enemy and National Salvation Association, which was established in Ye County on September 9, 1938, "is a cultural group led by the Communist Party of China that was established earlier, has the longest time of activity, and has a great influence in the anti-Japanese base area." In the autumn of 1941, the "Joint Performance of the Thirteen Troupes" held in Hai Duong County was famous throughout the province. By June 1946, there were 7,724 clubs, accounting for 94 percent of the province's total, 8,734 Yangge troupes, accounting for 44.7 percent of the province's total, 6,141 rural theater troupes, accounting for 68.2 percent of the province's total, and 4,811 workers' and peasants' communication groups, accounting for 100 percent of the province's total. The anti-Japanese Yangge and blind drum lyrics, which were loved by the masses, appeared at their peak. Jiaodong is the hometown of Peking Opera, the modern history of Peking Opera can be said to be the beginning of Jiaodong during the Anti-Japanese War, there are many famous works, the creation of Peking Opera "King Chuang into Beijing", opera "Nong Gongbo" at that time and "White-haired Girl" repertoire. The anti-Japanese and national salvation activities of Jiaodong's cultural circles have written a brilliant chapter in the history of Chinese culture.
Education is booming. In addition to carrying out large-scale training and education for military and political cadres, the work of popularizing primary education and adult education has also been carried out extensively. At the end of 1939, when the Shandong Sub-Bureau reported to the Central Committee on the work of cadre education, except for the statistics of the sub-bureau and Jiaodong, there were no exact figures in any other districts, and in two years Jiaodong held 13 training sessions of party schools and military and political cadre schools. In 1940, when the Japanese army "swept up" for the first time, the "Jiaodong Kang Da" and the Jiaodong Party School were organized together, with more than 1,600 people, which shows the large scale of cadre education. Jiaodong Public School, established in 1938, opened a precedent for teacher education in the anti-Japanese base areas behind enemy lines in North China. By 1941, there were 6,360 primary schools in the Jiaodong base area, accounting for 79.7 percent of the province, with 357,000 students, accounting for 87 percent of the province, and 13 middle schools, accounting for 81.3 percent of the province, and 2,485 students, accounting for 84 percent of the province. Primary school students account for 8.1% of the population, while all other districts in Shandong except Qinghe District account for less than 1.5% (2). According to statistics in June 1946, there were 11,917 private schools (also known as Chinese New Year's Eve schools and youth private schools) in Jiaodong, accounting for 51.4% of the province; 11,882 women's literacy classes, accounting for 52% of the province; and 42,474 newspaper reading groups and adult Xi groups, accounting for 66.3% of the province.
Medical and health undertakings. Before the liberation of Qingdao in June 1949, there were only 3 professional factories in Shandong Province that could produce Western medicines, all of which were in Jiaodong, among which Xinhua Pharmaceutical Factory was the only pharmaceutical factory founded by our party at that time that could produce preparations. On August 26, 1947, Chen Yi and Su Yu said in a telegram to the Central Military Commission that hundreds of thousands of troops in Huaye relied on Jiaodong for Western medicine. Before the Battle of Changwei, Xu Shiyou and others demanded in their orders on preparations for the campaign: The general wounded should be injected with tetanus, antitoxin, or serum per person, and if each column runs out, they should quickly send people to collect it, and the supply is very sufficient.
Seeing such a flourishing cultural, educational, public health undertakings, and the upsurge of extensive participation of the masses, everyone would believe that if they follow the Communist Party, they will be liberated!
