The Ming Dynasty was a peculiar dynasty, with early rulers consolidating imperial power for their descendants, developing centralized power to the extreme, and founding the Jinyiwei and Dongxi Factory, which were even more notorious and heinous. However, things must be reversed, and the emperors later in the Ming Dynasty were either perverts or fools, and a few sober ones had no choice.
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Jinyi Wei and Dongxi Factory of the Ming Dynasty
(i)
Under the old form of government, the emperor represented only the interests of his family and a special group in the outer ring, and compared to the ruled people, his position was not only isolated, but always on the edge of danger, under the sacred throne of dignity, brewing volcanoes to erupt. For the sake of the family's authoritarianism and the continuation of their interests, they have to think of all the methods of repression, public laws, criminal codes, open military academies and courts are not enough and inconvenient, they also need special organizations, special prisons, and special detectives that create an air of terror to spy on every suspicious person, suspicious official, they use secret methods to detect, search, arrest, interrogate, and execute. In the army, in schools, in government offices, in the people, in tea houses and taverns, in meeting places, even in traffic channels, streets and alleys, there are such people everywhere. Special organizations that carry out these tasks have existed throughout the ages. In Han there were "Zhao Prison" and "Great Who He", in Tang there were "Lijingmen" and "Bad People", in Song there were "Zhao Prison" and "Inner Army Patrol", in Ming there were Jinyi Guards and Dongxi Factory, and in Yuan Shikai's era there were "Detective Teams".
From the late fourteenth century to the middle of the seventeenth century, these two institutions remained in existence (some time in between, but soon revived).
The Jinyiwei were the reconnaissance organs of the Inner Court, and the East Factory was supervised by eunuchs, and the most close confidant of the emperor, that is, the Jinyiwei, was also reconnoitred by him.
Jinyi Wei was first set up in the time of Ming Taizu, yes. Under it there are the Fusi of the South and North Towns, the Fusi of the Southern Town of the Southern Town, the Fusi of the North Town, the Fusi of the North Town, the Governor of the Northern Town, and the Fusi of the North Town, who can directly take the edict and act without going through the legal procedures of the Foreign Court Law Division, and even the chief of the Benwei must not interfere (Wang Shizhen's "Jinyi Zhi").
According to the Ming Shi Guan Zhi , the official position of Jinyi Wei is said to be "the matter of the guards in charge of arresting and imprisoning, and all thieves who commit adultery and adultery on the streets of The Thieves are secretly arrested and saved from time to time." After Jiajing's early years of dismissal, his powers were reduced and he was changed to "specialize in the serious affairs of unscrupulous and evil people and robbers" (Ming Shi Criminal Law Chronicle).
In fact, the most important thing is to reconnoiter "misdeeds", which refer to political reactionaries or parties, and deceit refers to religious groups such as Maitreya, White Lotus, and Ming.
Ming Taizu was born in the Xiang Army, and the religious legends such as "The Birth of Maitreya" and "The Birth of the Ming King" played a great political role in ordinary peasants who were eager to improve their lives. He was particularly aware of the significance and threat of the congregation to the real regime, from which he had obtained power and had laid the foundation for it, and the only question that made him anxious was how to inherit it forever without trouble.
The serious crisis he felt had two sides, one of which was. The second is. During his reign, these people were certainly suppressed, but they were also worried. The heir behind him, the prince is loyal and gentle, and can only keep it, not strain. By the time the crown prince died, he was already seven years old, and the grandson was not only naïve, but also more useless than his son, and he was close to a group of corrupt Confucians, Jingmu Three Kings, obeying Confucianism, and not the foot color of the tyrants.
In order to reassure himself and cut off thorns for his children and grandchildren, he did not hesitate to use all possible cruel means to vigorously promote the Hulan Party case, massacre the heroes, and use the excuse of rectifying the rule of officials and ruling the chaotic country with heavy punishments, and really eliminated the Chinese and foreign officials and landlords and gentry, and the establishment and authorization of the JinyiWei played this role. After several massacres, the subjects stood on their sides and felt that their position had been settled.
