#项羽输给刘邦最重要的原因是什么?##文章首发挑战赛##头条创作挑战赛#
The most important reasons why Xiang Yu lost to Liu Bang in the Chu and Han battles can be summarized as follows:
Mistake in strategic decision: After successfully overthrowing the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu did not choose to painstakingly manage the fertile land in Guanzhong, but chose to return to his homeland and make Pengcheng his national capital. This decision is not only not conducive to the control of all forces in the world, but also misses the good geographical resources of Guanzhong, resulting in a major strategic mistake.
After Xiang Yu successfully overthrew the Qin Dynasty, the specific incidents of strategic decision-making mistakes include the following:
Implement the sub-feudal system: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu did not choose a centralized system that conformed to the historical trend, but violated the laws of history and implemented the sub-feudal system. He annihilated the Qin heroes and the nobles of the Six Kingdoms as kings, which was actually a historical regression, because the feudal system had been established at that time, and the feudal system retained the military power of the princes and kings in various places, laying the groundwork for the later dispute between Chu and Han.
Jiandu Pengcheng: After Xiang Yu led his troops to attack Hangu Pass, he gave up the treasure land in Guanzhong and chose to build the capital Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu). This was a major decision-making mistake, because at that time, the princes were mainly fighting for Guanzhong, and Xiang Yu retreated from Guanzhong to Pengcheng, putting himself in a passive position strategically.
Hongmen Banquet did not listen to Fan Zeng's words and let Liu Bang go: At the Hongmen Banquet, Xiang Yu's advisor Fan Zeng repeatedly signaled Xiang Yu to kill Liu Bang, but Xiang Yu did not listen, which eventually led to Liu Bang's escape. This deprived Xiang Yu of the best opportunity to get rid of Liu Bang, and provided an opportunity for Liu Bang's later rise and eventual victory.
Burning and looting: After Xiang Yu entered Xianyang, the soldiers burned and looted, resulting in a great loss of popular support. He first killed Ziying who had already surrendered and many of the ministers of the Qin Dynasty, then looted all the gold and silver treasures in the palace and burned all the palaces of Qin, which caused him to lose support among the people of Guanzhong.
Character flaws: Xiang Yu has an arrogant personality and cronyism, and it is difficult to be a corporal of courtesy. Most of his reusers are old cronies, which leads to a brain drain. In contrast, Liu Bang is good at employing people and can win people's hearts, so that many civil and military generals such as Zhang Liang, Xiao He, Han Xin and others work for him.
Xiang Yu's character flaws brought him the following fatal hazards:
Brutal and murderous: Xiang Yu has a brutal personality and often takes extreme measures against enemies, such as killing Qin soldiers and burning Afang Palace. This brutal act left a very bad impression on him in the hearts of the people and lost the support of the people. In war, the will of the people is an important factor in determining victory or defeat, and Xiang Yu's brutal behavior puts him at a disadvantage in this regard.
Arrogant and conceited: Xiang Yu has an arrogant personality, thinks highly of himself, and is unwilling to listen to the opinions and suggestions of others. He often acted arbitrarily and did not listen to advice, which brought him great harm in strategic decision-making. For example, at the Hongmen Banquet, he failed to follow Fan Zeng's advice to kill Liu Bang, thus missing the best opportunity to eliminate Liu Bang.
Nepotism: Xiang Yu tends to be nepotistic in employing people, only trusting his cronies and old friends, and often rejecting those who are talented but do not belong to his circle of cronies. This led to a brain drain and left him without enough think tanks and capable men in the war. In contrast, Liu Bang is able to absorb a wide range of talents, regardless of their background, as long as they have talents, they will be reused, which makes Liu Bang occupy an advantage in terms of talents.
Lack of foresight: Xiang Yu lacks strategic foresight and often focuses only on immediate interests and ignores long-term planning. For example, he failed to recognize the importance of the Guanzhong region and abandoned Guanzhong in favor of Pengcheng as the capital, which was a major strategic mistake. Another example is that he failed to consolidate the foundations of his rule in time, and instead indulged in pleasure and conquest, which ultimately led to his defeat.
Lack of political skills: Xiang Yu lacks political skills and is not good at handling various political relations. He tends to resort to simple and brutal methods to solve problems, which often backfire. For example, when dealing with his relations with princes and kings, he often used strong measures to suppress them, rather than entrap them through political means. This left him politically isolated, which ultimately led to his defeat.
Unpopular: Xiang Yu is brutal and murderous, unpopular. For example, in the Battle of Julu, after Xiang Yu defeated the Qin general Zhang Han, he slaughtered more than 200,000 Qin soldiers, an act that made him lose the support of the people. Liu Bang, on the other hand, won the support of the people through measures such as the three chapters of the law.
Strategically inferior to Liu Bang: Liu Bang is significantly superior to Xiang Yu in terms of strategy. He successfully suppressed Xiang Yu by virtue of his superb strategic layout, such as making three chapters with the Qin people, asking Xiang Yu for Hanzhong, mourning for the righteous emperor to occupy the advantage of public opinion, and uniting the princes with the united front.
Disagreement and distrust: Xiang Yu was disconnected and distrusted his most powerful strategist, Fan Zeng, which led to strategic mistakes and brain drain. Liu Bang, on the other hand, was able to humbly listen to the opinions of the strategists and choose the best decision.