Fifth, Jiaodong is the most stable base
According to the instructions of the central government on the establishment of a "model zone" in Jiaodong, the Jiaodong base area was continuously consolidated and developed during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. In 1942, during the most difficult years of the national anti-Japanese base area, Luo Ronghuan spoke highly of Jiaodong. In the spring of this year, the Japanese invaders "swept" Jiaodong with the tactics of "encirclement with iron walls", and launched a "dragnet" type "sweep" in winter, successively "pulling the net" 8 times, and our army in Jiaodong fought fiercely with the Japanese invaders more than 50 times. Luo Ronghuan said: "It is precisely because of these constant battles against the enemy that the anti-Japanese order in Jiaodong has been maintained, the safety of the lives and property of the people in Jiaodong has been protected, and Jiaodong is still a powerful cornerstone for adhering to the anti-Japanese war in Shandong." In the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, there were only 1,840 party members in Jiaodong, but in 1939, it grew to 12,200, accounting for 23.7% of the province's total, ranking second among all districts in the province, and by February 1944, there were 49,851 people, accounting for 43.48% of the province's total, ranking first among all districts, equivalent to the sum of the two districts of Luzhong and Binhai (1). Mao Zedong said in this year that "the number of party members has grown to more than 900,000" in the country. The number of party members in Jiaodong is close to 1/18 of the country, which is a remarkable achievement. On the other hand, the number of villages and population under the jurisdiction of the Jiaodong base area reflects the development results. In 1942, there were 10,128 base villages in the province, of which 8,157 were in Jiaodong, accounting for 80.5 percent, and Jiaodong had a population of 4.42 million according to the local government decree, accounting for 59.9 percent of the population under the jurisdiction of the province (2). According to the statistics of the Liberation War, in June 1948, the number of "old areas" (equivalent to today's townships) in various districts of Shandong was 244 in Jiaodong, 121 in Bohai, 95 in Luzhong, 47 in Lunan and 28 in Binhai, with Jiaodong accounting for 45.6% and 43% of the population.
Mao Zedong was satisfied with Jiaodong's achievements. In the second half of 1944, the Jiaodong Military Region launched a local counteroffensive, and in 1945, it launched a full-scale counteroffensive to recover the Jiaodong Peninsula. On August 26, two days before going to Chongqing for negotiations, he drafted an intra-party circular for the Central Committee, in which he spoke highly of the recovery of Yantai, Weihaiwei, Longkou and other cities by our army in Jiaodong: "Shandong occupies the entire Jiaodong Peninsula...... has created an excellent situation". In the autumn of 1945, the Northeast Army and the First Division of the New Fourth Army were quickly transported across the sea by the Jiaodong Military Region, which played a key role in establishing a strong Northeast base area. Jiaodong once again showed great strategic value on the national strategic stage with its unique geographical advantages and shipping capacity.
During the War of Liberation, due to the heroic struggle of the Huaye East Corps and the Jiaodong army and civilians, the Jiaodong Base Area has always been a stable base of our Party from March 1938 to the founding of New China.
6. Jiaodong is the richest base area
In the struggle against the enemy, the military and people of Jiaodong have successfully blazed a trail of economic development and strength, thus providing important experience for the economic construction of the province's base areas.
Agriculture and food. The second administrative meeting of Shandong Province held in December 1944 highly praised Jiaodong's agriculture and believed that "Jiaodong's production campaign and water conservancy work this year have been greatly carried out." Contrary to other regions...... Stuck in generalization"; it is proposed that intensive cultivation is the main direction of agricultural production in the future, and "Jiaodong has made great achievements in this regard"; on the issue of adjusting the planting ratio, "Jiaodong's experience is worth learning Xi"; The water conservancy work in Jiaodong should be the most fruitful...... The effect of deep ploughing is greater";" Except for Jiaodong, which has achieved relatively good results in agricultural loans, other areas have not correctly grasped the agricultural loan policy and achieved the goal of actually increasing production." Since the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Jiaodong has accounted for 39.14 percent of the province's grain revenue, while fiscal expenditure has only accounted for 23.96 percent of the province's total. In 1946, after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, 60,612 wells were drilled in Shandong Province, 45,996 in Jiaodong, accounting for 75.9 percent, 850,000 mu of irrigated land in the province, 650,000 mu in Jiaodong, accounting for 76.5 percent, and the annual grain output was 3.71 billion catties, the first of the five districts in the province, equivalent to the sum of the two major grain areas of Bohai and Lunan (3).
Industry & Cooperatives. In January 1945, when Li Yu talked about the achievements of industrial construction in the past two years at the second administrative meeting of the province, he used almost all the space to comment on Jiaodong. Jiaodong cooperatives have grown to 2,616, with 960,000 members and 44 million yuan in shares, accounting for 53.1%, 66.7% and 63.7% of the province respectively; the number of textile tools ranks first in the province, including 62,431 looms, accounting for 58.7% of the province; 60 public factories, accounting for 69% of the province, with a capital of 21.9 million yuan, accounting for 50.8% of the province. According to the statistics of the Industrial Department of Shandong Provincial Government in December 1946, the total number of loans in Jiaodong reached 4.9 billion yuan, accounting for 54.4% of the province, of which industrial loans were 1.22 billion yuan, accounting for 69.3% of the province.