In order to alleviate the tense air, Hongwu Ordered the Burning of Jinyiwei Torture Instruments in 1387 and sent all the prisoners who were closed to the Jinyi Guards to the Ministry of Punishment. After another six years, the Hu Party and the Blue Party had all been killed, and they no longer felt political coercion, so they lifted the jinyiwei's right to be imprisoned, and the prisons inside and outside the zhao were not able to be jinyi guards, and the big and small cases were all managed by the legal department. The world has since been considered peaceful (Ming Shi Criminal Law Chronicle).
Less than ten years later, the throne was disputed, and the Jing Dynasty rebelled, and the King of Yan, who had left the domain of Beiping, took the throne and fought a bloody battle for several years, although he arrived in Nanjing, nominally counted as the emperor, but his position was still unstable.
Because first, Emperor Jianwen has a legend of death, and the body of self-immolation in the palace cannot decide whether Emperor Jianwen is also inside, if Emperor Jianwen is not dead, it is very possible to rise up and restore the country.
Second, he took the throne as a concubine, and more than a dozen princes of the same status as him looked at each other with red eyes, and could not help but play the trick of Jing difficulty again. (This was a bit of a concern during his lifetime, but after his grandson ascended the throne, he did make another fuss about his uncle and nephew.) ）
Third, at that time, his troops only covered a line of communication from Beiping to Nanjing, and other places only showed obedience.
Fourth, Emperor Jianwen's subordinates, such as Li Jinglong the Duke of Cao and Mei Yin, the Duke of Cao, and Shengyong, Ping'an, and He Fu, all fought against him. The officials and military officials in other places are also old Jianwen people, and they cannot change the whole territory. This made him feel a deep fear.
In this situation, he could use the mantle handed down by his father, so the Jinyi guards repeated their activities until the fall of the country.
Although Jinyiwei is close, in the end, he may be affectionate, but he still can't rest assured.
When Ming Chengzu first rose up, he used eunuchs around Emperor Jianwen to probe the news, and after he took the throne, he thought that these loyal and reliable people had set up an east factory, and the position was "to investigate and plot against the evil and the great rebellion", which was exactly the same as that of Jinyiwei. Subordinate officials have attached punishments, with Jinyi Wei thousands of households as the deputies, the difference is the use of internal ministers, usually with the second or third person of the eunuch sent by the si li supervisor Bingbi eunuch, the closest relationship with the emperor, the most important authoritarian ("History of Ming", "Criminal Law", "Official History"). Although it was sometimes abolished in the future, the name was sometimes changed to the West Factory or the Outer Factory, or the East and West Factories were set up inside and outside the factories, or the internal factories were added to the East and West Factories, and even the East and West Factories were also under inspection. But in reality, the mission of the factory has not changed.
The factory and wei became the emperor's private special detective agency, and its system was that the Jinyi wei supervised and spied all the officials and people, and the east (west) factory reconnoitred all the officials and people and the Jinyi guards, and sometimes added a supreme institution to detect all the officials and people and the factory guards, such as Liu Jin's neixing factory and Feng Bao's inner factory. Such layers of interrogation, layers of evil, everyone doubting themselves, everyone endangering themselves, has caused political terror.
(ii)
The commander of the Wei was the commander, and there was an official school under it, specializing in reconnaissance, named Ti Qi.
At the time of Jiajing, Lu Bing's official Ti Shuai, the chosen guard Ti Was all in the middle of the big, good at controlling the length and short, dob's eyes and ears, and all the eyes and ears were shattered.
Thousands of qi auxiliary Qin Jin Lu Wei Chao multiplied the traces of the archers. The people of Wei are dressed in fresh clothes and angry horses, but the people who support the support are 150,000 or 60,000 (Wang Shizhen's "Jinyi Zhi").
