In the early Qing Dynasty, literati landscape paintings since the Yuan and Ming dynasties were still developing and evolving. The painter represented by the "Four Kings", through the late Ming Dynasty Dong Qichang, traced back to the Song and Yuan traditions, the works generally attach importance to the taste of pen and ink, the style is elegant and subtle, conveying a calm, idyllic and elegant artistic conception, which is regarded as orthodox by the rulers. In the change of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a group of intellectuals were desperate to advance and turned to painting, which was called the painters of the relics in the history of painting. They immerse themselves in painting art, and express the sincere feelings of resentment, loneliness and bitterness with their paintings, and their works have strong artistic expression and appeal. Among them, outstanding representatives include Gong Xian, the "Four Monks", and the painters of the Xin'an School.
At the same time, a group of professional painters with profound skills were also active in the landscape painting circle at that time, mainly including the Jinling painter group represented by Fan Xi and Gao Cen and the Zhejiang painter group represented by Liu Du, Lan Meng, Zhang Sheng, Lü Huancheng, etc. Their techniques are functional, they use solid pen quality, and the landscapes borrow more from the Song people's panoramic composition, pay attention to the sense of space, and the style is fine and beautiful. The Zhejiang painter group was influenced by the late Ming Dynasty Lan Ying to varying degrees.
Highlights:
1. Qing Wang Gong YunYuan Pine Shade Chart Axis
Pen and ink on paper
Collection of Tianjin Museum
Wang Jie (1598-1677), ziyuanzhao, xiangbi, dyeing incense master, etc., from Taicang, Jiangsu. Wang Shizhen's great-grandson. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the official Lianzhou prefect, so it was called "Wang Lianzhou", and after entering the Qing Dynasty, it was not Shi. Good at painting landscapes, he has profound skills in ancient painting, and is known as the "Six Houses of the Early Qing Dynasty" together with Wang Shimin, Wang Yi, Wang Yuanqi, Wu Li, and Yun Shouping, which has a great influence on the orthodox painting of the Qing Dynasty.
Among the "Four Kings", Wang Shimin and Wang Ji directly taught Dong Qichang. Wang's ancient skills are profound, and the food can be ancient. He used his profound painting skills to trace the pen and ink taste created by Dong Qichang to the spirit of the Yuan Dynasty through more logical and stable composition, so that his paintings have both pen and ink interest and functional characteristics. This picture is self-titled imitating the Yuan Dynasty painter Wang Meng's "Cloud Valley Songyin", the mountain stone is long and draped, the brushwork is round and vigorous, the ink color is thick and simple and blended with each other, and the mountains and rivers painted are majestic and deep, the sense of space is strong, and it is a landscape that can be visited and lived.
Once the late Qing Dynasty Zhejiang collector Wang Yangdu (zi Mengquan), the modern Anhui collector Ku Shoushu (zi Ruomu) and others handed over the collection.
2. Qing Wang Yi imitates the Wang Mengshan landscape map axis
Coloring on Paper Kangxi Pengzi (1708)
Wang Yi (1632-1717), zi Shigu, no. cultivation of smoke and scattered people, Qinghui old man, etc., Jiangsu Changshu people. Good at painting landscapes, deep pen and ink skills, long in imitation of the ancient, rich in change. In the 30th year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1691), he was instructed to draw the "Kangxi Southern Tour Map". Together with Wang Shimin, Wang Jian, and Wang Yuanqi, they were called the "Four Kings", and together with Wu Li and Yun Shouping, they were called "Six Families in the Early Qing Dynasty". The "Yushan School" was founded, and there were many scholars. He is the author of "Qinghui Painting Trek".
Wang Yi once said that painting landscapes must be "with the pen and ink of the Yuan people, transporting the Hills and Ravines of the Song Dynasty, and Ze rhymes with the popularity of the Tang Dynasty, which is a great success". This theory of painting is well represented in many of its excellent works. He combined the calligraphic brushes of Huang Gongwang and Wang Meng with the compositions of Juran and Fan Kuan, and created a style of landscape painting with thick huazi and great momentum.