Foreign trade. In 1948, Jiaodong was 288.2 billion yuan, accounting for 79.8% of the province (4), and its trade objects included the Kuomintang Autonomous Region, North Korea, South Korea, Hong Kong and other places. In order to strengthen unified management, the Central Ministry of Finance and Economics decided to establish the Jiaodong Procurement Committee in May 1948, which was composed of one person from the Central Ministry of Finance and Economics, the North China Government, the East China Finance Office, and the Jiaodong Industrial and Commercial Bureau...... In the future, organs and military units in North and Northwest China will no longer be allowed to purchase military equipment in Shandong, and all procurement organs they have set up will be withdrawn. Violators will have their goods confiscated and their personnel repatriated". Jiaodong has become the main base for foreign procurement of strategic materials in the Northwest, North China and East China Liberated Areas.
Transportation industry. According to statistics in October 1948, Jiaodong had 119 publicly-owned steamboats and sailboats, with a deadweight of 5,650 tons, accounting for 94.2% of the province. In terms of land transportation, in June 1949, there were 8 public transport units in the province, Jiaodong had 134 automobiles and 197 rubber-wheeled carriages, the strongest force, the number of vehicles accounted for one-third of the number of the province, and the transportation capacity was the sum of the business department of Xuzhou and the headquarters of the Provincial Highway Transport Bureau. During the Changwei Campaign, the Shandong Corps, which was mainly formed by the Jiaodong troops, was able to carry ammunition "mainly by automobiles and supplemented by horse-drawn carriages", which shows its strong transportation and support capabilities. From August 1948 to February 1949, that is, before the Jinan Campaign to the end of the Huaihai Campaign, the Jiaodong Transportation Company transported 6.315 million tons of kilometers, accounting for 47.1% of the province's total, which was equivalent to transporting 12,000 tons of materials from Yantai to Lunan.
Economic development has provided important support for the growth of the base areas. "In 1942, the military expenditures of various regions were: 2 billion yuan in Jiaodong, 707 million yuan in Qinghe, 900 million yuan in Hebei and Lubian, 1.6803 billion yuan in Binhai, 900 million yuan in Luzhong, 580 million yuan in Lunan, and 700 million yuan in Huxi, totaling 7.4673 billion yuan" (5). In April 1944, the Finance Committee of the Shandong Branch of the Communist Party of China issued the "Instructions on Production Savings", which provided a set of figures for the financial revenue of each district in the first half of 1944: 20 million yuan in Jiaodong, 5 million yuan in Bohai, 7.5 million yuan in Binhai, 2 million yuan in Luzhong, and 1 million yuan in Lunan. The funds in Jiaodong District reached 56.3% of the province, and the local currency value of Jiaodong was higher than that of other districts at this time. According to the speech of Xue Weiqiao, the person in charge of the economic work of the Shandong base area at that time, in 1944, the two districts of Jiaodong and Bohai released half of the financial revenue of Jiaodong that year (6).
7. Jiaodong's contribution on the financial front
On the national anti-Japanese battlefield, the first large-scale financial war took place in Jiaodong, and by the second half of 1942, Jiaodong had achieved a complete victory on the financial front. The main weapon of the financial war is the Beihai Bank, which was founded in Ye County in the summer and autumn of 1938, which is the special contribution made by the people of Jiaodong to the Chinese revolution, and its huge political, military, economic and social benefits are incalculable; the Beihai currency issued is the local currency with the longest circulation time, the most widely used area, the largest population, and the largest circulation in the history of our party, and is one of the predecessors of the People's Bank of China. Xue Weiqiao commented on the Jiaodong financial war in 1944: "This victory immediately affected Luzhong, and then turned to Lunan and Bohai." In August 1943, Li Yu praised in his policy address at the Second Provincial Conference: "Jiaodong is the best in the financial struggle." The Jiaodong experience in the financial battlefield provided a magic weapon for the Shandong anti-Japanese base area to win a financial war of unprecedented scale, and by the end of 1943, most of Shandong had won victories. This financial war, known in history as "eliminating the law and prohibiting counterfeiting" or "stopping the law and eliminating counterfeiting," squeezed out about 600 million fiat currency and counterfeit currency out of the base area, and went to the enemy area to exchange for the materials that we urgently needed, and due to the rapid depreciation of fiat currency and counterfeit currency, the actual income was several times that of 600 million yuan. The victory in the financial war has completely smashed the Japanese puppet and diehards' strategy of blockading our economy and materials.