Four out-of-the-road visits:
"At the gate of the gentry, there are several people who come and go, and all those who are arrested are only rumors, and they are mostly ambiguous, although they have a heart, there is no excuse." The merits obtained by various counts are considered to be promoted. By virtue of their possible power, they invite them to gain the merits they must gain, catch the wind and catch the shadows, and every subordinate will take revenge on them, illegally torture them, and threaten them to force their confession. (Fu Weilin's Book of Ming, vol. 73)
As a result, the general eunuch class was frightened and fearful, "often get up early, do not dare to speak occasionally, flag school through the door, as if thief" (Ming Shi Criminal Law Chronicle). When people were caught, they first found an empty temple shrine and plundered it, called piling, "There are real thieves who are spared, so there are many civilians who are counted, there are those who include their families as thieves, and those who are vicious to prove their deeds, there are those who have hidden books to trap people in the law of demonization, there are those who are threatening to falsely criticize people to use false seals, and there are names that seem to be poisonous to the dead." ”
When visiting and taking places, "the family assets are empty, and even the same room is swept away, the light is hidden in the hands of the fire captain of the stall, and the heavy is divided between the officials and the division." As soon as the interviewed person entered the prison door, he had no physiology, "the five poisons are prepared, and the limbs are incomplete." Its coolest person is the pipa, every hundred bones are shed, sweat is like water, and the dead are resurrected, and if they are two or three times, under the coolness, what hell is not achieved" (Ming shu, vol. 73).
His proposers stopped by driving the post, and in the first year of Hongzhi (1488), the Shangshu He Qiao of the Punishment Department played:
"In the old system, the person who proposed the person in the lawsuit must examine the fine approval, match the symbol, and then dispatch it." If those who are close to each other mention people at home and abroad, they only rely on the driving post, neither do they use symbols, the truth and falsity are indistinguishable, and the adulterer corrects his life, so why refuse it? ”
At that time, although it was explicitly ordered to restore the system of approving the mention of people, the Kinnket School still arrested only on the basis of a post (Ming Shi Criminal Law Chronicle).
Zhengde Chu Zhou Xi said: "The Emperor's relative Gui Xing had a good performance, and His Majesty said according to his side, that is, to send officials to drive people hundreds of miles away, to frighten Li Shu's heart, not even the beauty of the New Deal." (The Collected Works of The Hanging Light, On the Neglect of Governance) is an example.
The system of the East Factory is the most grand in the Inner Court Gate. All internal officials are known as the internal officials in a certain place, but the seal of the East Factory is "Qin Cha supervises the eunuch Guan Defense of the East Factory Official School" (Liu Ruoyu's "Discretionary Chronicle" XVI). The History of the Ming Dynasty records that "all of his subordinates were given to Wei, and the most lightly calculated were filled." The head of the service chief, the sharp hat, the shirt green plain pants pleats, the small tassel, the white leather boots, the special master to observe. A few of his subordinates are officials, and the capital master's outlaws and fortunes are used to hold the officials in a cave, and they get a yin matter, so that they can be secretly white in the file, and the head of the file depends on the size of the matter and gives the gold first, and the number of things is known, and the gold is bought. Having done the thing, Shuai Fanzi went to the house of the offender, sat left and right to drive piles, and Fanzi burst into the execution of the interrogation without left evidence, bribes as many as the number of paths, less unsatisfactory, the name of the list of rulers known as Qianjiu, also known as moving The offender, pain ten times the official punishment, and instructed the strong, the powerful to give more gold that is fine, or Jin not, give insufficient, stand on the news, go to the town to fusi prison, and die. ”
As for the location of the administrative officials, people were also sent everywhere to observe: "Every month, hundreds of factory servants sign the court and look at the official palace. "There is a difference between the dictation and sitting, "he regards the various places in the Central Government to interrogate the great prison, the Beizhen Fusi to interrogate the repeat offenders, and the official palace and the city gates to visit the zaji." The secret obtained is called the beating incident, which is immediately transferred from the East Factory to the emperor, and even in the middle of the night, it can be presented at any time, "with the story no size, the son of heaven can hear it, the family rice salt is obscene, the palace may be rumored to be a joke, up and down, and there is no fear of beating the incident" (Ming Shi Criminal Law Chronicle).
In the end, JinyiWei is not as close as the East Factory, and the report should be used to play sparsely, and the East Factory can be directly accessed. In this way, the factory power is higher than that of Wei.