This picture imitates Wang Meng's brushwork to paint the scene of mountain residence, the fine brush hook and the shallow brush are blended, the artistic style is both thick and bright, and the composition layout is clear and ghostly. Self-titled "Famous Mountain Grass Hall, Xiao Ran lives alone." There are no cars and horses at the door, and there are books. Sleep in the pillow, do not know the rest. Looking forward to the past and the present, happy and beautiful". The department of the book "Peng Zi Li autumn one day after the imitation of the Yellow Crane Mountain Tree pen meaning." Shiguzi Wang Yi. "Peng Zi" is the forty-seventh year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1708), when the author was 77 years old, and it is his later work.
3. Qing Wang YuanQi imitates the dafarian landscape axis
Wang Yuanqi (1642-1715), zi Maojing, Lutai, Taicang, Jiangsu, Wang Shiminsun. In the ninth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1670), he entered the priesthood and became an official to the Hubu Shilang. In the forty-fourth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1705), he was instructed to compile the Peiwenzhai Calligraphy and Painting Notation with Sun Yue and others. Good at painting landscapes, inheriting family law, painting the four families of the Yuan, especially Huang Gongwang as the sect, excellent pen and ink, good at painting theory. Together with Wang Shimin, Wang Jian, Wang Yi, Wu Li and Yun Shouping, they are collectively known as the "Six Houses of the Early Qing Dynasty". Inheriting and founding the "Loudong School of Painting", it had a profound influence on the landscape painting of the Qing Dynasty.
Wang Yuanqi was influenced by his grandfather Wang Shimin and promoted Huang Gongwang more in the Yuan si family. This figure imitates Huang Gongwang's brushwork to paint landscapes, mostly using dry pen scorched ink, layer by layer rubbing, and the end of the pen is calm and thick like a vajra pestle. The top of the painting is self-titled: "To imitate the yuan pen, you need to penetrate the Song law, and if the Song people's method is not transparent, then the fun of the yuan pen cannot be distinguished." The discernment of a thousand miles is here, and the son is also a long time. Yi elderly brother, in addition to the article political affairs, besides the art affairs, pen and ink show that they learned from home, followed the capital door, and the discussion of the experience is in line. Now that I will make Jinnan, I will write this gift and please be right. Lou Dong Wang Yuan Qi. Among them, the discussion on the relationship between Song and Yuan paintings, especially Huang Gongwang's paintings, and the Song Renfa is very concise, showing Wang Yuanqi's thorough understanding of the Yuan Sijia, especially Huang Gongwang. If the annual model is not signed, according to the pen and ink painting style, it should be a work of about 70 years old.
4. Qing Wu Calendar Make a landscape axis for Tang Banyuan
Color on paper
Donated by Mr. Zhang Shucheng
Wu Li (1632-1718), ziyushan, mojing daoren, Jiangsu Changshu people. When he was young, he studied poetry with Qian Qianyi and learned to paint at Wang Shimin and Wang Jie. Kangxi twenty-one years (1682) into catholicism. He is good at painting landscapes and flowers, and is called "Six Houses of the Early Qing Dynasty" together with the "Four Kings" and Yun Shouping. He is the author of "Ink Well Poetry Banknote" and "Ink Well Painting Trek".
This picture is a landscape painted by Wu Li for Tang Yuzhao, a calligrapher and painter and bibliophile of the Qing Dynasty. Tang Yuzhao (1602-1672), also spelled Kong Ming, was a native of Wujin (present-day Changzhou), Jiangsu. The composition layout is compact, with dry pen scorched ink layer by layer of rubbing and dyeing, fine pen and ink, simple and thick style. Self-titled "Twenty years of heart, intend to send the picture to the city." Sijun text is a clear night curse, and the moon in the Houfu Cup is the brightest. Poetry and paintings are sent to Mr. Banyuan. "Li Zuoxian, a famous epigrapher of the Qing Dynasty, was once in the collection.
5. Qing Yun Shou Ping G Beiyuan Xishan Chart Axis
Ink pen on silk Kangxi Nonzi (1672)
Yun Shouping (1633-1690), initial name Ge, character Shouping, later with character line, more character Zheng Shu, number Nantian, Jiangsu Wujin people. Gong poetry calligraphy, good at painting flowers, landscapes, the founder of the "Changzhou School". The creation of a new body of boneless flower painting without sketching and directly rendering the shape in ink has a far-reaching impact. Shanshui beginner learned his uncle's direction, took the four houses of the Fayuan, and traced back to Dong Yuan and JuRan, using his pen to be dashing and elegant, and winning with charm and interest. Together with the "Four Kings" and Wu Li, they are called the "Six Houses of the Early Qing Dynasty". He is the author of "Nantian Painting", "Ouxiangguan Collection" and so on.