After the establishment of the Shandong head office of Beihai Bank, the Jiaodong branch still plays a part of the role of the backbone and base camp. In December 1944, the Shandong Branch decided to issue 470 million yuan of currency, 180 million yuan in Jiaodong, accounting for 38.3%, and determined that "Jiaodong tickets should be passed in Bohai first, and then the common currency of the two places should be printed", "Jiaodong should immediately print 50 yuan tickets and 20 million yuan on behalf of Bohai District, and assist in enriching the Bohai printing institutions". In 1944, Jiaodong set up a plate making factory, undertook the task of making plates and seals of the Beihai Bank of the province and the People's Bank of Northeast China in the future, and gave the head office, Bohai Branch and the Northeast Bank 27 kinds of 328 pairs of 701 pieces, and 2142 managers of the plate, and successively sent a number of technical personnel to Bohai and Northeast China to support the construction of the bank, and the first batch of Northeast coins were also printed in Jiaodong and shipped to the Northeast. In 1947, after the loss of Lunan and Luzhong, Jiaodong became the financial center of the East China Liberated Area and the main issuance base of Beihai coins.
It is worth mentioning that when Beihai Bank was first launched in Ye County, it raised 102336 yuan of original shares in the private sector. Later, these shares were returned in several newspaper statements, but almost no one claimed them, and they were gone. These original shares are actually the gratuitous dedication of the people of Jiaodong.
8. The wartime judicial work in the Jiaodong Base Area has achieved remarkable results
The wartime judicial work in the Jiaodong base area was groundbreaking. Judicial work is inseparable from administering the society in the base areas according to law, protecting the people's rights, serving the economy and trade, mediating civil disputes, handling criminal offenses, and punishing traitors. At the beginning of the construction of the base, Jiaodong showed valuable forward-looking. In the spring of 1938, in the process of establishing the democratic governments of Ye County, Penglai County, and Huang County, judicial departments (courts) were all established, and in October, the High Court (Higher Judicial Division) was established in Jiaodong District, which were the first judicial organs of the democratic regime in Shandong Province. In April 1941, the Provincial War Trade Union promulgated various judicial work outlines and regulations, and the provincial-level judicial organs were established, and in May 1943, the Provincial War Trade Union instructed all districts and counties to "establish judicial organs as much as possible", and judicial organs in all parts of the province, including courts, public security bureaus, mediation committees, and detention centers, began to be gradually established. By the end of 1944, it was one of the two districts in the province with a sub-office of the High Judicial Trial, and there were 24 judicial departments (county-level judicial organs), accounting for 42.9% of the province, 73 judicial personnel, accounting for 54.9% of the province, and 9,595 civil and criminal cases were handled from November 1942 to February 1944, accounting for 50% of the province.