The obscenity of the East Factory, to give an example.
At the time of the apocalypse, four civilians secretly drank and talked in the secret room in the middle of the night. The wine was hot, and one of them scolded Wei Zhongxian, and the remaining three people did not dare to speak out. Before the scolding was over, Fan Zi burst in, arrested all four of them, and skinned the man who spoke in front of Wei Zhongxian, and the remaining three people rewarded them with a little money to return, and the three of them were so frightened that they almost became crazy.
Jinyi Wei Prison, also known as the Zhao Prison, was specially led by the Beizhen Fusi. Beizhen Fusi was originally a subordinate officer of the Jinyi Wei commander, with a very low rank, and in the fourteenth year of Chenghua (1478), the Beisi Seal Letter was added, and all prisons did not have to be closed to Bai Benwei, and even the official affairs performed by wei could be directly asked by the emperor for adjudication, and the Wei commander did not dare to interfere, so his power became increasingly important (Ming Shi, vol. 95). The Three Divisions of the Outer Court (Punishment Department, Dali Temple, and Metropolitan Inspection Court) did not dare to resist.
In the second year of Jiajing (1523), the Criminal Division gave Liu Ji a statement: "The state placed the Three Laws Division to manage the prison, and then there was the Jinyi Wei Zhen Fu Division to specialize in the prison, to visit the gate of Luo Weaving, to exercise in the hands of the prison, to rule on the purpose of internal surrender, and the three law divisions were almost false." (Records of Emperor Ming Shizong) "The cruelty of its use of torture is beyond the imagination of human beings, Shen Defu wrote: "Where the factory guards are honest and rebellious, they are re-opened, and they are tortured by the Zhenfu Division of Jinyi, and the usual stop is to ask questions, and the heavy ones add the word "good life", and the most important one is that good life is really asked, and a set of punishments will be used, and all eighteen kinds of tortures will be tried." (Wild Harvest Compilation, vol. 21) "The use of a set of punishments is a full punishment, known as a weapon, a shackle, a stick, a stick, a stick, a five-poison equipment, a boiling cry, a festering flesh, and it is like turning to death (Ming Shi Penal Chronicle). The prison "room is humbled into the ground, the wall is thick, that is, the next door is shouted, quietly heard, each city has a thing inside, it must be checked in several places, the diet of the genus can not get one, and must not raise a fire, although it is cold but cold and cold. Not only are family members not allowed to enter, but they are also not allowed to meet each other. Only in the period of torture, we must meet from afar in the hall" (Wild Harvest Compilation). In the "Miscellaneous Notes in Prison" written by Gu Dazhang, who was killed by the party disaster in the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), it is said: "Those who are given a hundred days in prison and are ordered to temporarily issue (sentence) for ten days will have these ten days of life, and the previous hundred days will be born." He Ze, when he met his family, the previous hearers witnessed it. "Compared with the prison of the Ministry of Punishment, there is a difference between heaven and hell. Qu Shiyun also said in his "Chen Shizheng Rush" (陈時政急疏), "In the world of Wei Cui, all those who belong to the fierce net, that is, the annoyance of the Ti riding, the one belonging to the Ti riding, that is, the lower town, the soul flying soup fire, the cruelty is indescribable, and once you send the Fasi, it is nothing less than the joy of heaven." (Qu Zhongxuan's Collected Works, vol. 1) "As soon as the person who was brought to prison, there was no room for complaint and sat on the list. Wei Dazhong's "Self-Chronicle Chronicle": On the thirteenth day, he entered the capital Ofe Jinyi Wei DongSifang, on the twenty-eighth day Xu Xianchun Cui Yingyuan was ordered to be strict, Xu both greeted the intentions of The Second Wei (忠贤, 廣微), and composed Wang Wen's words and words and died in a hurry to extinguish his mouth. When the book is dirty, it is like the quality of two creations, one knocking a hundred, shuttling a clip, knocking fifty boards, hitting forty sticks, and being miserable, and the words of resistance cannot be pronounced. The "Six Gentlemen" were charged with being bribed by Xiong Tingbi, and some of them were sentenced to self-doubt and had no physiology, and had no choice but to accept it, hoping to be able to turn the punishment department to a way to survive, but the result was even worse, and the factory guards ordered them to pursue the stolen goods. Before kneeling before the tired kneeling steps, the criticism is full of insults, the naked body is humiliated, the flaccid is subjected to the shackles, the flaccid is clipped, and the flaccid and the clamp are still wearing the shackles to receive the stick, and the trauma is not restored, and it is no longer added to the list. At the time of the subsequent interrogation, no one should kneel up and lie down under the hall" (Ming Shi Chronicle, vol. 71). Finally, he was secretly executed by the hands of the jailer, and the family of the deceased did not know the method of death and the date of his death, and the reed mat wrapped the body out of the prison, and the insects and maggots rotted. The six gentlemen were Yang Lian, Zuo Guangdou, Gu Dazhong, Yuan Huazhong, Zhou Chaorui, and Gu Dazhang, all of whom were leaders of the Qingliu at that time, and the leaders of the government and the opposition, who were jealous of Wei Zhongxian's subjects, and died in prison in the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625).