Yun Shouping's landscape paintings are quite successful, but they are obscured by the fame of his flower paintings. This ink pen imitates Dong Yuan (Beiyuan Taishou) Xishan map, less outline, more dyeing, pen and ink changes, the layout emphasizes the sense of space, loose and elegant, beautiful and reckless. The self-title in the painting describes the creative experience and self-evaluation of the painting, and it is a concise and concise painting theory.
Self-titled: "Wenzheng Zhongyun: There is no North Garden painting in the world, and the Zhijia family hides half a piece of ear, that is, the Xishan Travel that is now transmitted is also." Its charm is deep and ancient, and it is similar to the huge smoke floating far away, the so-called Yunfeng stone traces, out of the sky, the pen □ the right, the network is unpredictable. Later, it was proposed, just like managing the Heavenly Li Sea, how to speak generously? This figure traces the previous book, slightly depressed and reckless, the history of the times, the customs of history, a few changes, the discerner discerns it. "Department of Funds" Nonzi Runqiu Ling Yun Shou Ping. "壬子" is the eleventh year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1672), when the author was 50 years old.
6. Qing Hongren Songxi stone wall diagram axis
Color on Paper Shunzhi Bingshen (1656)
Hongren (1610-1664), commonly known as Jiang, mingtao, character Liuqi, became a monk after the death of the Ming Dynasty, the character Gradually Jiang, a native of Shexian County, Anhui. Gong shi is good at painting, and the painting starts with the Song and Yuan families, especially ni Zhan. The landscape brushwork is clean and simple, the lines are square and sharp, the style is cold and steep, and it has its own appearance. The founder of the Xin'an School of Painting, together with The Remnant, the Bada Shanren, and Shi Tao, was called the "Four Monks of the Early Qing Dynasty". He is the author of "Painting" and so on.
As a relict painter, Hirohito was uncooperative with the new dynasty. He often uses sharp and delicate dry brush to paint landscapes, through the folded under the pen, geometric layers of stacked mountain stones, and the clear and cold landscape style, conveying the bitter, lonely, resentful relics and noble sentiments. This figure of the mountain stone with a thin pen outline, slightly with dry pen light ink sweeping the texture surface, silent and cold, with a strong visual impact, personal style is distinct. Self-titled "Gradually River Scholar Painting Sending Bo XingJushi" and "BingShen". He was thirteen years old (1656) when the author was 47 years old.
7. Qing Gong Xian Gaogang Hut Chart Axis
Ayamoto ink pen
Gong Xian (1619-1689), half a thousand characters, half an acre, a native of Kunshan, Jiangsu. In his early years, he participated in the Restoration Society, wandered and displaced in the war at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and lived in seclusion after entering the Qing Dynasty, living in Qingliangshan, Nanjing, building half an acre of garden, and selling painting apprentices. Painting landscapes, paying attention to the creation of teachers, making good use of the ink accumulation method, and painting style is deep and thick. Together with the painters fan qi, Gao Cen, Zou Zhe, Wu Hong, Ye Xin, Hu Yu, Xie Sun, etc. who were also active in the Jinling area, they were called "Jinling Eight Families". Gong poetry, good deeds cursive. He is the author of "The Collection of Vanilla Hall".
Gong Xian's creative attitude is serious and meticulous, which has a great influence on the Jinling painter group. His works mostly depict the natural scenery of the Jinling area, and are better than using pen and ink. The mountain stone uses the ink accumulation method, and the layers are stained and rubbed; the composition has a strong sense of majesty and ritual, rarely paints characters, and the artistic conception is deep and silent, which excellently shows the characteristics of the dense, moist, deep and thick landscape of Jiangnan. This picture is a typical work with distinctive characteristics, with the self-titled Seven Words Poem "Tie the Mao House in the High Post, Abandon idle books and watch the sunset." To the old chest without armor, He Congxia Dream Xi Emperor. "Expresses the author's relics of the hidden mountains and forests."
8． Qing Wu Hong Negative Guo Village Jutu Axis
Silk coloring
Wu Hong, year of birth and death unknown, was probably active during the reigns of Qing Shunzhi and Kangxi. Zi Yuandu, No. Zhu Shi, Jiangxi Jinxi people, long lived in Jinling (Nanjing). Good at painting landscapes and bamboo stones, he is one of the "Eight Houses of Jinling".