9. The Jiaodong base area is one of the largest military bases of our army, and the spirit of dedication of the military and people in Jiaodong to the revolution will always shine
The contribution of the Jiaodong base area to our army can be called a monument in the history of revolution. In the autumn of 1938, the "Third Army" led by the Jiaodong Special Committee and the "three detachments" led by the Yexian County Party Committee were combined to form the fifth detachment of the Shandong Column of the Eighth Route Army, with a scale of more than 7,000 people, and the Shandong Column had a total of 10 detachments of 24,500 people, which shows the scale of the five detachments. Soon after, Jiaodong sent a whole regiment south to assist in opening up the Yimeng base area, and the regiment became the main force directly controlled by the front command of the Shandong Column of the Eighth Route Army, and later merged with the Shanzong Special Service Regiment and the Jinpu Detachment of the 129th Division to form the Second Detachment of the Shanzong Column, which is one of the predecessors of today's 26th Group Army. The two detachments entered the Jiaodong base area in April to rest and replenish, with about 2,000 people when they came and about 4,000 people when they went in September. In 1942, the "Statistical Table of Excellent Resistance Work in Shandong Province" showed that the number of anti-resistance households in Jiaodong was 31,000 and the population was 130,000, accounting for 33.3% and 48% of the province respectively, ranking first in the province. During the Anti-Japanese War in the province, 59,475 martyrs were sacrificed, 18,072 were in Jiaodong, accounting for 30.4%, and there were 5 in Jiaodong, the top ten counties in the province in terms of the number of anti-Japanese martyrs. The number of anti-Japanese households and the number of martyrs reflect the growth of the anti-Japanese armed forces in Jiaodong and the great sacrifices made by the people of Jiaodong during the Anti-Japanese War. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Shandong Military Region sent 60,000 troops to the northeast, 10 regiments and more than 20,000 people in Jiaodong, and formed the Dongye Fourth Column and other troops. The number of scattered and supplemented main forces is also very large, such as the main column before and after the Jiaodong Campaign to supplement a large number of Jiaodong children, the second and seventh columns were not originally formed by the Jiaodong troops, and were called "Jiaodong children" at this time. The formation of four field columns in one district is a record in the history of our army's construction. After the liberation, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) has been reorganized and dismantled several times, and there are still three group armies originating in Jiaodong. Su Yu once praised the expansion of the army in Jiaodong and the active participation of the masses in the army: "In many places in Jiaodong, all strong men are gathered and selected by the public. The masses believed that there was no way out unless Chiang Kai-shek was overthrown, so the mobilization went extremely smoothly." Before the Battle of Jiaodong, Jiaodong was almost the only military source base in Huaye, and he emphasized in his telegram calling for the full defense of Jiaodong: "The soldiers are replenished from Luzhong, and after Lunan is occupied, the main replenishment also depends on Jiaodong." During the War of Liberation, the Shandong Liberated Region launched four large-scale military enlistments, and a total of 589979 young people joined the army, including 285839 in Jiaodong, accounting for 48.4% of the province (7). Because of the heroes, Jiaodong has also become the most prestigious hometown of generals in New China, counting hundreds of them since Xu Shiyou, the commander of the Jiaodong Military Region, can be said to be like a cloud. The more you join the army and participate in the war, the more you sacrifice, and Jiaodong is still the hometown of martyrs. According to the Provincial Department of Civil Affairs in 1982, "Shandong Province Revolutionary Martyrs Basic Statistics", the province has a total of 220,000 revolutionary martyrs, including 61,000 in Yantai as the main body of Jiaodong District, and later after several adjustments, there are still 37,000 martyrs in Yantai City, accounting for 16.8% of the province, 16,000 more than Linyi City, which ranks second, equivalent to the sum of Linyi, Rizhao, Zaozhuang, Jining four cities, if calculated according to the jurisdiction of the Jiaodong Administrative Region that year, there are more than 70,000 martyrs in Jiaodong, which is one-third of the province. The East China Military Region and the East China Yecheng Army have developed into the largest strategic group in our army and the largest number of enemies annihilated.
The soldiers of Jiaodong are loyal and fearless, good at attacking and defending, and invincible, and have enjoyed a good reputation in the whole country and the whole army since that era. For example, Huaye 1st Column was added to the Jiaodong Diwu 2 regiments after the Laiwu Campaign, of which the Jiaodong Donghaihai Independent Regiment was organized into a column, a division and 3 regiments, and the column commander Ye Fei praised it very much, and summarized and evaluated its merits and performance in a special chapter in his memoirs, and analyzed the reasons for his growth, he believed that the vast majority of the Jiaodong commanders and fighters were turned peasants, with good political quality, and a sense of honor and pride in participating in the main force, and carried forward the revolutionary heroism. This regiment is a microcosm of the Jiaodong troops, and as soon as the local armed forces in Jiaodong were upgraded to the main force, their glorious achievements immediately attracted full applause, which can be seen from this. The "Ten Tiger Regiments" published by the Communist Party History Publishing House and the Popular Literature and Art Publishing House in 2007 described the 10 representative heroic regiments of our army, 4 of which were created by the Jiaodong Army, "Jinan First Regiment", "Jinan Second Regiment", "Weixian Regiment", "Tashan Hero Regiment", the first 3 are from the Ninth Column and the Thirteenth Column, which belong to Xu Shiyou's Shandong Corps, and the latter is also from the Dongye Fourth Column of the Jiaodong Team.