In addition to the non-punishment in prison, one of the evil policies in the table with the factory guards is the court staff, the Jinyi guard originated from the Ming Taizu, the east factory was created by The Ming Chengzu, but the court staff was copied from the Yuan Dynasty.
Before the Yuan Dynasty, the distance between the monarchs and courtiers was not very hanging, the three dukes sat down and said, and the emperor was a teacher and friend, although the Song Dynasty had no place for the courtiers to sit in the palace, but also polite ministers, never to behave indecently, "soldiers can kill and not disgrace" This traditional concept can be understood from top to bottom.
The Mongols were different, they did not understand the status of the scholars at all, nor could they use theory to decorate the solemnity of the court. They started from horses, lived on horses, and the ministers in the government, that is, the generals in the army, whenever they made a mistake, they pulled down and beat them, and they finished doing business as usual, whether they were central officials or magistrates, in peacetime or in wartime, it was common for ministers to be beaten, and even the chief of Zhongshu Province was recorded in the court of the palace.
Ming Taizu succeeded Yuan, although he tried his best to "restore the prestige of Han officials" and abandon the vulgar huhua, the story of the staff rebuking the chancellor was habitually inherited, the famous examples, such as zhu Wenzheng, the nephew who was killed by the staff, the duke Zhu Wenzheng, the shangshu of the Ministry of Works, the grandfather and son of Zhu Liang, the marquis of Yongjia, and the grandfather and son of The Cane of The Emperor Cao. From this temple, his majesty walking stick, Xi for the ancestral system, Zhengde fourteen years (1519) to the south of the tour of the court staff Shu Fen and other hundred and forty-six people, eleven dead, Jiajing three years (1523) with the great ceremony of the court staff Feng Xi and other one hundred and thirty-four people, sixteen dead. Many ministers were killed by the staff, but fortunately they did not die, and those who committed public duties still had to go to the government to do official affairs, and those who committed personal enemies were then sentenced to prison and executed ("Ming Shi Criminal Law Chronicle").