The author adopts a panoramic compositional layout to depict the quiet mountain life scene in autumn. The mountain stones are steep and hard, the trees are solid, the houses and streams are accurately shaped; the woodcutters go up the mountain, the shepherd children return, and the activities of the characters make the picture a rich and vivid picture with a strong atmosphere of life, which is fascinating. Wu Hong was a professional painter with technical skills, and the picture he created represented the aesthetic orientation of the Jinling region at that time.
9. Qing Gao Cen Pine Window Flying Waterfall Chart Axis
Coloring on silk Kangxi Decoction Ugly (1673)
Gao Cen, born and died unknown, about the qing shunzhi to Kangxi period, the character Weisheng, Hangzhou, living in Jinling. Good at painting landscapes, painting style in and out of the Song and Yuan dynasties, one of the "Eight Houses of Jinling".
Gao Cen is a professional painter with profound skills and comprehensive techniques. This picture of the mountain outline is steep and steep, the whole small cloak, the variety of tree methods, neat and rigorous houses, the picture structure layout is compact and strong, and the style is dense and stable. Self-titled seven-word poem "Ancient tree clouds cover rain and smoke, peach blossoms are in other people's rooms." Outside the pine path of the small window, the mid-air flew through the millennium. "Section" decoction ugly Xiaochun Shicheng Gao Cen painting and inscription. "Decoction Ugly" is the twelfth year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1673), which should be written by the author Sheng Nian.
10． Qing Chen Zhuo Shulin hut map axis
Ayamoto Set Color Kangxi Ding Wei (1667)
Chen Zhuo (1634-1709 was still alive), a neutral character, a late and pure old man, a native of Beijing, who lived in Nanjing for a long time after the death of the Ming Dynasty. Good at painting landscapes, especially green, rigorous composition, penmanship is meticulous. Part-time work for flowers, birds, and characters. The paintings of flowers and birds are colorful and exquisitely depicted.
This painting was made by Kangxi Ding Wei (1667), the author was 34 years old at the time, and is the earliest known landscape painting of Chen Zhuo's age. The sky is slightly dyed with light flower blue, and the white clouds surround the sparse forest, showing the lush scene of new branches and leaves in spring and the clouds, which is different from the landscape that Chen Zhuo is accustomed to seeing.
11. Qing Dai Ben Takashi Yamakawa Majestic Chart Axis
Ink pen on silk Kangxi Pengchen (1688)
Dai Benxiao (1621-1691), ziwu Xu,Ying Ashan Qiao (阿山樵), a native of Anhui and County. His father died of hunger strike when Ming died, and Ben Xiao lived in seclusion in the Eagle Mountain in cloth clothes, desperate to advance. He has a high temperament and is friendly with Hongren, Gong Xian, Shi Tao, etc. Gong Shiwen is good at calligraphy and painting, and is good at seal engraving. Happy dry pen scorched ink landscape, the composition is sparse, the artistic conception is dull.
Dai Benxiao is a painter with a deep sense of relics, he embraced the pain of his homeland and despaired after entering the Qing Dynasty, chose to live in seclusion, and expressed his resentment, loneliness and sorrow in his chest through the creation of poetry and calligraphy. The mountain stones in his pen are mostly rubbed with dry pen scorched ink to rub out the contours of the surface, and there are very few mosses, and the artistic conception is empty and high. He attaches great importance to the "nature of the teacher's method", and the mountains and rivers in his pen are changeable, but the picture is clear and the style is cold. The content mostly uses landscapes to express his desolate and lonely state of mind and grief for the changes of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and his emotions are sincere.
The author titled himself "Pedantic and unconventional, far-sighted and perpetual curiosity." The mountains and rivers are majestic, and the pen and ink are full of life. The recklessness is scattered, and the true qi follows. Ancient wood does not compete for glory, and the humble does not tend to be humble. The knot house leans on the cloud roots, and the moss clothes under the spring. The Iraqi people dived in it and made me think. Ishida is strange, and the cloud forest is tall. The front trail has been clouded, and the back is beautiful. To the transcendental image, my way is phosphorus. Pavilions and pavilions, qingyun when with the period. "Department of Appropriations" Peng Chen Zhuangyue painted for the old Road Nian Weng and the inscription please correct. Eagle Ayama Tree Chief Honjo Takashi". "Peng Chen" is the twenty-seventh year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1688), when the author was 68 years old.