Not only are the front-line soldiers brave and good at fighting, but the former migrant workers of the Jiaodong branch have also been widely praised. In June 1947, Chen Yi praised the Jiaodong stretcher team, detailing its exemplary deeds, calling it "the best creation". Jiaodong migrant workers have high political consciousness and strong discipline, the proportion of party members among migrant workers in general areas is about 10%, and Jiaodong reaches 25.8%, they follow the army into the new area to care about the suffering of the masses, enthusiastically help the masses to work, widely welcomed, they represent and carry forward the new spirit and new style of the people in the old area, whenever they leave a place, the local people with applause and firecrackers to send off, only Jiaodong carries the eighth regiment and six battalions, from the Huaihai campaign to the end of the Beijing-Shanghai campaign for half a year, won the local people embroidered with "strict discipline", " There are more than 180 flags with the words "Chinese Model", "Merit and Merit", and "Honor Forever". In the Huaihai Campaign, the meritorious service of Jiaodong migrant workers reached 73.4%, the highest among all districts. The soldiers of Jiaodong are the loveliest people, and the people of Jiaodong are also the loveliest people. During the War of Liberation, 770,000 migrant workers in today's Yantai City alone accompanied the army.
10. The "Great Contribution" of Jiaodong Ordnance Industry
The military and civilians in Jiaodong have been self-reliant and worked hard to create an extremely important military base for our army. Jiaodong Ordnance Industry started from the establishment of the base area, and formed a relatively large scale in the later stage of the Anti-Japanese War. At the beginning of 1945, the Jiaodong Military Region established an artillery battalion, which was the earliest artillery formation in East China. At this time, Jiaodong Ordnance's small mortars (also known as grenadiers or 50 guns), 60 and 82 medium mortars, 100 mm heavy mortars and breech guns could be mass-produced, and the output of artillery shells was also quite large. In September 1948, the Investigation Team of the General Logistics Department of the Central Military Commission formed the "Military Investigation Report of the East China Region", titled East China, which actually mainly summarized the history and current situation of the Jiaodong Ordnance Industry, saying that the Jiaodong Ordnance Industry "also made great contributions in the last year and the eight years of continuous war" (8). It is extremely unusual to use "great contribution" to evaluate it, pointing out the historical status of Jiaodong Ordnance Industry. The report said: "The strength of East China's military industry is much more substantial than that of the two liberated areas of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, and Jinsui. According to the statistics of various strengths, the Jiaodong District is the center of gravity of the region's ordnance production in East China, and the driving force, machine machinery, industrial cadres and production workers each account for more than half or two-thirds of the total. For this reason, Jiaodong Ordnance Industry is the main part of East China". Some telegrams from Chen Yi and Su Yu, leaders of the East China Field Army, also disclosed the dependence of the East China Military Region and the East China Field Army on the Jiaodong Ordnance Industry. On August 23, 1947, he said: "Jiaodong is the main base for the military supply of our whole army", and on August 26, he said: "At least seven-tenths of the supply of artillery shells, explosives and bullets for hundreds of thousands of troops in Huaye depend on Jiaodong."