As for the difference between the early and late court staffs, which is to remove clothes and not to wear clothes, Shen Defu said: "Before Chenghua, all the courtiers who were staffed were wrapped in clothes and wrapped in a scepter, and did not damage the skin membrane, but they were injured and trapped in judea, and they needed to be up for several decades, and if they went to be flogged, they began to use things against Jin, and many famous people died, and now they do not change." (Wild Harvest, vol. XVIII)"
In the case of the court staff, according to Amu, it was the Jinyi Official School that executed the execution, and the prisoner was the celebrant:
"Si Li Da Heng came for dozens of generations, and the first drink was brought with the prisoners, and each drink was answered by a thousand hundred people shouting in response, and the sound was shocking, and the first drink knelt down, and the two of them were announced to drive the stick, and they really beat eighty sticks, five sticks were changed, in short, eighty sticks were exchanged for sixteen people. Drink really hit, drink and beat the cabinet stick, the second forty-six sounds, all shout should be as the first to drink, drink the cabinet stick on the stick on the stock also. The staff was drunk and stepped on, and the four lieutenants walked with cloth. (The Collected Writings of Mr. Xi Ting, IV, The Book of Grace)"
When Wan Jing was killed by a staff during the apocalypse, Fan Liangcai wrote the "Biography of Wan Zhongzhen", saying:
"Chu Jing impeached Wei Heng for neglecting it, and he was very embarrassed, and he corrected the court staff for a hundred. Rebuke the people. At that moment, Ti rode out, flocked to flock, went around the house and birds, full of fists and sticks, plucked hair and elbows, dragged and destroyed, dragged to the noon gate, and there was no end to the skin. When walking on the cane, he rebelled against the small vertical for dozens of generations, and the jinwu (the commander of the Jinyi guard) left people to receive the staff, and the anti-cane was monitored, and the staff was zhang wei, and the hot hand was willing. The staff is gone, flesh and blood, dying. ”
In addition to the court staff, there are also standing shackles, created from Liu Jin, commonly used by Jinyi Wei:
"Its heavy shackles number one to three hundred pounds, for a period of two months, has not been complete. And the most poisonous one is a shackle, and it will be extinguished every day. Occasionally, if the life is lowered by three inches, it will be killed in an instant. Whoever dies before the shackles have expired, the keeper will cover the soil, and when the period expires, he will be buried, and if it is in the heat, only the ears of the remains will be empty, so the talker is said to be heavier than the great cloud. (Wild Harvest, vol. XVIII)"
Under the edicts, the court staff, and the shackles, the scholars and masters can not only be killed, but also humiliated, and the distance between the kings and subjects is getting farther and farther, "the emperor is holy, and the subjects should be punished for their sins", and the beating is almost dead, and the good name of the good name is known as grace, and the scepter is given, although politeness cannot be talked about, and even the grace between the master and the slave is gone.
(iii)
The disadvantages of factory guards were one of the most concentrated problems of protest at that time, but it had no effect and intensified.
For example, the shangren "Please Ge Xi Factory Shu" said:
"In recent days, the inspection is too complicated, the laws are too urgent, the criminal network is too dense, the official school is too secret, the officials are all out of the news, the night search for family wealth, the first time there is no driving post, the people's hearts are fierce and fearful. Both internal and external civil and military ministers, who are entrusted with humerus hearts, are also uneasy about their positions. There are officials of the Sishu Government, and those who have the capital to establish political affairs, all of whom are uneasy about their duties, the merchants who are uneasy about the city, the travelers who are uneasy about Tu, the soldiers who are uneasy about Wu, and the people of Li who are uneasy about their work. (Shang Wen Yi Gong Ji, vol. 1)"
In this case, there is a danger that anyone will be arrested at times. On the contrary, it is really a great traitor who has committed many evil deeds, and as long as he can get the understanding of the court, he can stay out of the law.
The Ming Shi Penal Chronicle says:
"After the British Constitution, the meaning of sympathy is slight, the wind of investigation is fierce, the great evil is great, and the case is like a mountain, and the purpose is from the middle down, and the question is not asked. Or there is no reason to die, and the piece of paper is sent to prison, which is a terrible disaster. ”
The original intention of the Ming Dynasty Erzu to set up a factory guard was to detect misdeeds, especially to pay attention to the actions of officials.
