In ancient Chinese poetry, derogatory words accounted for the majority, and most of them were made by feeling on the way to be degraded, and derogatory and exiled were common things under the rule of imperial power.
By banishing criminals to places where it is difficult to survive, or by demoting officials to barbarian lands, they suffer and suffer without food and clothing, and often die and die.
Who are the penal colonies we hear the most about right now? Where is it now?
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Exile was a part of what the ancients had to taste
In ancient China, exile was a common punishment, it carried a long history, this kind of punishment, also known as exile, is to send prisoners to remote areas as punishment for their crimes, in the Tang, Song, Ming, Qing and other dynasties, exile was an important part of the criminal law.
Exiles were often sent to remote and difficult places, which in ancient times were considered barren and difficult, and exile to these places was undoubtedly a test for the prisoners, and many died even on the way to exile.
The punishment of exile is not only the sending of people to distant lands, but is often accompanied by the deprivation of political rights and property, and in the places of exile, prisoners are often subjected to hard labor, such as clearing wasteland, mining, building roads, etc., and living in extremely difficult conditions.
Sometimes, family members of the prisoner were exiled in order to increase the punishment, and in the ancient Chinese legal system, there was a clear hierarchy of exile, and the place and time of exile varied depending on the severity of the crime.
Lesser offenders may be exiled to nearby states and counties, while more serious offenders may be sent to frontier areas thousands of kilometers away, and while exile is a harsh punishment, it sometimes provides an opportunity for rehabilitation.
Some criminals behaved well in the place of exile and may even be pardoned and eventually returned to their homeland, and exile was an important part of the ancient Chinese legal system, which was gradually replaced by new legal systems and punishments.
Dispatch Ningguta
Many people know about Ningguta, maybe they learned about it by watching "The Legend of Zhen Huan", so where is Ningguta now? If you don't sell Guanzi, it is now Ning'an City, which is under the jurisdiction of Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province.
Many people chose to commit suicide after hearing that they were assigned to Ningguta, and those people were not even afraid of death, but they were afraid of being exiled?
In the popular TV series "The Legend of Zhen Huan", there is a plot where Zhen Yuandao and his family were personally sentenced by Emperor Yongzheng to be exiled to Ningguta, and similarly, in the drama "Yongzheng Dynasty", Xiao Guoxing was ordered by Emperor Kangxi to be exiled to that place because of the unjust case of the criminal department.
We need to clear up a misunderstanding, when it comes to Ningguta, many people may imagine a tower, but in fact, Ningguta is not a tower, but a place name, in Manchu, "Ninggu" means "six", and "tower" means "one", which together means "six".
Although Ningguta is a land full of dragons, but on the whole it is a very desolate territory, the emperor exiled the prisoners here, because it is very remote, belongs to the bitter cold land, the climate is cold, the environment is harsh, and the distribution plays a punishing role.
Ningguta is considered a military town, since it is a military use, then it must be indispensable to build, and the people who are assigned to participate in the construction, and the dirty work is handed over to the exiled people to do, and there is still a lot of this kind of work.
What really makes people worse than death is still on the way here, because wearing torture instruments, sleeping in the open along the way, starving, at that time it was not like now, driving very fast, but also enduring the cold, from time to time there are fierce beasts, many people have died before they reach Ningguta.
Lingnan
In ancient times, Lingnan, the place of exile, mainly referred to the present-day Guangdong Province, especially the northern part of Guangdong, which was named "Lingnan" because of its geographical location south of the Nanling Mountains.
In ancient times, Lingnan was known as the land of smoke miasma, poisonous gas was rampant, insects and snakes were nests, and it was a good place for exile that all dynasties liked.
In ancient times, officials who were relegated to Lingnan often had difficulty adapting to the climate and environment there, and many of them unfortunately died there, never to return to the Central Plains, for example, Wang Yangming, a Confucian master of the Ming Dynasty, who was demoted to Guizhou because he offended Liu Jin.
Although Guizhou is not Guangdong, in ancient times, there was not much difference between the two places in terms of environment, and the officials of the Central Plains were demoted, and it was easy to die in the local area if they were not adapted to the environment and did not adapt to the environment.
Compared with other places of exile, most of the people assigned to Lingnan are officials, you know, if they are demoted, they are still officials, and many times it may be just because they anger the emperor, but the crime is not to death, and as soon as the emperor's anger disappears, he will return to the central government as an official.
During the Tang and Song dynasties, China did not have strong control over Tibet and Yunnan-Guizhou regions, and Guangdong became the first choice.
Exile was a punishment, and perhaps a good thing for the locals
Maybe I'm a little sorry for the exiles, but the exile of many officials to the border area is really beneficial to the local area, and the emperor may also have a little intention of driving the barbarian land.
For example, many people in the Qing Dynasty were assigned to Ningguta, but many of them were Han Chinese, and they often brought a lot of production experience, which is not exchanged for nomads who have just engaged in farming.
There are even people who drive the construction of Ningguta to be quite good, the emperor saw that this is okay, the land of Longxing was made like this by you Han people, and it was simply forbidden for the Han people to distribute Ningguta later.
Lin Zexu was demoted to Xinjiang, and he was not idle in Xinjiang, leading by example to promote various production experiences, personally measuring the land, and trying to promote irrigation methods when Xinjiang was drought.
Lin Zexu dragged his sick body all over Xinjiang for several years, and finally handed over his various experiences to his friend, whose name was Wei Yuan, Wei Yuan did not live up to Lin Zexu's entrustment and wrote "Atlas of the Sea Kingdom", but it was not valued by people at that time.
Then he found Zuo Zongtang, and handed over all his observations, experiences, and feelings to Zuo Zongtang, because Lin Zexu understood the importance of Xinjiang, and Zuo Zongtang saw that the Qing government was hopeless, so he led troops to take back Xinjiang at his own expense.
Su Shi did not forget to eat and play in Lingnan, drink and compose poems at the same time, for the benefit of the people, promote rice cultivation in the Central Plains, build Sugong Dike, promote education, build academies and public hospitals, and even designed the earliest tap water supply system in Guangzhou.
A thousand years ago, the people of Guangzhou became the first group of people in history to use tap water.
Exiled, although not killed, but the mental torture is not bad at all, as a human dignity is trampled to a sparse sparse, in this case, the person who is strong to live, and even the person who can benefit one side is particularly precious.