According to the "Summary Report on the Work of Ordnance Industry in 1949" issued by the Ministry of Industry and Mining of Shandong Provincial People's Government, Shandong Ordnance Industry produced a total of 2,494,000 mortar shells of various types ranging from 5 cm to 10 cm, 677 cannons, 17,972 steel shells, and 9,737,000 rounds of ammunition in the two years from 1948 to 1949. Jiaodong, as the main production base, produced a total of 2 million mortar shells, accounting for 80.2 percent, 490 guns, accounting for 72.4 percent, all steel shells were made in Jiaodong, 5.185 million bullets, accounting for 53.3 percent, during the entire Liberation War, Jiaodong produced a total of 2,528,000 shells of various kinds (9), which is equivalent to the consumption of 3 Huaihai Battles plus 15 Menglianggu Battles, and the output exceeds that of the major military regions in Guannai, and even compared with the Northeast with a strong industrial base, it is not inferior. It's an amazing concept. The available data can provide comparable statistics for the three years from October 1945 to September 1948 in Northeast China, with a total of 1,375,000 rounds of artillery shells, and from a similar period in Jiaodong, with a total of 1,478,000 rounds of artillery shells from 1946 to 1948. Due to the destruction of the war and various other reasons, only Jiaodong maintained large-scale production and reliable quality among the ordnance bureaus under the East China Bureau, which means that Jiaodong Ordnance Industry was in the second and third years of the Liberation War and was in a unique situation in the East China Military Region.
These materials are enough to tell us clearly: when ridiculing Chiang Kai-shek as the "captain of the transport brigade", we should not forget the brave men who fought on the munitions front, and they also made great contributions to the Chinese revolution. Jiaodong military tools have a very high historical status, for the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression to consolidate the base behind the enemy and win the war of liberation has made outstanding contributions, its grand achievements, can be called a miracle!
11. Mao Zedong personally drafted instructions for defending the Jiaodong base area and a congratulatory telegram to celebrate the victory
Mao Zedong demanded that the Jiaodong base area be resolutely defended. Taking the annihilation of the enemy's living forces as the main goal and not taking the defense or seizure of cities and localities as the main goal is one of the important characteristics of Mao Zedong's military strategic thinking. After the outbreak of the Liberation War, the strategic deployment of the major military regions in the country basically embodied and implemented this policy, our army successively abandoned Yan'an and Linyi, and on July 17, 1947, the East China Bureau, the East China Military Region, and the Shandong Provincial Government entered Ye County, Jiaodong District. In mid-August 1947, the flames of war burned in front of the Jiaodong Gate, and the 2nd, 7th, 9th, and 13th Columns of Huaye were organized into the Huaye East Corps, with Xu Shiyou and Tan Zhenlin serving as commanders and political commissars respectively. On August 25, Mao Zedong personally drafted the "Instructions on the Operational Guidelines for Defending Jiaodong", which was marked with the highest top secret level "AAAA", put forward a different strategic principle from the past, and demanded that the East China Bureau resolutely defend Jiaodong. This instruction marked the beginning of the direct organization and guidance of the Jiaodong campaign by Mao Zedong and the Central Military Commission. At this time, Chen Yi and Su Yu, who were far away in southwest Shandong and were about to enter Henan, Anhui and Suzhou, were very concerned about the situation in Jiaodong and also made it clear that they would resolutely defend Jiaodong. At the beginning of October, the main force of the Eastern Corps joined the division, launched the Battle of Yexian and the Battle of Jiaohe, which became the beginning of the turning point of the Jiaodong War, and on December 14, the Laiyang was recovered, and the Battle of Jiaodong ended victoriously, destroying more than 63,000 enemies.
The Battle of Jiaodong marked the all-round shift of the front-line battlefield in the liberated areas to a counteroffensive and the People's Liberation Army's all-round entry into the strategic offensive stage. On October 8, Mao Zedong personally drafted a congratulatory telegram for the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to celebrate the victory of the reconquest of Ye County. "The East China Bureau also transferred to Xu Tan: Celebrate your major victory in recovering Ye County and annihilating several enemy units. Since you switched to the counteroffensive, our army has turned to the counteroffensive in an all-round way without exception. There is no place for the enemy to attack." He pointed out the overall significance of the victory of the Eastern Corps. On the right side of the manuscript of the telegram is a handwritten annotation: "Chen Su, Liu Deng, Xu Tengbo, Zhang Deng, and Zhu Liu are added." This additional list includes two secretaries of the Central Committee who are not with the Central Committee, and the main leading members of the battlefield on the southern front and in the rear, which shows the overall nature of the telegram. From the march of the three-way army into the Central Plains to open the prelude to the strategic offensive to the Jiaodong Campaign, our army turned into a counteroffensive in all battlefields, and by the end of the Jiaodong Campaign, the enemy turned to the defensive in the inner front of our eastern line. The annotation of "Mao Zedong's Selected Works" makes the following explanation of the "Jiaodong Campaign": "changed the situation of the entire Shandong battlefield", which refers to the situation of the Kuomintang army's key attack on Shandong, which was continued until it was broken by the Eastern Corps in the Jiaodong battlefield, and Shandong, as the largest internal battlefield in the country, ushered in a strategic counteroffensive. The newly published "History of the Communist Party of China" also has an objective evaluation of this: "The final smashing of the Kuomintang army's attack on Shandong fundamentally changed the situation on the battlefield in Shandong." These more authoritative views point out the turning point of the Jiaodong Campaign.