The Longqing Zhongxin Criminal Section gave The Matter of Shuhua Shangshu only on the basis of superficial reasoning, which was taboo for the monarch, saying:
"The imperial court set up factory guards, so it was necessary to arrest thieves and prevent adultery, not to detect hundreds of officials." Controlling the hundred officials is the power of the Son of Heaven, and the responsibility of the officials is in Taiwan, and the court has its own public opinion. Now with the right to make secret visits to the factory guards, in case a person is not upright, if something is wronged, right and wrong are reversed, and goodness is harmed, how can His Majesty know about it? And since the imperial court relies on the factory guards, the factory guards will be entrusted with the service, and this generation is greedy and cruel, why not go! The hearts of the people are in danger, and the eyes of all are close, and it is not appropriate for the prosperous world to have it. (The Aftermath of Chunming's Dreams, vol. 63)"
As for harassing the commoners, it was even more not taken into account by the court, and Yang Lian specifically pointed out in the twenty-four major crimes of Impeaching Wei Zhongxian:
"The East Factory was originally to detect the treacherous details, prepared very much, not to disturb the civilians also." Since the loyal and virtuous have suffered, the chickens and dogs are restless, and they are quick to complain, and they fall into the trap, and the words are violated, then they are set up, and they plot and inform, day and night. (Yang Zhonglie's Collected Writings II)"
Even after Wei Zhongxian's defeat, the power of the factory guards was still unshaken, and Liu Zongzhou neglected his authority to infringe on the authority of the Law Department and ridiculed the lynching of the human master, saying:
"Our country has set up three law divisions to govern the prisons, and regards the previous generation as a sole detail, and those who cannot be decided by the Punishment Department are decided by the Metropolitan Inspection Yuan, and those who cannot be leveled by the Ministry and the Court, and the Dali Temple is flat, and its implication is far-reaching. At the beginning of the founding of the country, Emperor Gao did not abolish the heavy code to punish the great evil, so there was a prison of brocade. When the East Factory was arrested, the capital of the country was initially determined to be a great rebellion and a great traitor, and the matter was temporary and expedient, and the day after that, it was not changed, and it had to be used with the Jinyi Guard to do things, causing the lord to have a lynching. Since the Emperor's Imperial Pole, this Cao Yu has been weaving with great power, and the events of the wind and the wind have been swept up in the dust and wisdom, and under the hub, everyone is heavy. The result was: "(Liu Zi Quanshu, XVI, "Pain and Hardship", XVII , "Reverence for The Neglect of Duties")
。
In the fourth year of Chongzhen (1631), He gave Xu Guorong's "On the Factory Wei Shu" an example of this:
"For example, the silk merchant Liu Wendou went to Beijing with licensed goods, and the traitorous stick Zhao Blind Zi and other mouths called the factory guards, pinched their fingers and evaded taxes, and secretly captured them in the temple of the small bridge in the east of Chongwenmen, and cheated more than 2,000 taels of silver. The instructor of Changzi County promoted the county order, and suddenly there were several sticks supporting people in their apartments, calling them factory guards, referring to them as the battalion workers, and cheating five hundred taels of silver. Shanxi Xieguan comprador black lead photos are enough, and the sticks are left in the Lu Shop, calling them factory guards, referring to the official property, arresting wang shops and other four families, each fraudulent silver more than two thousand ... Thistle Gate Hole Road, False Detective Side Court, Weaving Back and Forth... As for those scattered in various gates, under the pretext of secret agents, so they show their tracks, chronicles, and the bottom of the pen can be used to manipulate misfortunes and blessings, and the scribes are afraid of their sowing storms, and they have to take the gold and yin bait, so they follow the example and do not ask questions. (The Aftermath of Chunming's Dreams, vol. 63)"
In the fifteenth year of Chongzhen (1642), Yushi Yang Renxuan's "On the Harm of False Fan and Dongchang" said:
"The subject treats the sin of Nancheng, and the words and lawsuits he read are mostly unjustified because of falsehoods, and the husband pretends to be called The East Factory, and the harm is like this, but is it true?" This is also due to the accumulation of weight. The so-called accumulation of weight, the merit order compares the events, every time the service is put on a price to buy the event, the buyer to the tempter to sell it for the thief, the servant does not ask its origin, the tempter divides the profits. The first accusation of wrath, the false accusation of the law, the blackmailer's will is not to succeed. The comparison between the East Factory incident and the East Factory can be slowed down, the Comparison of the East Factory is slower, and the buying incident and the selling event of the Campaign can be enjoyed, and the accumulation of weight can be slightly lighter. (Ming Shi Criminal Law Chronicle III)"
。 The History of Ming says: "Emperor Ran (Sizong) relied on the factory to defend the benefits, and the country was already dead. ”