Two days later, the headquarters of the Chinese People's Liberation Army issued the "Declaration of the Chinese People's Liberation Army" and the "67 Slogans" drafted by Mao Zedong himself, which was a landmark political declaration in the history of our party and officially put forward the slogan "Down with Chiang Kai-shek and liberate all of China" for the first time. The "Instruction on the Re-promulgation of the Three Major Disciplines and Eight Points of Attention" was issued at the same time, and from then on, the unified content of the "Three Major Disciplines and Eight Points of Attention" was fixed in the form of an order. In addition, the "Outline of China's Land Law" and the "Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Promulgating the Outline of China's Land Law" adopted by the National Land Work Conference on September 13 were both promulgated on the same day. Mao Zedong's high evaluation of the victory of the reconquest of Ye County and other battles is not an accidental improvisation, and the Jiaodong Victory has triggered a series of major decisions and deployments of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which is the best annotation of the turning point of the Jiaodong battlefield. Mao Zedong's strategic decision to defend Jiaodong proved to be very wise in the practice of war, and the liberated area of Jiaodong was preserved, becoming one of the largest counteroffensive and offensive bases in Shandong and the country's inner battlefield.
100,000 children urged the drums of war, and the iron flow rolled out of Jiaodong. After the Battle of Jiaodong, according to the deployment of the Central Military Commission, the Eastern Corps was established as the Shandong Corps and embarked on the journey of liberating Shandong, thus opening a strategic offensive of unprecedented scale on the inner battlefield, accelerating the pace of the Liberation War, and Chiang Kai-shek's defeat in Jiaodong became the beginning of his loss of the entire Central Plains. The Shandong Corps, which was mainly composed of Jiaodong children, developed and grew in the flames of war, becoming the most powerful and skilled strategic mobile corps in the Guannei battlefield, fighting Zhoucun and Zhangdian in the first battle, then Changwei, Yanzhou in the third battle, and Jinan in the fourth battle, and then joined the Huaihai battlefield after only a short rest, making immortal contributions to the liberation cause of the Chinese people. In addition to the heroic soldiers and the brave fighting of the people, Jiaodong is a strong backing of the Shandong Corps.
12. The military and civilian fish and water love are "strong"
"The victory of the Huaihai Battle was pushed by the masses of the people with small carts. After the victory of the Huaihai Campaign, Chen Yi, commander of the East China Field Army, once said affectionately. According to incomplete statistics, in the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, there were more than 2.8 million migrant workers in Jiaodong, accounting for a quarter of the number of people in Shandong Province, much higher than in Yimeng. In the three years from the second half of 1946 to September 1949, the people of Jiaodong participated in four large-scale operations to support the army, from Shandong to East China, the Central Plains, and Northeast China, and as far as Fujian and Sichuan. Among them, only the Laiwu Battle and Menglianggu Battle had 300,000 former armies in Jiaodong. Among the 102,800 civilian workers in the Huaihai Campaign, more than 70,000 belonged to Jiaodong, accounting for 68%. The Jiaodong Sons Corps in the Huaihai and River Crossing Campaigns accounted for 54.55%. During the revolutionary war, the people of Jiaodong provided 810,000 large and small vehicles, 730,000 stretchers, 240,000 livestock, 1,644 boats, 2 billion catties of grain, 10,000 quilts, and 1.24 million pairs of military shoes free of charge.
The red culture of Jiaodong is broad and profound, which is an extremely rich and valuable heritage, and it is the pride of the people of Jiaodong. What is covered in this article is not as good as in case of inadequacy, please criticize and correct the omissions.